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Nitrogenous Bases, Lipids, Simple Sugars

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Nitrogenous Bases, Lipids, Simple Sugars

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ARE CATEGORIZED BY CELL WALL COMPOSITION

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ARE CATEGORIZED BY CELL WALL COMPOSITION

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increase in size without dilution of their contents

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divide

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maintenance of an internal chemical environment different from that of their surroundings

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maintenance of an internal chemical environment different from that of their surroundings

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ABIOTIC SYNTHESIS OCCURS SPONTANEOUSLY FROM

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ABIOTIC SYNTHESIS OCCURS SPONTANEOUSLY FROM

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nitrogenous base, ribose, phosphate group

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Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, plays a central role in protein synthesis, but it can also function as an enzyme-like catalysts (ribozymes)

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fluid-filled compartments enclosed by a membrane-like structure. a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion, uptake and transport of materials within the plasma membrane.

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ARE CATEGORIZED BY HOW THEY OBTAIN ENERGY AND THE CARBON USED IN BUILDING ORGANIC MOLECULES

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ARE CATEGORIZED BY HOW THEY OBTAIN ENERGY AND THE CARBON USED IN BUILDING ORGANIC MOLECULES

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4.5 billion years old

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unreactive gas that forms about 78 percent of the earth's atmosphere

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gas, combines with oxygen to form water (H₂O) and is present in all organic compounds

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Devoid of Oxygen

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electron-adding, a reducing atmosphere is an atmospheric condition in which oxidation is prevented by removal of oxygen and other oxidizing gases or vapours, and which may contain actively reducing gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and gases such as hydrogen sulfide that would be oxidized by any present oxygen

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Molecular O3, filters UV Radiation

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a protocell is a self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a stepping-stone toward the origin of life. an aggregation of organic molecules, surrounded by a membrane, that abiotically coalesces into resemblances of living matter; thought to be the precursors of prokaryotic cells, organic molecules surrounded by membrane

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a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins, the beginning

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a group of antibiotics

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A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins, and through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.

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Simpler inorganic compounds could have acted as the building blocks for the spontaneous formation (abiotic synthesis) of organic molecules on early Earth, also precursor molecules

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Lipid made of 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, and 1 phosphate group that can link with other molecules. Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head allows it to assemble into bilayers.

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Combination of molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that organize into a cellular/circular shape. In polar solutions such as water, hydrophilic ends face the outside. In nonpolar solutions, the hydrophobic regions face the outside.

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Plants used carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is produced when volcanoes erupt. The early atmosphere was made up of carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

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any substance that inhibits the growth and reproduction of a bacterium

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Amino Acids are organic molecules with an amino group and a carboxyl group. They also contain an alpha carbon and a side chain. They build proteins using peptide bonds.

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nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with nitrogenous bases, a
deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate groups; capable of being replicated and determines
the inherited structure of a cell's proteins

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Atmospheric oxygen refers to the abundance of molecular oxygen,O2, in the atmosphere (especially in the troposphere that allows life to flourish). It is the most important need humans have (even more important than food).

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UV rays from sunlight produced an reducing (electron-giving) atmosphere that helped provide energy the synthesis of macromolecules and other organic compounds

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Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another.

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Water is a polar covalent molecule that is made up of one oxygen and two hydrogens. Because oxygen is more electronegative, it pulls the electrons closer to itself. This causes oxygen to be slightly negative and the hydrogens to be slightly positive.

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Anaerobic Bacteria is Bacteria that grows when oxygen is not present

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UV Radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation that is shorter then visible light but longer the X-rays. I assume that low-levels of it would just be less amounts of radiation
and it would also be safer.

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Eukarya is a domain of organisms containing a defined membrane-bound nucleus containing genetic material.

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A type of staining used to differentiate bacteria. There are 2 different groups: gram
positive and gram negative.

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In an aqueous environment, the hydrophobic tails stick together to avoid water. This forms a bilayer structure with the hydrophilic heads facing outwards and hydrophobic tails inwards.Two layers of pospholipids

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Methane is gas that is found in small quantities in Earth's atmosphere and is the simplest hydrocarbon which consists of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.

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Any compound with carbon bonded to hydrogen. There are 4 main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

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"Self-feeders"; organisms that sustain themselves without eating anything produced by other organisms. Use their environment molecules, like CO2, to synthesize their own food. Also called "producers". Examples are plants and algae, which are photoautotrophs, which use the sun's energy to synthesize organic macromolecules.

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the release of electricity from one thing to another

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Prokaryotes are single celled organisms that lack a nucleus.

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An essential nutrient for organisms (needed in order to create DNA, RNA, etc.) w/o it, no
life

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An organism that feeds on other organic compositions or organisms, for example, almost all life apart form plants are heterotrophs.

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Molecular clocks is a method of showing evolutionary change in a certain amount of
time

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proteins and nucleic acids broken apart for energy or converted to carbohydrates or fats, enzyme removes nitrogen in the form of ammonia; very toxic b/c of ions; some animals excrete ammonia but others convert to less toxic compound like urea or uric acid

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A chemist who performed experiments that may explain what occurred on primitive
Earth billions of years ago. He is known for abiogenesis and the Miller–Urey experiment.

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Carbon sources are sources of carbon for organisms. They can be certain carbon-containing molecules from which carbon is extracted for the purpose of constructing organic molecules.

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The modes of nutrition are split into two groups, autotrophs and heterotrophs. Autotrophs create nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances like CO2. Heterotrophs can not produce their own foods so they obtain that from eating other sources of organic molecules (from plants of animals.)

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Substance used as energy to build organic molecules. Example would be light and inorganic chemicals.

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ORIGIN OF LIFE VOCABULARY: DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS PADLET CONCEPT MAP (with connections and descriptions to show reasoning)

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ORIGIN OF LIFE VOCABULARY: DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS PADLET CONCEPT MAP (with connections and descriptions to show reasoning)

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physiological and metabolic diversification, not structural

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key structural features:
cell walls, endospores, fimbriae, flagella

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they are small

they reproduce by binary fission

the often have short generation times

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surface-coating colonies where metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs, cells secrete signaling molecules that recruit nearby cells, causing the colonies to grow (the cells also produce polysaccharides and proteins that stick to the cells to the substrate and to one another

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specialized cells that carry out only nitrogen fixation

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a process in which atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) is converted to ammonia (NH₃)

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the extraction of chemical energy  in which substances other than O2 (such as nitrate ions (NO₃-) or sulfate ions (SO₄ ²⁻) accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains

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organisms that require at least one organic nutrient (such as glucose) to make other organic compounds

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organisms that need only CO₂ or related compounds as a carbon source

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organisms that obtain energy from chemicals

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organisms that obtain energy from light

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a region of cytoplasm that is not enclosed by a membrane in which a prokaryotic chromosome is located (they did not have a nucleus)

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smaller rings of independently replicating DNA found in typical prokaryotic cells, most only carrying a few genes

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the process in which structures originally adapted for one purpose take on new functions through descent with modification

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structures that enable prokaryotes to move, may be scattered over the entire surface of the cell or concentrated at one or both ends, analogous structures

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directed movement toward or away from a stimulus

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appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other

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hairlike appendages that are used for prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or to one another