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Miyu Tanaka
Ian Williams

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Risa Nomura
Yuna Kitagawa

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Define terms

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Takaharu Usui
Seika Nakai

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Reine Kaku
Yusuke Ryu
Hiroshi Fujii

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Saaya Ishii
Sayana Hayashi
Mao Yamada

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Transparency in how a business operates will allow consumers to make better choices and level the playing field for business that are trying to operate more sustainably. Finding ways consume less is also an important green choice.

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Transparency in how a business operates will allow consumers to make better choices and level the playing field for business that are trying to operate more sustainably. Finding ways consume less is also an important green choice.

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Miho Tamura
Kokoro Shibata

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What are natural capital and natural interest, and how can they be sustainably used?
A. natural interest: The wealth  of resources on Earth
natural capital: Readily produced resources that we could use and still leave enough natural capital behind to replace what we took
Using natural capital in the form of resources.

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Key Concept: Environmental economics versus mainstream economics

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Key Concept: Environmental economics versus mainstream economics

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6a Environmental economists argue that mainstream economics will fail in the long run because it makes some assumptions that are inconsistent with the way nature operates.

6b Linear economic production models use inputs and produce waste without regard to sustainability; circular systems depend on renewable resources and see waste as a usual input.

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Shunsuke Tasaki
Riko Hirayama
Ririka Taknaka

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When the price of a price of a product does not reflect the social and environmental external costs, those costs are paid by others, rather than being passed on to the consumer. Internalizing these external costs better reflects the true cost of a product.

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Key concept: Sustainable Practices: the role of business 

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Key concept: Sustainable Practices: the role of business 

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In cradle-to-cradle management, waste is seen as a resource, which encourages manufacturers to make durable, recyclable, and nonhazardous products and product component.

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Shuri Yamada
Yuna Iwamura

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cradle-to-cradle: manage the resource from raw material to disposal with considering the impacts of using them.
Service economy: a business model whose focus in on leasing and caring for a product in the customer's possession rather than on selling the product itself (that is, selling the service that the products provides)
Green business: Doing business in a way that is good for people and the environment.

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employing true cost accounting: If we employed it, we would make sustainable society because the system focus on not only benefit and disadvantages for human, but also environmental ones.
But rising prices will be inevitable.

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environmental economics
-new theory of economics that considers the long-term impact of our choices on people and the environment.

circular economic system
-a production system in which the product is returned to the resource stream when consumers are finished with it or is disposed of in such a way that nature can decompose it.

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cradle-to-cradle

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True cost
The sum of both external and internal cost of a good or service.

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What are ecosystem services, and why are they important to ecosystems and human populations?

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natural interest: The wealth  of resources on Earth
natural capital: Readily produced resources that we could use and still leave enough natural capital behind to replace what we took

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4 types of ecosystem services:

Provisioning Services or the provision of food, fresh water, fuel, fiber, and other goods

Regulating Services such as climate, water, and disease regulation as well as pollination

Supporting Services such as soil formation and nutrient cycling

Cultural Services such as educational, aesthetic, and cultural heritage values as well as recreation and tourism

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Estimate size of population's ecological footprint, or Impact , population, affluence, technology

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The land area needed to provide the resources for, and to assimilate the waste of, a person or population.

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Ecological footprint
The impact of environment
population size
The number of population

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Ecolabeling
: providing information about how a product id made and where it comes from. Allows consumers to make more sustainable choices and support sustainable products and the businesses that produce them.
Greenwashing: Claiming environmental benefits about product when the benefits are actually minor or nonexistent.

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Footprint: It is the date that people cause something in daily life.
Human impact - the impact human bring. One example is waste.