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Rutherford was born at Nelson , New Zealand. He was educated at University of New Zealand and conducted research work in 1895 with J . J . Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory . In 1907 , he accepted Professorship at Manchester University in England where Chadwick was one of his students. He won Noble Prize in 1908 in the field of atomic physics.

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Rutherford scattering is a phenomenon in physics that was explained by Ernest Rutherford in 1911, which led to the development of the Rutherford model (planetary model) of the atom, and eventually to the Bohr model. It is now exploited by the materials analytical technique Rutherford backscattering.

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Video on Rutherford's Scattering Experiment

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Video on Rutherford's Scattering Experiment

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(i) The positive charge and most of the mass of the atom was densely concentrated in extremely small region. This very small portion of the atom was called nucleus by Rutherford.
(ii) The nucleus is surrounded by electrons that move around the nucleus with a very high speed in circular paths called orbits. Thus, Rutherford’s model of atom resembles the solar system in which the nucleus plays the role of sun and the electrons that of revolving planets.
(iii) Electrons and the nucleus are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction.

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Rutherford’s does not obey the Maxwell theory of electrodynamics, according to it “A small charged particle moving around an oppositely charged centre continuously loses its energy”. If an electron does so, it should also continuously lose its energy and should set up spiral motion ultimately failing into the nucleus.
Rutherford could not explain how the moving electron could remain in its orbit, especially when it was charged particle and therefore it could accelerate due to its movement, finally moving closer to the nucleus and drop in to it. The atom would not be stable which in turn would mean that matter would not be composed of unstable atoms

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i] An atom has a tiny , dense, positively charged core called nucleus, in which all the mass is concentrated.
Ii] The negative particles called electrons, revolve around the nucleus in paths called orbits

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Rutherford beamed alpha particles( doubly charged helium ions) through gold foil and detected them as flashes of light or scintillation on a screen . When alpha particles collide on the screen , it scintillates. Gold foil was only 0.00004 cm thick, meaning a few hundreds of atoms thick.

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(i) most of the α– particles passed through the gold foil undeflected. (ii) a small fraction of the α–particles was deflected by small angles.
(iii) a very few α– particles (∼1 in 20,000) bounced back, that is, were deflected by nearly 180° .