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1875-1904: Asians and Portuguese were being imported by White plantation owners in Hawaii and given work in the fields. These people were paid miniscule wages, and the wages were differentiated by race. White people made sure to keep the workers divided to ensure they don't fight back.

"In 1904, the Hawaiian Sugar Planter's Association passed a rule saying that only U.S. citizens... Could hold skilled positions... Only white people were allowed to become naturalized U.S. citizens at that time" (AMST Course Reader Pg. 15.)

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1920: The working environment for the plantation workers was terrible, and the White people treated the plantation workers cruelly. This was to ensure that the workers didn't rebel against the owners.

"'If we talked too much the man swung his whip,' One Japanese laborer recalled" (AMST Course Reader Pg. 16)

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1920: The Japanese workers realized that Portuguese were paid more monthly for the same work. In response to this, the Japanese refused to work for the plantation and were supported instead by people in their home country with food and money. Eventually, the planters gave bigger, equal wages to the workers.

"This work stoppage by eight thousand people - 77 percent of the plantation workforce on Oahu - brought sugar production to a standstill" (AMST Course Reader Pg. 17.)

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1940s: Japanese Americans were moved from their homes into incarceration camps, interrupting/impacting people's lives permanently. Japanese Americans were blamed/targeted for the Pearl Harbor bombings due to racism and discrimination. They were kept in camps until the end of the war. Even after the war, many jobs excluded Japanese people. This made it hard to recover in life for some Japanese people.

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1942: Franklin D. Roosevelt made relocation of Japanese Americans legal. Japanese-Americans were thought of as traitors and were associated with the Pearl Harbor bombings. The military urged FDR to take action against the Japanese-Americans and to treat them as threats and hazards.

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1973-74: Thousands of students in the San Francisco school system were being indirectly excluded from the education provided. These students were unable to speak English, and the courses were taught only in English with no assistance provided for the non-English speaking students.
"The students claimed that the failure to provide supplimental English classes constituted an unequal educational opportunity in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964" (oyez.org.)

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1975: Cambodians, Vietnamese, and other Asians were running away from warring in their countries, so many refugees had to be accounted for in the U.S. In 1975, American Congress set aside $405 million for a two year evac program for the refugees. This was called the Indochina Migration/Refugee Act.

"In 1975... Congress passed the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, setting aside $405 million for a two-year evacuation and resettlement program to assist refugees from South Vietnam and Cambodia" (history.house.gov.)

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1988: When the Japanese Americans were released from the incarceration camps, they stayed quiet about being imprisoned because they were staying true to their traditional values - moving on from the past. The next generation of Japanese Americans were the ones to publicize this issue and campaign for reparations. The Japanese American Citizen's League - JACL for short - is the main group behind this campaign, along with the Japanese Community.

"And finally, in 1988... President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act, which offered a formal apology and paid $20,000 to each survivor" ( npr.org.)

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"Ugly History: Japanese American incarceration camps - Densho." Youtube, uploaded by TED-ed, 1 October 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hI4NoVWq87M

"Hawaii: Life in a Plantation Society" The Library of Congress. Web. 18 June 2021.

Takaki, Ronald. Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii, 1835-1920. Honolulu: U of Hawaii, 1984. Print.

History.com Editors. "FDR Orders Japanese Americans into Internment Camps." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 16 Nov. 2009. Web. 18 June 2021.

Young, Peter T. "Japanese Sugar Plantation Workers in Hawaii around 1910 (BishopMuseum)." Images of Old Hawaiʻi. 25 June 2016. Web. 18 June 2021.

"Reliving Injustice 75 Years Later: Executive Order 9066 Then and Now." Historians.org. Web. 18 June 2021.

Kandil, Caitlin Y. "'Never Again' Japanese Internment Panel Will Discuss Strategies to Avoid Repeating History." Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 13 Apr. 2017. Web. 18 June 2021.

"Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act (1975)." Immigration History. 27 Sept. 2019. Web. 18 June 2021.

Brownfield, Troy, Ben Railton, Post Editors, and Jeff Nilsson. "30 Years Ago: The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 Addresses a Wartime Injustice." The Saturday Evening Post. 13 Aug. 2019. Web. 18 June 2021.