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How we speak depending on the context we're in (school, government institutions, media, etc). These can be grouped into regional, sociolects and registers.

Standard Variety is more fixed and tend to change less.

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Dialect:  depends on the particular area and differs from others mainly in phonological and lexical features.

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Dialect atlases: describe geographical dialects that are connected by lines called Isoglosses   . When these lines get overlapped and one dialect is merged into another and the differences are not marked sharply we call it dialect continuum.

In The U.K. we have the Southern English Dialects, Midlands, Northern, which together with the Scottish English have maintained expressions from old Scandinavian.

In the USA the major areas are in the eastern part are the Northern, Midland, and Southern. In the West the differences are less marked. And lastly we could distinguish the General American and western.

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Differences in the use of language may depend on the sex of the speaker.
Two distinct fields of research:

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Write in the comments, what differences could you identify between regional dialects and social dialects?

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Often the socioeconomic status (SES), related to the income, occupation, education, and housing, is used to determine the social group.

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1) the investigation of differences in male and female language use;

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1) the investigation of differences in male and female language use;

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Woman:

more polite expressions, tag questions, emotional vocabulary,  minimal responses.

use fewer interruptions than men.

can talk at the same time.

self-disclosure in conversation.

more conscious of standard usages of language.

Men:

less formal expressions and slang.

non-self disclosure tendencies.

use more interruptions.

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2) the study of language which is used to talk about men and women and how it reflects social attitudes towards them. 

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2) the study of language which is used to talk about men and women and how it reflects social attitudes towards them. 

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It has been widely exploited in feminist debate with the claim that language is often discriminatory against women.

An example could be the use of the noun man to refer to people in general and the pronoun he when the sex of the referent is unknown or irrelevant.
-Write your thoughts regarding this claim

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Register is known as the way the speaker uses language differently in different situations.
Register includes the words we choose, the tone of voice, and body language.
The vocabulary we use reveals the relatioship we have with the person who is listening.

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Register is comonly known as formal and informal.

A formal register is used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is expected to be respectful. Slangs are never used and using contractions is rare. For example: speeches, announcements, and academic publications.

An informal register is used with friends, co-workers, and family. Slangs and contraptions are common.
Example:
1) It is important to determine a scheme whereby such decreases can be checked.
2) We must decide on a plan so that we can stop numbers going down.

Another type of registers are:
Frozen, is sometimes called static register because it refers to historic language or communication that is intended to remain unchanged, for example: The Bible, The U.S. Constitution, "Romeo and Juliet"
"As you commence this endeavor, I offer you my prayers and support"

Consultative, used in conversations when speaking with someone who has especialized knowledge or is giving advice. The tone is respectful, slangs are sometimes used and people may pause and interupt each other. For example: a service provider like a plumber, a family doctor.
"Thanks for following up on the Jones account. Great job"

Intimate, used for special ocations, usually between only two people and often in private. It can be as simple as an inside joke between two college friends or a whisper in a lover's ear.
"You are so sweet. I'm crazy about you honey"

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The term sociolect might refer to socially-restricted dialects, but it is sometimes also treated as equivalent with the concept of register, or used as a synonym for jargon and slang

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Slang is informal, nonstandard vocabulary used by a particular group of people to establish contact, to mark their identity as a group, to create an effect, etc.

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These are words and technical terms used by specialists of a profession or a group of people sharing a certain activity, hobby or occupation. These terms are usually not understood by the non-members.

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It is a special vocabulary used by  a small group of minority in  order to somehow "encode" the information. For example: Cockney Rhyming Language is the dialect used by the London Working Class.

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Choose the less formal word
1. Tom and Jack (ascended/ went up) the hill.
2. I'm busy; please (go away/ depart).
3. It is lunchtime. I fell rather (hungry/ peckish).
4. She is (insane/ nuts).
5. He is a very (faint-hearted/ pusillanimous) person.

Choose the appropriate register in each request.
a. Frozen
b. Consultative
c. Intimate

1. Hey darlin', pour me a cuppa coffee.
2. Please submit the information at you earliest convinience.
3. Can you finish this after lunch?