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With 2,907,300 people living there as of 2019, for every square mile of Jamaican territory, however, there is an average of 685 people (265 people per square kilometer), making it the 35th most densely populated country in the world.

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The Constitution came into force with the Jamaica Independence Act, 1962 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which gave Jamaica political independence. Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of worship, freedom of movement, and freedom of association.

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Politics in Jamaica takes place in the framework of a representative parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The 1962 Constitution of Jamaica established a parliamentary system whose political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom. As the head of state, Queen Elizabeth II - on the advice of the Prime Minister of Jamaica - appoints a governor-general as her representative in Jamaica. The governor-general has a largely ceremonial role.

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According to the 2001 census, Jamaica's population is overwhelmingly of African descent, and the most common ethnic groups among Africans taken to Jamaica for slavery during the 17th century were the Akan (or Coromantee) from present-day Ghana and the Igbo people from present-day Nigeria. The second-largest racial group is multiracial Jamaicans, many of whom have ancestors from Ireland. Still, most mixed-race people in the country self-report as just "Jamaican."

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Christopher Columbus claimed the island of Jamaica in 1494, and the Spanish began inhabiting the area 15 years later, killing much of the indigenous Arawak community due to European disease exposure. Slaves were brought in from Africa to work on sugar plantations. Jamaica was captured by the British in 1655 and became officially a British territory fifteen years later in the Treaty of Madrid. Jamaican slaves were officially freed in 1838, however, this did not mean instant stability for these people. Freed slaves staged the Morant Bay rebellion in 1865, which was quickly and violently put down by the British, forcing the local legislature to give up all of their powers. Jamaica finally became independent within the British Commonwealth in 1962.

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The economy in Jamaica is highly reliant on the services sector, largely made up of a combination of remittances, tourism and mined bauxite and alumina. The economy has been growing slowly, but consistently, yet further growth is held back by the inflated public sector, and high rates of corruption, crime, and debt. Although it is less prominent now than it has been in the past, agriculture is still an important aspect of the Jamaican economy, with sugar being by far the most common export, followed by coffee, bananas, and cocoa.