# data[].attributes.headline
(작성 양식)탐방 장소/지역이름 (학번 성명)

# data[].attributes.subject
(작성 양식)탐방 장소/지역이름 (학번 성명)

# data[].attributes.body
해당 장소/그림/작품/유적지에 대한 설명 (복붙해도 됨, 영어로!)

탐방해보고 느낀점/알게된점/앞으로 여행 계획 등 영어로 세 문장 이상 작성

↓ 사슬 모양(링크) 탐방한 웹페이지 주소 넣어서 사진 첨부하기

# data[].attributes.headline
예시1)MoMA The Museum of Modern ArtNew York, 미국 (30040 이주민)

# data[].attributes.subject
예시1)MoMA The Museum of Modern ArtNew York, 미국 (30040 이주민)

# data[].attributes.body
제목: Hope, II

제작자: Gustav Klimt

제작연도: 1907 - 1908

I've brown the museum using virtual tour. 'Kiss' from Klimt was well know, so I can figure it out this picture has similar style with yellow and black colors.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Hope, II - Gustav Klimt - Google Arts & Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world’s treasures online.

# data[].attributes.headline
참여 방법 및 평가기준

# data[].attributes.subject
참여 방법 및 평가기준

# data[].attributes.body
아래 구글아트앤컬처 접속한 뒤 아래 세 가지 기준대로 작성

https://artsandculture.google.com/partner

1. 세계문화탐방지역 이름 및 위치 쓰기(제목에 학번 이름 과 같이)

2. 대표적인 사진과 설명 정보 가져오기

3. 둘러본 소감/느낌/새로알게된 내용/여행 계획 등을 영어로 작성하기

# data[].attributes.body
Symbol of Rome par excellence, the Flavian Amphitheatre, more commonly known as the Colosseum, was the largest amphitheatre of the Roman Empire. Its construction was begun by Vespasian in 72 AD and it was used to host entertainment spectacles, such as hunts and gladiatorial combat.

I've toured Colosseum by street view. This was the same scene that I've watched from the movie Gladiators. May in the near future, I like to be there with my family.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Era usato per mostrare lotte tra gladiatori e scene di caccia con animali esotici e feroci. Si calcola che la sua capacità fosse intorno a 70 mila persone; gli spettacoli divennero occasioni per meravigliare e controllare il popolo attraverso un dispiego senza precedenti di effetti speciali.

Explore museums and play with Art Transfer, Pocket Galleries, Art Selfie, and more

Recommended

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Colosseo. Anfiteatro Flavio - Google Arts & Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Era usato per mostrare lotte tra gladiatori e scene di caccia con animali esotici e feroci. Si calcola che la sua capacità fosse intorno a 70 mila persone; gli spettacoli divennero occasioni per meravigliare e controllare il popolo attraverso un dispiego senza precedenti di effetti speciali.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore all Collections on Google Arts & Culture.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Machu Picchu, Peru. Machu Picchu, Peru. ...

2. Pyramids of Giza, Egypt. Pyramids, Egypt. ...

3. Bagan, Myanmar. Bagan, Myanmar. ...

4. Angkor Wat, Cambodia. Angkor Wat, Cambodia. ...

5. Great Wall of China. Great Wall of China. ...

6. Roman Colosseum, Italy. ...

7. Acropolis of Athens, Greece. ...

8. Stonehenge, England.

# data[].attributes.headline
예시) Museo Dolores Olmedo, 멕시코 (3**** 000)

# data[].attributes.subject
예시) Museo Dolores Olmedo, 멕시코 (3**** 000)

# data[].attributes.body
제목: Without Hope

제작자: Frida Kahlo

제작연도: 1945

"Not the least hope remains to me . . . Everything moves in time with what the belly dictates . . ." This phrase was written by Frida on the back of the painting, in allusion to the dietary regimes she needed to follow in order to gain weight, since her lack of appetite had left her extremely thin.
Frida is lying naked in bed, weeping, and covered by a sheet on which microscopic organisms can be observed. Set up on the bed is an easel, holding a large funnel instead of a canvas, through which all of the foods both permitted and forbidden to her enter her mouth or issue from it.

Her body was broken through an iron pipe. It felt very sad that she had to inhale death, which could not move. She  rot in bed and live without hope. I thought it was great that she overcame her pain by expressing her feelings through painting.

# data[].attributes.headline
구글 아트앤 컬처 사이트ㅓ

# data[].attributes.subject
구글 아트앤 컬처 사이트ㅓ

# data[].attributes.body
여기 접속하여 탐방한 내용을 적어보세요.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world's treasures online.

# data[].attributes.headline
예시2)Palace of VersaillesVersailles, 프랑스 (30041 이주간)

# data[].attributes.subject
예시2)Palace of VersaillesVersailles, 프랑스 (30041 이주간)

# data[].attributes.body
The Hall of Mirrors is the most colorful mirror room in the Versailles Palace was built in the Baroque style between 1678 and 1684. At that time, mirrors were more precious than gold, and the 73-meter-long wall of the grand room was decorated with mirrors, showing the height of luxury.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, France - Google Arts & Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world's treasures online.

# data[].attributes.body
The Eiffel Tower was built by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 Exposition Universelle, which was to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of the French Revolution. Its construction in 2 years, 2 months and 5 days was a veritable technical and architectural achievement. "Utopia achieved", a symbol of technological prowess, at the end of the 19th Century it was a demonstration of French engineering, and a defining moment of the industrial era. As France’s symbol in the world, and the showcase of Paris, today it welcomes almost 7 million visitors a year, making it the most visited monument that you have to pay for in the world.

I wanted to visit France and I was interested in Eiffel Tower, so I decided to learn about it.It was a useful time because I could find out something new about the Eiffel Tower.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Eiffel Tower, Paris, France - Google Arts & Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Eiffel Tower was built by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 Exposition Universelle, which was to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of the French Revolutio…

# data[].attributes.body
Camila Cabello is a singer in the US.
She was born in Cuba.
Her famous song are "Havana","Señorita".

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The Battle of the U.S.S. "Kearsarge" and the C.S.S. "Alabama" - 에두아르 마네 - 1864

# data[].attributes.headline
Philadelphia Museum of Art, 미국 (30320 신현진)

# data[].attributes.subject
Philadelphia Museum of Art, 미국 (30320 신현진)

# data[].attributes.body
제목: The Battle of the U.S.S. "Kearsarge" and the C.S.S. "Alabama"

제작연도: 1864

제작자: Édouard Manet

Manet's first known seascape is an imaginative depiction of an American Civil War naval battle fought off the coast of France, near Cherbourg, on June 19, 1864. In the distance, the C.S.S. Alabama, a scourge of Union shipping, sinks by her stern, clouds of smoke arising from a direct hit to her engines by the U.S.S. Kearsarge, which is mostly obscured from view. This picture was first displayed in the window of Alfred Cadart's print shop in Paris in July 1864, demonstrating Manet's quick response to a sensational and recent news event.

Frankly at first, I was attracted not to its meaning but to its visible aesthetic at a glance. The way Manet expressed harsh and miserable seascape mainly with gray was so touching for me. I could immediately feel that what she wanted to describe on her canvas was a man-made disaster. The fact that she displayed this piece on the shop only after a month the war had happened really surprised me.

# data[].attributes.body
Sir James Paul McCartney CH MBE (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer, songwriter, musician, and record and film producer who gained worldwide fame as co-lead vocalist, co-songwriter, and bassist for the Beatles. His songwriting partnership with John Lennon remains the most successful in history.[4] After the group disbanded in 1970, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine.

I think Paul is legend and world wide singer today. I also respect him about his passion of his musics. I thought , there is no artist who have ability replace him

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Sir James Paul McCartney (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer, songwriter, musician, and record and film producer who gained worldwide fame as co-lead vocalist and bassist for the Beatles. His songwriting partnership with John Lennon remains the most successful in history. After the group disbanded in 1970, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine.

A self-taught musician, McCartney is proficient on bass, guitar, keyboards, and drums. He is known for his melodic approach to bass-playing (mainly playing with a plectrum), his versatile and wide tenor vocal range (spanning over four octaves), and his eclecticism (exploring styles ranging from pre-rock and roll pop to classical and electronica). McCartney began his career as a member of the Quarrymen in 1957, which evolved into the Beatles in 1960. Starting with the 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, he gradually became the Beatles' de facto leader, providing the creative impetus for most of their music and film projects. His Beatles songs " And I Love Her" (1964), " Yesterday" (1965), " Eleanor Rigby" (1966) and " Blackbird" (1968) rank among the most covered songs in history.

In 1970, McCartney debuted as a solo artist with the album . Throughout the 1970s, he led Wings, one of the most successful bands of the decade, with more than a dozen international top 10 singles and albums. McCartney resumed his solo career in 1980. Since 1989, he has toured consistently as a solo artist. In 1993, he formed the music duo the Fireman with Youth of Killing Joke. Beyond music, he has taken part in projects to promote international charities related to such subjects as animal rights, seal hunting, land mines, vegetarianism, poverty, and music education.

McCartney is one of the most successful composers and performers of all time. He has written or co-written 32 songs that have reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, and as of 2009, had sales of 25.5 million RIAA-certified units in the United States. His honours include two inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (as a member of the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 1999), 18 Grammy Awards, an appointment as a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1965, and a knighthood in 1997 for services to music. As of 2020, he is also one of the wealthiest musicians in the world, with an estimated fortune of £800 million.

James Paul McCartney was born on 18 June 1942 at Walton Hospital in the Walton area of Liverpool, where his mother, Mary Patricia (née Mohin), had qualified to practise as a nurse. His father, James ("Jim") McCartney, was absent from his son's birth due to his work as a volunteer firefighter during World War II. McCartney has a younger brother named Michael and a stepsister named Ruth. The children were baptised in their mother's Catholic faith, even though their father was a former Protestant who had turned agnostic. Religion was not emphasised in the household.

McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary School in Speke from 1947 until 1949, when he transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School in Belle Vale because of overcrowding at Stockton. In 1953, he was one of only three students out of 90 to pass the 11-Plus exam, meaning he could attend the Liverpool Institute, a grammar school rather than a secondary modern school. In 1954, he met schoolmate George Harrison on the bus from his suburban home in Speke. The two quickly became friends; McCartney later admitted: "I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger."

McCartney's mother, Mary, was a midwife and the family's primary wage earner; her earnings enabled them to move into 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton, where they lived until 1964. She rode a bicycle to her patients; McCartney described an early memory of her leaving at "about three in the morning [the] streets ... thick with snow". On 31 October 1956, when McCartney was 14, his mother died of an embolism as a complication of surgery for breast cancer. McCartney's loss later became a connection with John Lennon, whose mother, Julia, had died when he was 17.

McCartney's father was a trumpet player and pianist who led Jim Mac's Jazz Band in the 1920s. He kept an upright piano in the front room, encouraged his sons to be musical and advised McCartney to take piano lessons. However, McCartney preferred to learn by ear. When McCartney was 11, his father encouraged him to audition for the Liverpool Cathedral choir, but he was not accepted. McCartney then joined the choir at St Barnabas' Church, Mossley Hill. McCartney received a nickel-plated trumpet from his father for his fourteenth birthday, but when rock and roll became popular on Radio Luxembourg, McCartney traded it for a £15 Framus Zenith (model 17) acoustic guitar, since he wanted to be able to sing while playing. He found it difficult to play guitar right-handed, but after noticing a poster advertising a Slim Whitman concert and realising that Whitman played left-handed, he reversed the order of the strings. McCartney wrote his first song, " I Lost My Little Girl", on the Zenith, and composed another early tune that would become " When I'm Sixty-Four" on the piano. American rhythm and blues influenced him, and Little Richard was his schoolboy idol; " Long Tall Sally" was the first song McCartney performed in public, at a Butlin's Filey holiday camp talent competition.

1957-1960: The Quarrymen

At the age of fifteen on 6 July 1957, McCartney met John Lennon and his band, the Quarrymen, at the St Peter's Church Hall fête in Woolton. The Quarrymen played a mix of rock and roll and skiffle, a type of popular music with jazz, blues and folk influences. Soon afterwards, the members of the band invited McCartney to join as a rhythm guitarist, and he formed a close working relationship with Lennon. Harrison joined in 1958 as lead guitarist, followed by Lennon's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe on bass, in 1960. By May 1960, the band had tried several names, including Johnny and the Moondogs, Beatals and the Silver Beetles. They adopted the name the Beatles in August 1960 and recruited drummer Pete Best shortly before a five-engagement residency in Hamburg.

1960-1970: The Beatles

In 1961, Sutcliffe left the band and McCartney reluctantly became their bass player. While in Hamburg, they recorded professionally for the first time and were credited as the Beat Brothers, who were the backing band for English singer Tony Sheridan on the single " My Bonnie". This resulted in attention from Brian Epstein, who was a key figure in their subsequent development and success. He became their manager in January 1962. Ringo Starr replaced Best in August, and the band had their first hit, " Love Me Do", in October, becoming popular in the UK in 1963, and in the US a year later. The fan hysteria became known as " Beatlemania", and the press sometimes referred to McCartney as the "cute Beatle". McCartney co-wrote (with Lennon) several of their early hits, including " I Saw Her Standing There", " She Loves You", " I Want to Hold Your Hand" (1963) and " Can't Buy Me Love" (1964).

In August 1965, the Beatles released the McCartney composition " Yesterday", featuring a string quartet. Included on the LP, the song was the group's first recorded use of classical music elements and their first recording that involved only a single band member. "Yesterday" became one of the most covered songs in popular music history. Later that year, during recording sessions for the album Rubber Soul, McCartney began to supplant Lennon as the dominant musical force in the band. Musicologist Ian MacDonald wrote, "from [1965] ... [McCartney] would be in the ascendant not only as a songwriter, but also as instrumentalist, arranger, producer, and de facto musical director of the Beatles." Critics described Rubber Soul as a significant advance in the refinement and profundity of the band's music and lyrics. Considered a high point in the Beatles catalogue, both Lennon and McCartney said they had written the music for the song " In My Life". McCartney said of the album, "we'd had our cute period, and now it was time to expand." Recording engineer Norman Smith stated that the Rubber Soul sessions exposed indications of increasing contention within the band: "the clash between John and Paul was becoming obvious ... [and] as far as Paul was concerned, George [Harrison] could do no right-Paul was absolutely finicky."

In 1966, the Beatles released the album . Featuring sophisticated lyrics, studio experimentation, and an expanded repertoire of musical genres ranging from innovative string arrangements to psychedelic rock, the album marked an artistic leap for the Beatles. The first of three consecutive McCartney A-sides, the single " Paperback Writer" preceded the LP's release. The Beatles produced a short promotional film for the song, and another for its B-side, " Rain". The films, described by Harrison as "the forerunner of videos", aired on The Ed Sullivan Show and Top of the Pops in June 1966. Revolver also included McCartney's " Eleanor Rigby", which featured a string octet. According to Gould, the song is "a neoclassical tour de force ... a true hybrid, conforming to no recognizable style or genre of song". Except for some backing vocals, the song included only McCartney's lead vocal and the strings arranged by producer George Martin.

The band gave their final commercial concert at the end of their 1966 US tour. Later that year, McCartney completed his first musical project independently of the group-a film score for the UK production The Family Way. The score was a collaboration with Martin, who used two McCartney themes to write thirteen variations. The soundtrack failed to chart, but it won McCartney an Ivor Novello Award for Best Instrumental Theme.

Upon the end of the Beatles' performing career, McCartney sensed unease in the band and wanted them to maintain creative productivity. He pressed them to start a new project, which became Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, widely regarded as rock's first concept album. McCartney was inspired to create a new persona for the group, to serve as a vehicle for experimentation and to demonstrate to their fans that they had musically matured. He invented the fictional band of the album's title track. As McCartney explained, "We were fed up with being the Beatles. We really hated that fucking four little mop-top approach. We were not boys we were men ... and [we] thought of ourselves as artists rather than just performers."

Starting in November 1966, the band adopted an experimental attitude during recording sessions for the album. Their recording of " A Day in the Life" required a forty-piece orchestra, which Martin and McCartney took turns conducting. The sessions produced the double A-side single " Strawberry Fields Forever"/" Penny Lane" in February 1967, and the LP followed in June. Based on an ink drawing by McCartney, the LP's cover included a collage designed by pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth, featuring the Beatles in costume as the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, standing with a host of celebrities. The cover piqued a frenzy of analysis.

Epstein's death in August 1967 created a void, which left the Beatles perplexed and concerned about their future. McCartney stepped in to fill that void and gradually became the de facto leader and business manager of the group that Lennon had once led. In his first creative suggestion after this change of leadership, McCartney proposed that the band move forward on their plans to produce a film for television, which was to become Magical Mystery Tour. According to Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn, the project was "an administrative nightmare throughout". McCartney largely directed the film, which brought the group their first unfavourable critical response. However, the film's soundtrack was more successful. It was released in the UK as a six-track double extended play disc (EP), and as an identically titled LP in the US, filled out with five songs from the band's recent singles. The only Capitol compilation later included in the group's official canon of studio albums, the Magical Mystery Tour LP achieved $8 million in sales within three weeks of its release, higher initial sales than any other Capitol LP up to that point.

The Beatles' animated film Yellow Submarine, loosely based on the imaginary world evoked by McCartney's 1966 composition, premiered in July 1968. Though critics admired the film for its visual style, humour and music, the soundtrack album issued six months later received a less enthusiastic response. By late 1968, relations within the band were deteriorating. The tension grew during the recording of their eponymous double album, also known as the " White Album". Matters worsened the following year during the sessions, when a camera crew filmed McCartney lecturing the group: "We've been very negative since Mr. Epstein passed away ... we were always fighting [his] discipline a bit, but it's silly to fight that discipline if it's our own".

In March 1969, McCartney married his first wife, Linda Eastman, and in August, the couple had their first child, Mary, named after his late mother. was the band's last recorded album, and Martin suggested "a continuously moving piece of music", urging the group to think symphonically. McCartney agreed, but Lennon did not. They eventually compromised, agreeing to McCartney's suggestion: an LP featuring individual songs on side one, and a long medley on side two. In October 1969, a rumour surfaced that McCartney had died in a car crash in 1966 and was replaced by a lookalike, but this was quickly refuted when a November magazine cover featured him and his family, accompanied by the caption "Paul is still with us".

McCartney was in the midst of business disagreements with his bandmates when he announced his departure from the group on 10 April 1970. He filed a suit for the band's formal dissolution on 31 December 1970, and in March 1971 the court appointed a receiver to oversee Apple's finances. An English court legally dissolved the Beatles' partnership on 9 January 1975, though sporadic lawsuits against their record company EMI, Klein, and each other persisted until 1989.

1970-1981: Wings

- McCartney

As the Beatles were breaking up in 1969-70, McCartney fell into a depression. His wife helped him pull out of that condition by praising his work as a songwriter and convincing him to continue writing and recording. In her honour, he wrote " Maybe I'm Amazed", explaining that with the Beatles breaking up, "that was my feeling: Maybe I'm amazed at what's going on ... Maybe I'm a man and maybe you're the only woman who could ever help me; Baby won't you help me understand ... Maybe I'm amazed at the way you pulled me out of time, hung me on the line, Maybe I'm amazed at the way I really need you." He added that "every love song I write is for Linda."

In 1970, McCartney continued his musical career with his first solo release, , a US number-one album. Apart from some vocal contributions from Linda, McCartney is a one-man album, with McCartney providing compositions, instrumentation and vocals. In 1971, he collaborated with Linda and drummer Denny Seiwell on a second album, . A UK number one and a US top five, Ram included the co-written US number-one hit single " Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey". Later that year, ex-Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine joined the McCartneys and Seiwell to form the band Wings. McCartney had this to say on the group's formation: "Wings were always a difficult idea ... any group having to follow [the Beatles'] success would have a hard job ... I found myself in that very position. However, it was a choice between going on or finishing, and I loved music too much to think of stopping." In September 1971, the McCartneys' daughter Stella was born, named in honour of Linda's grandmothers, both of whom were named Stella.

Following the addition of guitarist Henry McCullough, Wings' first concert tour began in 1972 with a debut performance in front of an audience of seven hundred at the University of Nottingham. Ten more gigs followed as they travelled across the UK in a van during an unannounced tour of universities, during which the band stayed in modest accommodation and received pay in coinage collected from students, while avoiding Beatles songs during their performances. McCartney later said, "The main thing I didn't want was to come on stage, faced with the whole torment of five rows of press people with little pads, all looking at me and saying, 'Oh well, he is not as good as he was.' So we decided to go out on that university tour which made me less nervous ... by the end of that tour I felt ready for something else, so we went into Europe." During the seven-week, 25-show Wings Over Europe Tour, the band played almost solely Wings and McCartney solo material: the Little Richard cover " Long Tall Sally" was the only song that had previously been recorded by the Beatles. McCartney wanted the tour to avoid large venues; most of the small halls they played had capacities of fewer than 3,000 people.

In March 1973, Wings achieved their first US number-one single, " My Love", included on their second LP, Red Rose Speedway, a US number one and UK top five. McCartney's collaboration with Linda and former Beatles producer Martin resulted in the song " Live and Let Die", which was the theme song for the James Bond film of the same name. Nominated for an Academy Award, the song reached number two in the US and number nine in the UK. It also earned Martin a Grammy for his orchestral arrangement. Music professor and author Vincent Benitez described the track as " symphonic rock at its best".

After the departure of McCullough and Seiwell in 1973, the McCartneys and Laine recorded Band on the Run. The album was the first of seven platinum Wings LPs. It was a US and UK number one, the band's first to top the charts in both countries and the first ever to reach magazine's charts on three separate occasions. One of the best-selling releases of the decade, it remained on the UK charts for 124 weeks. Rolling Stone named it one of the Best Albums of the Year for 1973, and in 1975, Paul McCartney and Wings won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance for the song "Band on the Run" and Geoff Emerick won the Grammy for Best Engineered Recording for the album. In 1974, Wings achieved a second US number-one single with the title track. The album also included the top-ten hits " Jet" and " Helen Wheels", and earned the 413th spot on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

Wings followed Band on the Run with the chart-topping albums Venus and Mars (1975) and Wings at the Speed of Sound (1976). In 1975, they began the fourteen-month Wings Over the World Tour, which included stops in the UK, Australia, Europe and the US. The tour marked the first time McCartney performed Beatles songs live with Wings, with five in the two-hour set list: " I've Just Seen a Face", " Yesterday", " Blackbird", " Lady Madonna" and "The Long and Winding Road". Following the second European leg of the tour and extensive rehearsals in London, the group undertook an ambitious US arena tour that yielded the US number-one live triple LP Wings over America.

In September 1977, the McCartneys had a third child, a son they named James. In November, the Wings song " Mull of Kintyre", co-written with Laine, was quickly becoming one of the best-selling singles in UK chart history. The most successful single of McCartney's solo career, it achieved double the sales of the previous record holder, " She Loves You", and went on to sell 2.5 million copies and hold the UK sales record until the 1984 charity single, " Do They Know It's Christmas?"

London Town (1978) spawned a US number-one single (" With a Little Luck"), and continued Wings' string of commercial successes, making the top five in both the US and the UK. Critical reception was unfavourable, and McCartney expressed disappointment with the album. Back to the Egg (1979) featured McCartney's assemblage of a rock supergroup dubbed "Rockestra" on two tracks. The band included Wings along with Pete Townshend, David Gilmour, Gary Brooker, John Paul Jones, John Bonham and others. Though certified platinum, critics panned the album. Wings completed their final concert tour in 1979, with twenty shows in the UK that included the live debut of the Beatles songs " Got to Get You into My Life", " The Fool on the Hill" and "Let it Be".

In 1980, McCartney released his second solo LP, the self-produced McCartney II, which peaked at number one in the UK and number three in the US. As with his first album, he composed and performed it alone. The album contained the song " Coming Up", the live version of which, recorded in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1979 by Wings, became the group's last number-one hit. By 1981, McCartney felt he had accomplished all he could creatively with Wings and decided he needed a change. The group discontinued in April 1981 after Laine quit following disagreements over royalties and salaries.

In 1982, McCartney collaborated with Stevie Wonder on the Martin-produced number-one hit " Ebony and Ivory", included on McCartney's LP, and with Michael Jackson on " The Girl Is Mine" from . "Ebony and Ivory" was McCartney's record 28th single to hit number one on the Billboard 100. The following year, he and Jackson worked on " Say Say Say", McCartney's most recent US number one as of 2014. McCartney earned his latest UK number one as of 2014 with the title track of his LP release that year, " Pipes of Peace".

In 1984, McCartney starred in the musical Give My Regards to Broad Street, a feature film he also wrote and produced which included Starr in an acting role. It was disparaged by critics: described the film as "characterless, bloodless, and pointless"; while Roger Ebert awarded it a single star, writing, "you can safely skip the movie and proceed directly to the soundtrack". The album fared much better, reaching number one in the UK and producing the US top-ten hit single " No More Lonely Nights", featuring David Gilmour on lead guitar. In 1985, Warner Brothers commissioned McCartney to write a song for the comedic feature film Spies Like Us. He composed and recorded the track in four days, with Phil Ramone co-producing. McCartney participated in Live Aid, performing "Let it Be", but technical difficulties rendered his vocals and piano barely audible for the first two verses, punctuated by squeals of feedback. Equipment technicians resolved the problems and David Bowie, Alison Moyet, Pete Townshend and Bob Geldof joined McCartney on stage, receiving an enthusiastic crowd reaction.

McCartney collaborated with Eric Stewart on Press to Play (1986), with Stewart co-writing more than half the songs on the LP. In 1988, McCartney released Снова в СССР, initially available only in the Soviet Union, which contained eighteen covers; recorded over the course of two days. In 1989, he joined forces with fellow Merseysiders Gerry Marsden and Holly Johnson to record an updated version of " Ferry Cross the Mersey", for the Hillsborough disaster appeal fund. That same year, he released Flowers in the Dirt; a collaborative effort with Elvis Costello that included musical contributions from Gilmour and Nicky Hopkins. McCartney then formed a band consisting of himself and Linda, with Hamish Stuart and Robbie McIntosh on guitars, Paul "Wix" Wickens on keyboards and Chris Whitten on drums. In September 1989, they launched the Paul McCartney World Tour, his first in over a decade. During the tour, McCartney performed for the largest paying stadium audience in history on 21 April 1990, when 184,000 people attended his concert at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. That year, he released the triple album Tripping the Live Fantastic, which contained selected performances from the tour.

McCartney ventured into orchestral music in 1991 when the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society commissioned a musical piece by him to celebrate its sesquicentennial. He collaborated with composer Carl Davis, producing Liverpool Oratorio. The performance featured opera singers Kiri Te Kanawa, Sally Burgess, Jerry Hadley and Willard White with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and the choir of Liverpool Cathedral. Reviews were negative. The Guardian was especially critical, describing the music as "afraid of anything approaching a fast tempo", and adding that the piece has "little awareness of the need for recurrent ideas that will bind the work into a whole". The paper published a letter McCartney submitted in response in which he noted several of the work's faster tempos and added, "happily, history shows that many good pieces of music were not liked by the critics of the time so I am content to ... let people judge for themselves the merits of the work." The New York Times was slightly more generous, stating, "There are moments of beauty and pleasure in this dramatic miscellany ... the music's innocent sincerity makes it difficult to be put off by its ambitions". Performed around the world after its London premiere, the Liverpool Oratorio reached number one on the UK classical chart, Music Week.

In 1991, McCartney performed a selection of acoustic-only songs on MTV Unplugged and released a live album of the performance titled Unplugged (The Official Bootleg). During the 1990s, McCartney collaborated twice with Youth of Killing Joke as the musical duo "the Fireman". The two released their first electronica album together, Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest, in 1993. McCartney released the rock album Off the Ground in 1993. The subsequent New World Tour followed, which led to the release of the Paul Is Live album later that year.

Starting in 1994, McCartney took a four-year break from his solo career to work on Apple's Beatles Anthology project with Harrison, Starr and Martin. He recorded a radio series called in 1995 for the American network Westwood One, which he described as "widescreen radio". Also in 1995, Prince Charles presented him with an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Music -"kind of amazing for somebody who doesn't read a note of music", commented McCartney.

In 1997, McCartney released the rock album Flaming Pie. Starr appeared on drums and backing vocals in " Beautiful Night". Later that year, he released the classical work Standing Stone, which topped the UK and US classical charts. In 1998, he released , the second electronica album by the Fireman. In 1999, McCartney released Run Devil Run. Recorded in one week, and featuring Ian Paice and David Gilmour, it was primarily an album of covers with three McCartney originals. He had been planning such an album for years, having been previously encouraged to do so by Linda, who had died of cancer in April 1998.

McCartney did an unannounced performance at the benefit tribute, " Concert for Linda," his wife of 29 years who died a year earlier. It was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 10 April 1999, and was organised by two of her close friends, Chrissie Hynde and Carla Lane. Also during 1999, he continued his experimentation with orchestral music on Working Classical.

In 2000, he released the electronica album Liverpool Sound Collage with Super Furry Animals and Youth, using the sound collage and musique concrète techniques that had fascinated him in the mid-1960s. He contributed the song "Nova" to a tribute album of classical, choral music called A Garland for Linda (2000), dedicated to his late wife.

Having witnessed the 11 September 2001 attacks from the JFK airport tarmac, McCartney was inspired to take a leading role in organising the Concert for New York City. His studio album release in November that year, Driving Rain, included the song " Freedom", written in response to the attacks. The following year, McCartney went out on tour with a band that included guitarists Rusty Anderson and Brian Ray, accompanied by Paul "Wix" Wickens on keyboards and Abe Laboriel Jr. on drums. They began the Driving World Tour in April 2002, which included stops in the US, Mexico and Japan. The tour resulted in the double live album Back in the US, released internationally in 2003 as Back in the World. The tour earned a reported $126.2 million, an average of over $2 million per night, and Billboard named it the top tour of the year. The group continues to play together; McCartney has played live with Brian Ray, Rusty Anderson, Abe Laboriel Jr. and Wix Wickens longer than he played live with the Beatles.

In July 2002, McCartney married Heather Mills. In November, on the first anniversary of George Harrison's death, McCartney performed at the Concert for George. He participated in the National Football League's Super Bowl, performing "Freedom" during the pre-game show for Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002 and headlining the halftime show at Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005. The English College of Arms honoured McCartney in 2002 by granting him a coat of arms. His crest, featuring a Liver bird holding an acoustic guitar in its claw, reflects his background in Liverpool and his musical career. The shield includes four curved emblems which resemble beetles' backs. The arms' motto is Ecce Cor Meum, Latin for "Behold My Heart". In 2003, the McCartneys had a child, Beatrice Milly.

In July 2005, he performed at the Live 8 event in Hyde Park, London, opening the show with " Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (with U2) and closing it with " Drive My Car" (with George Michael), " Helter Skelter", and " The Long and Winding Road". In September, he released the rock album Chaos and Creation in the Backyard, for which he provided most of the instrumentation. In 2006, McCartney released the classical work Ecce Cor Meum. The rock album Memory Almost Full followed in 2007. In 2008, he released his third Fireman album, Electric Arguments. Also in 2008, he performed at a concert in Liverpool to celebrate the city's year as European Capital of Culture. In 2009, after a four-year break, he returned to touring and has since performed over 80 shows. More than forty-five years after the Beatles first appeared on American television during The Ed Sullivan Show, he returned to the same New York theatre to perform on Late Show with David Letterman. On 9 September 2009, EMI reissued the Beatles catalogue following a four-year digital remastering effort, releasing a music video game called The Beatles: Rock Band the same day.

McCartney's enduring fame has made him a popular choice to open new venues. In 2009, he performed three sold-out concerts at the newly built Citi Field, a venue constructed to replace Shea Stadium in Queens, New York. These performances yielded the double live album Good Evening New York City later that year.

2010-present

In 2010, McCartney opened the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; it was his first concert in Pittsburgh since 1990 due to the old Civic Arena being deemed unsuitable for McCartney's logistical needs. In July 2011, McCartney performed at two sold-out concerts at the new Yankee Stadium. A New York Times review of the first concert reported that McCartney was "not saying goodbye but touring stadiums and playing marathon concerts". McCartney was commissioned by the New York City Ballet, and in September 2011, he released his first score for dance, a collaboration with Peter Martins called Ocean's Kingdom. Also in 2011, McCartney married Nancy Shevell. He released Kisses on the Bottom, a collection of standards, in February 2012, the same month that the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences honoured him as the MusiCares Person of the Year, two days prior to his performance at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards.

McCartney remains one of the world's top draws. He played to over 100,000 people during two performances in Mexico City in May, with the shows grossing nearly $6 million. In June 2012, McCartney closed Queen Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee Concert held outside Buckingham Palace, performing a set that included "Let It Be" and "Live and Let Die". He closed the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London on 27 July, singing " The End" and " Hey Jude" and inviting the audience to join in on the coda. Having donated his time, he received £1 from the Olympic organisers.

On 12 December 2012, McCartney performed with three former members of Nirvana ( Krist Novoselic, Dave Grohl, and Pat Smear) during the closing act of 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief, seen by approximately two billion people worldwide. On 28 August 2013, McCartney released the title track of his upcoming studio album , which came out in October 2013. A primetime entertainment special was taped on 27 January 2014 at the Ed Sullivan Theater with a 9 February 2014 CBS airing. The show featured McCartney and Ringo Starr, and celebrated the legacy of the Beatles and their groundbreaking 1964 performance on The Ed Sullivan Show. The show, titled The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to The Beatles, featured 22 classic Beatles songs as performed by various artists, including McCartney and Starr.

In May 2014, McCartney canceled a sold-out tour of Japan and postponed a US tour to October due to begin that month after he contracted a virus. He resumed the tour with a high-energy three-hour appearance in Albany, New York on 5 July 2014. On 14 August 2014, McCartney performed in the final concert at Candlestick Park in San Francisco, California before its demolition. It was the same venue that the Beatles played their final concert in 1966. In 2014, McCartney wrote and performed "Hope for the Future," the ending song for the video game . In November 2014, a 42-song tribute album titled The Art of McCartney was released, which features a wide range of artists covering McCartney's solo and Beatles work. Also that year, McCartney collaborated with American rapper Kanye West on the single " Only One", released on 31 December. In January 2015, McCartney collaborated with West and Barbadian singer Rihanna on the single " FourFiveSeconds". They released a music video for the song in January and performed it live at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards on 8 February 2015. McCartney featured on West's 2015 single " All Day", which also features Theophilus London and Allan Kingdom.

In February 2015, McCartney performed with Paul Simon for the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special. McCartney and Simon performed the first verse of " I've Just Seen a Face" on acoustic guitars, and McCartney later performed " Maybe I'm Amazed". McCartney shared lead vocals on the Alice Cooper-led Hollywood Vampires supergroup's cover of his song " Come and Get It", which appears on their debut album, released on 11 September 2015. On 10 June 2016, McCartney released the career-spanning collection Pure McCartney. The set includes songs from throughout McCartney's solo career and his work with Wings and the Fireman, and is available in three different formats (2-CD, 4-CD, 4-LP and Digital). The 4-CD version includes 67 tracks, most of which were top-40 hits. McCartney appeared in the 2017 adventure film Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales.

In January 2017, McCartney filed a suit in United States district court against Sony/ATV Music Publishing seeking to reclaim ownership of his share of the Lennon-McCartney song catalogue beginning in 2018. Under US copyright law, for works published before 1978 the author can reclaim copyrights assigned to a publisher after 56 years. McCartney and Sony agreed a confidential settlement in June 2017. On 20 June 2018, McCartney released " I Don't Know" and " Come On to Me" from his album Egypt Station, which was released on 7 September through Capitol Records. Egypt Station became McCartney's first album in 36 years to top the Billboard 200, and his first to debut at number one. McCartney's 18th solo album, McCartney III, was released on 18 December 2020, via Capitol Records. An album of "reinterpretations, remixes, and covers" titled McCartney III Imagined is set to release on 16 April 2021.

Musicianship

McCartney is a largely self-taught musician, and his approach was described by musicologist Ian MacDonald as "by nature drawn to music's formal aspects yet wholly untutored ... [he] produced technically 'finished' work almost entirely by instinct, his harmonic judgement based mainly on perfect pitch and an acute pair of ears ... [A] natural melodist-a creator of tunes capable of existing apart from their harmony." McCartney likened his approach to "the primitive cave artists, who drew without training".

Early influences

- McCartney on Presley, The Beatles Anthology, 2000

McCartney's earliest musical influences include Elvis Presley, Little Richard, Buddy Holly, Carl Perkins, and Chuck Berry. When asked why the Beatles did not include Presley on the Sgt. Pepper cover, McCartney replied, "Elvis was too important and too far above the rest even to mention ... so we didn't put him on the list because he was more than merely a ... pop singer, he was Elvis the King." McCartney stated that for his bassline for " I Saw Her Standing There", he directly quoted Berry's " I'm Talking About You".

McCartney called Little Richard an idol, whose falsetto vocalisations inspired McCartney's own vocal technique. McCartney said he wrote " I'm Down" as a vehicle for his Little Richard impersonation. In 1971, McCartney bought the publishing rights to Holly's catalogue, and in 1976, on the fortieth anniversary of Holly's birth, McCartney inaugurated the annual "Buddy Holly Week" in England. The festival has included guest performances by famous musicians, songwriting competitions, drawing contests and special events featuring performances by the Crickets.

Bass guitar

Best known for primarily using a plectrum or pick, McCartney occasionally plays fingerstyle. He was strongly influenced by Motown artists, in particular James Jamerson, whom McCartney called a hero for his melodic style. He was also influenced by Brian Wilson, as he commented: "because he went to very unusual places". Another favourite bassist of his is Stanley Clarke. McCartney's skill as a bass player has been acknowledged by bassists including Sting, Dr. Dre bassist Mike Elizondo, and Colin Moulding of XTC.

During McCartney's early years with the Beatles, he primarily used a Höfner 500/1 bass, although from 1965, he favoured his Rickenbacker 4001S for recording. While typically using Vox amplifiers, by 1967, he had also begun using a Fender Bassman for amplification. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, he used a Wal 5-String, which he said made him play more thick-sounding basslines, in contrast to the much lighter Höfner, which inspired him to play more sensitively, something he considers fundamental to his playing style. He changed back to the Höfner around 1990 for that reason. He uses Mesa Boogie bass amplifiers while performing live.

MacDonald identified " She's a Woman" as the turning point when McCartney's bass playing began to evolve dramatically, and Beatles biographer Chris Ingham singled out Rubber Soul as the moment when McCartney's playing exhibited significant progress, particularly on " The Word". Bacon and Morgan agreed, calling McCartney's groove on the track "a high point in pop bass playing and ... the first proof on a recording of his serious technical ability on the instrument." MacDonald inferred the influence of James Brown's " Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" and Wilson Pickett's " In the Midnight Hour", American soul tracks from which McCartney absorbed elements and drew inspiration as he "delivered his most spontaneous bass-part to date".

Bacon and Morgan described his bassline for the Beatles song "Rain" as "an astonishing piece of playing ... [McCartney] thinking in terms of both rhythm and 'lead bass' ... [choosing] the area of the neck ... he correctly perceives will give him clarity for melody without rendering his sound too thin for groove." MacDonald identified the influence of Indian classical music in "exotic melismas in the bass part" on "Rain" and described the playing as "so inventive that it threatens to overwhelm the track". By contrast, he recognised McCartney's bass part on the Harrison-composed " Something" as creative but overly busy and "too fussily extemporised". McCartney identified Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band as containing his strongest and most inventive bass playing, particularly on " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".

Acoustic guitar

McCartney primarily flatpicks while playing acoustic guitar, though he also uses elements of fingerpicking. Examples of his acoustic guitar playing on Beatles tracks include "Yesterday", "I'm Looking Through You", " Michelle", " Blackbird", " I Will", " Mother Nature's Son" and " Rocky Raccoon". McCartney singled out "Blackbird" as a personal favourite and described his technique for the guitar part in the following way: "I got my own little sort of cheating way of [fingerpicking] ... I'm actually sort of pulling two strings at a time ... I was trying to emulate those folk players." He employed a similar technique for " Jenny Wren". He played an Epiphone Texan on many of his acoustic recordings, but also used a Martin D-28.

Electric guitar

McCartney played lead guitar on several Beatles recordings, including what MacDonald described as a "fiercely angular slide guitar solo" on " Drive My Car", which McCartney played on an Epiphone Casino. McCartney said of the instrument: "if I had to pick one electric guitar it would be this." McCartney bought the Casino in 1964, on the knowledge that the guitar's hollow body would produce more feedback. He has retained that original guitar to the present day. He contributed what MacDonald described as "a startling guitar solo" on the Harrison composition " Taxman" and the "shrieking" guitar on "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" and " Helter Skelter". MacDonald also praised McCartney's "coruscating pseudo-Indian" guitar solo on " Good Morning Good Morning". McCartney also played lead guitar on " Another Girl".

During his years with Wings, McCartney tended to leave electric guitar work to other group members, though he played most of the lead guitar on Band on the Run. In 1990, when asked who his favourite guitar players were he included Eddie Van Halen, Eric Clapton and David Gilmour, stating, "but I still like Hendrix the best". He has primarily used a Gibson Les Paul for electric work, particularly during live performances.

In addition to these guitars, McCartney is known to use and own a range of other electric guitars, usually favouring the Fender Esquire and its subsequent incarnation, the Fender Telecaster, using the latter with a sunburst finish on Wings' tours in the 1970s. He also owns a rare Ampeg Dan Armstrong Plexi guitar, the only left handed one known to be in existence, which appeared in the Wings video for " Helen Wheels".

McCartney is known for his belting power, versatility and wide tenor vocal range, spanning over four octaves. He was ranked the 11th greatest singer of all time by Rolling Stone, voted the 8th greatest singer ever by NME readers and number 10 by Music Radar readers in the list of "the 30 greatest lead singers of all time". Over the years, McCartney has been named a significant vocal influence by Chris Cornell, Billy Joel, Steven Tyler, Brad Delp, and Axl Rose.

McCartney's vocals have crossed several music genres throughout his career. On " Call Me Back Again", according to Benitez, "McCartney shines as a bluesy solo vocalist", while MacDonald called " I'm Down" "a rock-and-roll classic" that "illustrates McCartney's vocal and stylistic versatility". MacDonald described "Helter Skelter" as an early attempt at heavy metal, and "Hey Jude" as a "pop/rock hybrid", pointing out McCartney's "use of gospel-style melismas" in the song and his "pseudo- soul shrieking in the fade-out". Benitez identified " Hope of Deliverance" and " Put It There" as examples of McCartney's folk music efforts while musicologist Walter Everett considered " When I'm Sixty-Four" and " Honey Pie" attempts at vaudeville. MacDonald praised the " swinging beat" of the Beatles' twenty-four bar blues song, "She's a Woman" as "the most extreme sound they had manufactured to date", with McCartney's voice "at the edge, squeezed to the upper limit of his chest register and threatening to crack at any moment." MacDonald described " I've Got a Feeling" as a "raunchy, mid-tempo rocker" with a "robust and soulful" vocal performance and " Back in the U.S.S.R." as "the last of [the Beatles'] up-tempo rockers", McCartney's " belting" vocals among his best since "Drive My Car", recorded three years earlier.

McCartney also teasingly tried out classical singing, namely singing various renditions of "Besame Mucho" with the Beatles. He continued experimenting with various musical and vocal styles throughout his post-Beatles career.[text-source integrity? ] "Monkberry Moon Delight" was described by Pitchfork's Jayson Greene as "an absolutely unhinged vocal take, Paul gulping and sobbing right next to your inner ear", adding that "it could be a latter-day Tom Waits performance".

McCartney played piano on several Beatles songs, including " She's a Woman", " For No One", " A Day in the Life", " Hello, Goodbye", " Lady Madonna", " Hey Jude", " Martha My Dear", " Let It Be" and " The Long and Winding Road". MacDonald considered the piano part in "Lady Madonna" as reminiscent of Fats Domino, and "Let It Be" as having a gospel rhythm. MacDonald called McCartney's Mellotron intro on " Strawberry Fields Forever" an integral feature of the song's character. McCartney played a Moog synthesizer on the Beatles song " Maxwell's Silver Hammer" and the Wings track "Loup (1st Indian on the Moon)". Ingham described the Wings songs " With a Little Luck" and " London Town" as being "full of the most sensitive pop synthesizer touches".

McCartney played drums on the Beatles' songs "Back in the U.S.S.R.", " Dear Prudence", " Martha My Dear", " Wild Honey Pie" and " The Ballad of John and Yoko". He also played all the drum parts on his albums McCartney, McCartney II and McCartney III, as well as on Wings' Band on the Run, and most of the drums on his solo LP Chaos and Creation in the Backyard. His other drumming contributions include Paul Jones' rendition of " And the Sun Will Shine" (1968), Steve Miller Band's 1969 tracks "Celebration Song" and "My Dark Hour", and "Sunday Rain" from the Foo Fighters' 2017 album Concrete and Gold.

In the mid-1960s, when visiting artist friend John Dunbar's flat in London, McCartney brought tapes he had compiled at then-girlfriend Jane Asher's home. They included mixes of various songs, musical pieces and comments made by McCartney that Dick James made into a demo for him. Heavily influenced by American avant-garde musician John Cage, McCartney made tape loops by recording voices, guitars and bongos on a Brenell tape recorder and splicing the various loops. He referred to the finished product as "electronic symphonies". He reversed the tapes, sped them up, and slowed them down to create the desired effects, some of which the Beatles later used on the songs " Tomorrow Never Knows" and " The Fool on the Hill".

Personal life

Creative outlets

While at school during the 1950s, McCartney thrived at art assignments, often earning top accolades for his visual work. However, his lack of discipline negatively affected his academic grades, preventing him from earning admission to art college. During the 1960s, he delved into the visual arts, explored experimental cinema, and regularly attended film, theatrical and classical music performances. His first contact with the London avant-garde scene was through artist John Dunbar, who introduced McCartney to art dealer Robert Fraser. At Fraser's flat he first learned about art appreciation and met Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Peter Blake, and Richard Hamilton. McCartney later purchased works by Magritte, whose painting of an apple had inspired the Apple Records logo. McCartney became involved in the renovation and publicising of the Indica Gallery in Mason's Yard, London, which Barry Miles had co-founded and where Lennon first met Yoko Ono. Miles also co-founded International Times, an underground paper that McCartney helped to start with direct financial support and by providing interviews to attract advertiser income. Miles later wrote McCartney's official biography, Many Years from Now (1997).

McCartney became interested in painting after watching artist Willem de Kooning work in de Kooning's Long Island studio. McCartney took up painting in 1983, and he first exhibited his work in Siegen, Germany, in 1999. The 70-painting show featured portraits of Lennon, Andy Warhol and David Bowie. Though initially reluctant to display his paintings publicly, McCartney chose the gallery because events organiser Wolfgang Suttner showed genuine interest in McCartney's art. In September 2000, the first UK exhibition of McCartney's paintings opened, featuring 500 canvases at the Arnolfini Gallery in Bristol, England. In October 2000, McCartney's art debuted in his hometown of Liverpool. McCartney said, "I've been offered an exhibition of my paintings at the Walker Art Gallery ... where John and I used to spend many a pleasant afternoon. So I'm really excited about it. I didn't tell anybody I painted for 15 years but now I'm out of the closet". McCartney is lead patron of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts, a school in the building formerly occupied by the Liverpool Institute for Boys.

When McCartney was a child, his mother read him poems and encouraged him to read books. His father invited Paul and his brother Michael to solve crosswords with him, to increase their "word power", as McCartney said. In 2001, McCartney published Blackbird Singing, a volume of poems and lyrics to his songs for which he gave readings in Liverpool and New York City. In the foreword of the book, he explains: "When I was a teenager ... I had an overwhelming desire to have a poem published in the school magazine. I wrote something deep and meaningful-which was promptly rejected-and I suppose I have been trying to get my own back ever since". His first children's book was published by Faber & Faber in 2005, High in the Clouds: An Urban Furry Tail, a collaboration with writer Philip Ardagh and animator Geoff Dunbar. Featuring a squirrel whose woodland home is razed by developers, it had been scripted and sketched by McCartney and Dunbar over several years, as an animated film. The Observer labelled it an "anti-capitalist children's book". In 2018, he wrote the children's book Hey Grandude! together with illustrator Kathryn Durst, which was published by Random House Books in September 2019. The book is about a grandpa and his three grandchildren with a magic compass on an adventure.

- McCartney

In 1981, McCartney asked Geoff Dunbar to direct a short animated film called Rupert and the Frog Song; McCartney was the writer and producer, and he also added some of the character voices. His song "We All Stand Together" from the film's soundtrack reached No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart. In 1992, he worked with Dunbar on an animated film about the work of French artist Honoré Daumier, which won them a BAFTA award. In 2004, they worked together on the animated short film Tropic Island Hum. The accompanying single, "Tropic Island Hum"/" We All Stand Together", reached number 21 in the UK.

McCartney also produced and hosted The Real Buddy Holly Story, a 1985 documentary featuring interviews with Keith Richards, Phil and Don Everly, the Holly family, and others. In 1995, he made a guest appearance on the episode " Lisa the Vegetarian" and directed a short documentary about the Grateful Dead.

Since the Rich List began in 1989, McCartney has been the UK's wealthiest musician, with an estimated fortune of £730 million in 2015. In addition to an interest in Apple Corps and MPL Communications, an umbrella company for his business interests, he owns a significant music publishing catalogue, with access to over 25,000 copyrights, including the publishing rights to the musicals Guys and Dolls, A Chorus Line, and . He earned £40 million in 2003, the highest income that year within media professions in the UK. This rose to £48.5 million by 2005. McCartney's 18-date On the Run Tour grossed £37 million in 2012.

McCartney signed his first recording contract, as a member of the Beatles, with Parlophone Records, an EMI subsidiary, in June 1962. In the United States, the Beatles recordings were distributed by EMI subsidiary Capitol Records. The Beatles re-signed with EMI for another nine years in 1967. After forming their own record label, Apple Records, in 1968, the Beatles' recordings would be released through Apple although the masters were still owned by EMI. Following the break-up of the Beatles, McCartney's music continued to be released by Apple Records under the Beatles' 1967 recording contract with EMI which ran until 1976. Following the formal dissolution of the Beatles' partnership in 1975, McCartney re-signed with EMI worldwide and Capitol in the US, Canada and Japan, acquiring ownership of his solo catalogue from EMI as part of the deal. In 1979, McCartney signed with Columbia Records in the US and Canada-reportedly receiving the industry's most lucrative recording contract to date, while remaining with EMI for distribution throughout the rest of the world. As part of the deal, CBS offered McCartney ownership of Frank Music, publisher of the catalogue of American songwriter Frank Loesser. McCartney's album sales were below CBS' expectations and reportedly the company lost at least $9 million on the contract. McCartney returned to Capitol in the US in 1985, remaining with EMI until 2006. In 2007, McCartney signed with Hear Music, becoming the label's first artist. He remains there as of 2012's Kisses on the Bottom.

In 1963, Dick James established Northern Songs to publish the songs of Lennon-McCartney. McCartney initially owned 20% of Northern Songs, which became 15% after a public stock offering in 1965. In 1969, James sold a controlling interest in Northern Songs to Lew Grade's Associated Television (ATV) after which McCartney and John Lennon sold their remaining shares although they remained under contract to ATV until 1973. In 1972, McCartney re-signed with ATV for seven years in a joint publishing agreement between ATV and McCartney Music. Since 1979, MPL Communications has published McCartney's songs.

McCartney and Yoko Ono attempted to purchase the Northern Songs catalogue in 1981, but Grade declined their offer. Soon afterward, ATV Music's parent company, Associated Communications Corp., was acquired in a takeover by businessman Robert Holmes à Court, who later sold ATV Music to Michael Jackson in 1985. McCartney has criticised Jackson's purchase and handling of Northern Songs over the years. In 1995, Jackson merged his catalogue with Sony for a reported £59,052,000 ($95 million), establishing Sony/ATV Music Publishing, in which he retained half-ownership. Northern Songs was formally dissolved in 1995, and absorbed into the Sony/ATV catalogue. McCartney receives writers' royalties which together are 33⅓ percent of total commercial proceeds in the US, and which vary elsewhere between 50 and 55 percent. Two of the Beatles' earliest songs-" Love Me Do" and " P.S. I Love You"-were published by an EMI subsidiary, Ardmore & Beechwood, before signing with James. McCartney acquired their publishing rights from Ardmore in 1978, and they are the only two Beatles songs owned by MPL Communications.

McCartney first used drugs in the Beatles' Hamburg days when they often used Preludin to maintain their energy while performing for long periods. Bob Dylan introduced them to marijuana in a New York hotel room in 1964; McCartney recalls getting "very high" and "giggling uncontrollably". His use of the drug soon became habitual, and according to Miles, McCartney wrote the lyrics "another kind of mind" in " Got to Get You into My Life" specifically as a reference to cannabis. During the filming of , McCartney occasionally smoked a joint in the car on the way to the studio during filming, and often forgot his lines. Director Richard Lester overheard two physically attractive women trying to persuade McCartney to use heroin, but he refused. Introduced to cocaine by Robert Fraser, McCartney used the drug regularly during the recording of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, and for about a year in total but stopped because of his dislike of the unpleasant melancholy he felt afterwards.

Initially reluctant to try LSD, McCartney eventually did so in late 1966, and took his second " acid trip" in March 1967 with Lennon after a Sgt. Pepper studio session. He later became the first Beatle to discuss the drug publicly, declaring: "It opened my eyes ... [and] made me a better, more honest, more tolerant member of society." He made his attitude about cannabis public in 1967, when he, along with the other Beatles and Epstein, added his name to a July advertisement in The Times, which called for its legalisation, the release of those imprisoned for possession, and research into marijuana's medical uses.

In 1972, a Swedish court fined McCartney £1,000 for cannabis possession. Soon after, Scottish police found marijuana plants growing on his farm, leading to his 1973 conviction for illegal cultivation and a £100 fine. As a result of his drug convictions, the US government repeatedly denied him a visa until December 1973. Arrested again for marijuana possession in 1975 in Los Angeles, Linda took the blame, and the court soon dismissed the charges. In January 1980, when Wings flew to Tokyo for a tour of Japan, customs officials found approximately 8 ounces (200 g) of cannabis in his luggage. They arrested McCartney and brought him to a local jail while the Japanese government decided what to do. After ten days, they released and deported him without charge. In 1984, while McCartney was on holiday in Barbados, authorities arrested him for possession of marijuana and fined him $200. Upon his return to England, he stated that cannabis was less harmful than the legal substances alcohol, tobacco and glue, and that he had done no harm to anyone. In 1997, he spoke out in support of decriminalisation of cannabis: "People are smoking pot anyway and to make them criminals is wrong." He quit cannabis in 2015, citing a desire to set a good example for his grandchildren.

Vegetarianism and activism

Since 1975, McCartney has been a vegetarian. He and his wife Linda were vegetarians for most of their 29-year marriage. They decided to stop consuming meat after Paul saw lambs in a field as they were eating a meal of lamb. Soon after, the couple became outspoken animal rights activists. In his first interview after Linda's death, he promised to continue working for animal rights, and in 1999, he spent £3,000,000 to ensure Linda McCartney Foods remained free of genetically engineered ingredients. In 1995, he narrated the documentary Devour the Earth, written by Tony Wardle. McCartney is a supporter of the animal-rights organisation People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. He has appeared in the group's campaigns, and in 2009, McCartney narrated a video for them titled "Glass Walls", which was harshly critical of slaughterhouses, the meat industry, and their effect on animal welfare. McCartney has also supported campaigns headed by the Humane Society of the United States, Humane Society International, World Animal Protection, and the David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation.

Following McCartney's marriage to Mills, he joined her in a campaign against land mines, becoming a patron of Adopt-A-Minefield. In a 2003 meeting at the Kremlin with Vladimir Putin, ahead of a concert in Red Square, McCartney and Mills urged Russia to join the anti-landmine campaign. In 2006, the McCartneys travelled to Prince Edward Island to raise international awareness of seal hunting. The couple debated with Danny Williams, Newfoundland's then Premier, on Larry King Live, stating that fishermen should stop hunting seals and start seal-watching businesses instead. McCartney also supports the Make Poverty History campaign.

McCartney has participated in several charity recordings and performances, including the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Live Aid, Live 8, and the recording of " Ferry Cross the Mersey". In 2004, he donated a song to an album to aid the "US Campaign for Burma", in support of Burmese Nobel Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi. In 2008, he donated a song to Aid Still Required's CD, organised as an effort to raise funds to assist with the recovery from the devastation caused in Southeast Asia by the 2004 tsunami.

In 2009, McCartney wrote to Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, asking him why he was not a vegetarian. As McCartney explained, "He wrote back very kindly, saying, 'my doctors tell me that I must eat meat'. And I wrote back again, saying, you know, I don't think that's right ... I think he's now being told ... that he can get his protein somewhere else ... It just doesn't seem right-the Dalai Lama, on the one hand, saying, 'Hey guys, don't harm sentient beings ... Oh, and by the way, I'm having a steak.'" In 2012, McCartney joined the anti-fracking campaign Artists Against Fracking.

Save the Arctic is a campaign to protect the Arctic and an international outcry and a renewed focus concern on oil development in the Arctic, attracting the support of more than five million people. This includes McCartney, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and 11 Nobel Peace Prize winners. In 2015, following British prime minister David Cameron's decision to give Members of Parliament a free vote on amending the law against fox hunting, McCartney was quoted: "The people of Britain are behind this Tory government on many things but the vast majority of us will be against them if hunting is reintroduced. It is cruel and unnecessary and will lose them support from ordinary people and animal lovers like myself." During the 2019-21 coronavirus pandemic, McCartney called for Chinese wet markets (which sell live animals including wild ones) to be banned. He expressed concern over both the health impacts of the practice as well as its cruelty to animals.

Meditation

In August 1967, McCartney met Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at the London Hilton and later went to Bangor in North Wales to attend a weekend initiation conference, where he and the other Beatles learned the basics of Transcendental Meditation. He said, "The whole meditation experience was very good and I still use the mantra ... I find it soothing." In 2009, McCartney and Starr headlined a benefit concert at Radio City Music Hall, raising three million dollars for the David Lynch Foundation to fund instruction in Transcendental Meditation for at-risk youth.

McCartney has publicly professed support for Everton and has also shown favour for Liverpool. In 2008, he ended speculation about his allegiance when he said: "Here's the deal: my father was born in Everton, my family are officially Evertonians, so if it comes down to a derby match or an FA Cup final between the two, I would have to support Everton. But after a concert at Wembley Arena I got a bit of a friendship with Kenny Dalglish, who had been to the gig and I thought 'You know what? I am just going to support them both because it's all Liverpool.'"

Relationships

McCartney's first serious girlfriend in Liverpool was Dorothy "Dot" Rhone, whom he met at the Casbah club in 1959. According to Spitz, Rhone felt that McCartney had a compulsion to control situations. He often chose clothes and makeup for her, encouraging her to grow her blonde hair to simulate Brigitte Bardot's hairstyle, and at least once insisting she have her hair restyled, to disappointing effect. When McCartney first went to Hamburg with the Beatles, he wrote to Rhone regularly, and she accompanied Cynthia Lennon to Hamburg when they played there again in 1962. The couple had a two-and-a-half-year relationship, and were due to marry until Rhone's miscarriage. According to Spitz, McCartney, now "free of obligation", ended the engagement.

McCartney first met British actress Jane Asher on 18 April 1963 when a photographer asked them to pose at a Beatles performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London. The two began a relationship, and in November of that year he took up residence with Asher at her parents' home at 57 Wimpole Street, London. They had lived there for more than two years before the couple moved to McCartney's own home in St. John's Wood in March 1966. He wrote several songs while living at the Ashers', including "Yesterday", " And I Love Her", " You Won't See Me" and " I'm Looking Through You", the latter three having been inspired by their romance. They had a five-year relationship and planned to marry, but Asher broke off the engagement after she discovered he had become involved with Francie Schwartz, an American screenwriter who moved to London at age 23 thinking she could sell a script to the Beatles. She met McCartney and he invited her to move into his London house, where events ensued that possibly broke up him and Asher.

Linda Eastman

Linda Eastman was a music fan who once commented, "all my teen years were spent with an ear to the radio." At times, she played hooky to see artists such as Fabian, Bobby Darin and Chuck Berry. She became a popular photographer with several rock groups, including the Jimi Hendrix Experience, the Grateful Dead, the Doors and the Beatles, whom she first met at Shea Stadium in 1966. She commented, "It was John who interested me at the start. He was my Beatle hero. But when I met him the fascination faded fast, and I found it was Paul I liked." The pair first became properly acquainted on 15 May 1967 at a Georgie Fame concert at The Bag O'Nails club, during her UK assignment to photograph rock musicians in London. As Paul remembers, "The night Linda and I met, I spotted her across a crowded club, and although I would normally have been nervous chatting her up, I realised I had to ... Pushiness worked for me that night!" Linda said this about their meeting: "I was quite shameless really. I was with somebody else [that night] ... and I saw Paul at the other side of the room. He looked so beautiful that I made up my mind I would have to pick him up." The pair married in March 1969. About their relationship, Paul said, "We had a lot of fun together ... just the nature of how we aren't, our favourite thing really is to just hang, to have fun. And Linda's very big on just following the moment." He added, "We were crazy. We had a big argument the night before we got married, and it was nearly called off ... [it's] miraculous that we made it. But we did."

After the break-up of the Beatles, the two collaborated musically and formed Wings in 1971. They faced derision from some fans and critics, who questioned her inclusion. She was nervous about performing with Paul, who explained, "she conquered those nerves, got on with it and was really gutsy." Paul defended her musical ability: "I taught Linda the basics of the keyboard ... She took a couple of lessons and learned some bluesy things ... she did very well and made it look easier than it was ... The critics would say, 'She's not really playing' or 'Look at her-she's playing with one finger.' But what they didn't know is that sometimes she was playing a thing called a Minimoog, which could only be played with one finger. It was monophonic." He went on to say, "We thought we were in it for the fun ... it was just something we wanted to do, so if we got it wrong-big deal. We didn't have to justify ourselves." Former Wings guitarist McCullough said of collaborating with Linda, "trying to get things together with a learner in the group didn't work as far as I was concerned."

They had four children-Linda's daughter Heather (legally adopted by Paul), Mary, Stella and James-and remained married until Linda's death from breast cancer at age 56 in 1998. After Linda died, Paul said, "I got a counsellor because I knew that I would need some help. He was great, particularly in helping me get rid of my guilt [about wishing I'd been] perfect all the time ... a real bugger. But then I thought, hang on a minute. We're just human. That was the beautiful thing about our marriage. We were just a boyfriend and girlfriend having babies."

Heather Mills

In 2002, McCartney married Heather Mills, a former model and anti- landmine campaigner. In 2003, the couple had a child, Beatrice Milly, named in honour of Mills's late mother and one of McCartney's aunts. They separated in April 2006 and divorced acrimoniously in March 2008. In 2004, he commented on media animosity toward his partners: "[the British public] didn't like me giving up on Jane Asher ... I married [Linda], a New York divorcee with a child, and at the time they didn't like that".

Nancy Shevell

McCartney married New Yorker Nancy Shevell in a civil ceremony at Marylebone Town Hall, London, on 9 October 2011. The wedding was a modest event attended by a group of about 30 relatives and friends. The couple had been together since November 2007. Shevell is vice president of a family-owned transportation conglomerate which owns New England Motor Freight. She is a former member of the board of the New York area's Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Shevell is about 18 years younger than McCartney. They had known each other for about 20 years prior to marrying, having met because both had homes in the Hamptons.

John Lennon

Though McCartney had a strained relationship with Lennon, they briefly became close again in early 1974, and played music together on one occasion. In later years, the two grew apart. McCartney often phoned Lennon, but was apprehensive about the reception he would receive. During one call, Lennon told him, "You're all pizza and fairytales!" In an effort to avoid talking only about business, they often spoke of cats, babies, or baking bread.

On 24 April 1976, McCartney and Lennon were watching an episode of Saturday Night Live at Lennon's home in the Dakota when Lorne Michaels made a $3,000 cash offer for the Beatles to reunite. While they seriously considered going to the SNL studio a few blocks away, they decided it was too late. This was their last time together. VH1 fictionalised this event in the 2000 television film . McCartney's last telephone call to Lennon, days before Lennon and Ono released Double Fantasy, was friendly: "[It is] a consoling factor for me, because I do feel it was sad that we never actually sat down and straightened our differences out. But fortunately for me, the last phone conversation I ever had with him was really great, and we didn't have any kind of blow-up", he said.

Reaction to Lennon's murder

On 9 December 1980, McCartney followed the news that Lennon had been murdered the previous night; Lennon's death created a media frenzy around the surviving members of the band. McCartney was leaving an Oxford Street recording studio that evening when he was surrounded by reporters who asked him for his reaction; he responded: "It's a drag". The press quickly criticised him for what appeared to be a superficial response. He later explained, "When John was killed somebody stuck a microphone at me and said: 'What do you think about it?' I said, 'It's a dra-a-ag' and meant it with every inch of melancholy I could muster. When you put that in print it says, 'McCartney in London today when asked for a comment on his dead friend said, "It's a drag".' It seemed a very flippant comment to make." He described his first exchange with Ono after the murder, and his last conversation with Lennon:

I talked to Yoko the day after he was killed, and the first thing she said was, "John was really fond of you." The last telephone conversation I had with him we were still the best of mates. He was always a very warm guy, John. His bluff was all on the surface. He used to take his glasses down, those granny glasses, and say, "it's only me." They were like a wall you know? A shield. Those are the moments I treasure.

In 1983, McCartney said: "I would not have been as typically human and standoffish as I was if I knew John was going to die. I would have made more of an effort to try and get behind his 'mask' and have a better relationship with him." He said that he went home that night, watched the news on television with his children and cried most of the evening. In 1997, he said that Lennon's death made the remaining ex-Beatles nervous that they might also be murdered. He told Mojo magazine in 2002 that Lennon was his greatest hero. In 1981, McCartney sang backup on Harrison's tribute to Lennon, " All Those Years Ago", which featured Starr on drums. McCartney released " Here Today" in 1982, a song Everett described as "a haunting tribute" to McCartney's friendship with Lennon.

George Harrison

Discussing his relationship with McCartney, Harrison said: "Paul would always help along when you'd done his ten songs-then when he got 'round to doing one of my songs, he would help. It was silly. It was very selfish, actually ... There were a lot of tracks, though, where I played bass ... because what Paul would do-if he'd written a song, he'd learn all the parts for Paul and then come in the studio and say (sometimes he was very difficult): 'Do this'. He'd never give you the opportunity to come out with something."

After Harrison's death in November 2001, McCartney said he was "a lovely guy and a very brave man who had a wonderful sense of humour". He went on to say: "We grew up together and we just had so many beautiful times together - that's what I am going to remember. I'll always love him, he's my baby brother." On the first anniversary of his death, McCartney played Harrison's "Something" on a ukulele at the Concert for George; he would perform this rendition of the song on many subsequent solo tours. He also performed " For You Blue" and " All Things Must Pass", and played the piano on Eric Clapton's rendition of " While My Guitar Gently Weeps".

Ringo Starr

During a recording session for The Beatles in 1968, the two got into an argument over McCartney's critique of Starr's drum part for "Back in the U.S.S.R.", which contributed to Starr temporarily leaving the band. Starr later commented on working with McCartney: "Paul is the greatest bass player in the world. But he is also very determined ... [to] get his own way ... [thus] musical disagreements inevitably arose from time to time."

McCartney and Starr collaborated on several post-Beatles projects, starting in 1973 when McCartney contributed instrumentation and backing vocals for "Six O'Clock", a song McCartney wrote for Starr's album . McCartney played a kazoo solo on " You're Sixteen" from the same album. Starr appeared (as a fictional version of himself) in McCartney's 1984 film Give My Regards to Broad Street, and played drums on most tracks of the soundtrack album, which includes re-recordings of several McCartney-penned Beatles songs. Starr played drums and sang backing vocals on " Beautiful Night" from McCartney's 1997 album Flaming Pie. The pair collaborated again in 1998, on Starr's Vertical Man, which featured McCartney's backing vocals on three songs, and instrumentation on one. In 2009, the pair performed " With a Little Help from My Friends" at a benefit concert for the David Lynch Foundation. They collaborated on Starr's album in 2010. McCartney played bass on "Peace Dream", and sang a duet with Starr on " Walk with You". On 7 July 2010, Starr was performing at Radio City Music Hall in New York with his All-Starr Band in a concert celebrating his seventieth birthday. After the encores, McCartney made a surprise appearance, performing the Beatles' song " Birthday" with Starr's band. On 26 January 2014, McCartney and Starr performed " Queenie Eye" from McCartney's new album at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. McCartney inducted Starr into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2015, and played bass on his 2017 album Give More Love. On 16 December 2018, Starr and Ronnie Wood joined McCartney onstage to perform "Get Back" at his concert at London's O2 Arena. Starr also made an appearance on the final day of McCartney's Freshen Up tour in July 2019, performing " Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)" and " Helter Skelter".

Achievements

McCartney was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and again as a solo artist in 1999. In 1979, the Guinness Book of World Records recognised McCartney as the "most honored composer and performer in music", with 60 gold discs (43 with the Beatles, 17 with Wings) and, as a member of the Beatles, sales of over 100 million singles and 100 million albums, and as the "most successful song writer", he wrote jointly or solo 43 songs which sold one million or more records between 1962 and 1978. In 2009, Guinness World Records again recognised McCartney as the "most successful songwriter" having written or co-written 188 charted records in the United Kingdom, of which 91 reached the top 10 and 33 made it to number one.

McCartney has written, or co-written, 32 number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100: twenty with the Beatles; seven solo or with Wings; one as a co-writer of " A World Without Love", a number-one single for Peter and Gordon; one as a co-writer on Elton John's cover of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"; one as a co-writer on Stars on 45's "Medley"; one as a co-writer with Michael Jackson on "Say Say Say"; and one as writer on "Ebony and Ivory" performed with Stevie Wonder. As of 2009, he has 15.5 million RIAA certified units in the United States as a solo artist plus another 10 million with Wings.

Credited with more number ones in the UK than any other artist, McCartney has participated in twenty-four chart topping singles: seventeen with the Beatles, one solo, and one each with Wings, Stevie Wonder, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Band Aid 20 and "The Christians et al." He is the only artist to reach the UK number one as a soloist ("Pipes of Peace"), duo ("Ebony and Ivory" with Wonder), trio ("Mull of Kintyre", Wings), quartet ("She Loves You", the Beatles), quintet ("Get Back", the Beatles with Billy Preston) and as part of a musical ensemble for charity (Ferry Aid).

"Yesterday" is one of the most covered songs in history with more than 2,200 recorded versions, and according to the BBC, "the track is the only one by a UK writer to have been aired more than seven million times on American TV and radio and is third in the all-time list ... [and] is the most played song by a British writer [last] century in the US". His 1968 Beatles composition "Hey Jude" achieved the highest sales in the UK that year and topped the US charts for nine weeks, which is longer than any other Beatles single. It was also the longest single released by the band and, at seven minutes eleven seconds, was at that time the longest number one. "Hey Jude" is the best-selling Beatles single, achieving sales of over five million copies soon after its release.

In July 2005, McCartney's performance of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" with U2 at Live 8 became the fastest-released single in history. Available within forty-five minutes of its recording, hours later it had achieved number one on the UK Official Download Chart.

In December 2020, the release of his album McCartney III and its subsequent charting at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 earned McCartney the feat of being the first artist to have a new album in the top two chart positions in each of the last six decades.

Awards and honours

Notes

Granted by the College of Arms, 18 June 2001[457]

Crest

On a wreath of the colours a Liver Bird calling Sable supporting with the dexter claws a guitar Or stringed Sable.

Escutcheon

Or between two Flaunches fracted fesswise two roundels Sable over all six guitar strings palewise throughout counterchanged.

Motto

ECCE COR MEUM (Behold My Heart)

Discography

Filmography

Television

The Paul McCartney World Tour - 104 shows, 1989-1990

Unplugged Tour 1991 - 6 shows in Europe, 1991

The New World Tour - 79 shows, 1993

Driving World Tour - 58 shows, 2002

Back in the World tour - 33 shows, 2003

'04 Summer Tour - 14 shows worldwide, 2004

The 'US' Tour - 37 shows, 2005

Secret Tour 2007 - 6 shows in Europe and the US, 2007

Summer Live '09 - 10 shows in North America, 2009

Good Evening Europe Tour - 8 shows, 2009

Up and Coming Tour - 38 shows worldwide, 2010-2011

On the Run Tour - 38 shows worldwide, 2011-2012

Out There Tour - 91 shows worldwide, 2013-2015

One on One - 78 shows worldwide, 2016-2017

2018 Secret Gigs - 5 shows, 2018

Freshen Up - 39 shows worldwide, 2018-2019

1. ^ Newman, Jason (23 August 2011). "It Takes Two: 10 Songwriting Duos That Rocked Music History". billboard.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. By any measure, no one comes close to matching the success of The Beatles' primary songwriters.

2. ^ Savage, Mark (13 May 2020). "Rihanna rockets onto Sunday Times Rich List" - via www.bbc.co.uk.

3. For his attendance at Joseph Williams Junior School see: ; For McCartney passing the 11-plus exam see: ^ Miles 1997, p. 9: (primary source); Benitez 2010, pp. 1-2: (secondary source).

4. ^ Lewisohn 1992, p. 59: "Love Me Do", Lewisohn 1992, p. 75: Replacing Best with Starr., Lewisohn 1992, pp. 88-94: "Beatlemania" in the UK., Lewisohn 1992, pp. 136-140: "Beatlemania" in the US; Miles 1997, p. 470: the cute Beatle; Spitz 2005, p. 330: Starr joining the Beatles in August 1962.

5. For song authorship see: ^ Harry 2002, p. 90: "Can't Buy Me Love", Harry 2002, p. 439: "I Saw Her Standing There"; Harry 2000a, pp. 561-562: "I Want to Hold Your Hand"; and MacDonald 2005, pp. 66-68: "I Saw Her Standing There", MacDonald 2005, pp. 83-85: "She Loves You", MacDonald 2005, pp. 99-103: "I Want to Hold Your Hand", MacDonald 2005, pp. 104-107: "Can't Buy Me Love", MacDonald 2005, pp. 171-172; For release dates, US and UK peak chart positions of the preceding songs see: Lewisohn 1992, pp. 350-351.

6. ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 195: The first of three consecutive McCartney A-sides; Lewisohn 1992, pp. 350-351: Revolver's release was preceded by "Paperback Writer".

7. ^ The Beatles 2000, p. 214: "the forerunner of videos"; Lewisohn 1992, pp. 221-222: The films aired on The Ed Sullivan Show and Top of the Pops.

8. ^ Gould 2007, pp. 391-395: The Sgt. Pepper cover featured the Beatles as the imaginary band alluded to in the album's title track, standing with a host of celebrities (secondary source); The Beatles 2000, p. 248: Standing with a host of celebrities (primary source); Miles 1997, p. 333: On McCartney's design for the Sgt. Pepper cover (primary source); Sounes 2010, p. 168: On McCartney's design for the Sgt. Pepper cover (secondary source).

9. ^ Gould 2007, pp. 391-395: The Sgt. Pepper cover attracted curiosity and analysis; Miles 1997, p. 333: On McCartney's design for the Sgt. Pepper cover (primary source); Sounes 2010, p. 168: On McCartney's design for the Sgt. Pepper cover (secondary source).

10. ^ Brown & Gaines 2002, p. 299: "We've been very negative since Mr. Epstein passed away"; Lewisohn 1992, pp. 276-304: The White Album, Lewisohn 1992, pp. 304-314: Let It Be.

11. For song authorship see: ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 333-334: "Get Back", MacDonald 2005, pp. 272-273: "Hello, Goodbye", MacDonald 2005, pp. 302-304: "Hey Jude", MacDonald 2005, pp. 337-338: "Let it Be", MacDonald 2005, pp. 339-341: "The Long and Winding Road"; For release dates, US and UK peak chart positions of the preceding songs see: Lewisohn 1992, pp. 350-351.

12. Heatley, Michael; Hopkinson, Frank. ^ The Girl in the Song: The Real Stories Behind 50 Rock Classics, Pavilion Books (2010) e-book

13. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 641-642: "My Love", Harry 2002, pp. 744-745: Red Rose Speedway; McGee 2003, p. 245: Peak US chart positions for Red Rose Speedway; Roberts 2005, p. 312: Peak UK chart position for Red Rose Speedway.

14. ^ Benitez 2010, p. 57: "Helen Wheels", Benitez 2010, p. 58: Positive critical response to Band on the Run; Harry 2002, pp. 466-467: Jet; Levy 2005, p. 203: the 413th spot on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

15. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 882-883: Venus and Mars, Harry 2002, pp. 910-911: Wings at the Speed of Sound; Roberts 2005, p. 312: Peak UK chart position for Venus and Mars.

16. ^ McGee 2003, p. 245: NME ranking Wings at the Speed of Sound number 1, and the LP was number 1 on three charts in the US; Roberts 2005, p. 312: Peak UK chart position and weeks on charts for Wings at the Speed of Sound.

17. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 42-43: Back to the Egg, Harry 2002, pp. 530-532: London Town, Harry 2002, pp. 758-760: the Rockestra; Ingham 2009, p. 108: London Town and Back to the Egg; McGee 2003, p. 245: Back to the Egg certified platinum.

18. ^ Harry 2002, p. 578: He composed all the music and performed the instrumentation himself; Lewisohn 2002, p. 167: McCartney II a UK number-one, and a US top-five.

19. ^ Benitez 2010, pp. 96-97: On Wings' April dissolution, McCartney fearing for his personal safety and the commercial disappointment of Back to the Egg; Blaney 2007, p. 132: "Back to the Egg spent only eight weeks in the British charts, the shortest chart run of any Wings album".; Doggett 2009, pp. 276: "Paul is doing other things, that's all".; George-Warren 2001, p. 626: McCartney's reluctance to tour for fear of his personal safety; McGee 2003, p. 144: On McCartney's reluctance to tour out of fear for his personal safety, and Laine's statement that this was a significant contributing factor to Wings' dissolution.

20. ^ Ingham 2009, pp. 109-110: Wings disbanded in 1981; McGee 2003, p. 245: US and UK chart positions of Wings' LPs; Harry 2002, pp. 904-910: Wings, 912-913: Wings over America; Lewisohn 2002, p. 163: one of few live albums ever to achieve the top spot in America.

21. ^ American Top 40 replay. Green Bay, Wisconsin. 22 May 1982. Event occurs at 9:55am.

22. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 720-722: Pipes of Peace album and song., Harry 2002, pp. 776-777: "Say Say Say"; Roberts 2005, p. 311: Last UK number one single; For the peak US chart position of Pipes of Peace see: Blaney 2007, p. 159.

23. For the ^ RIAA database see: ; Roberts 2005, p. 312: Peak UK chart position and weeks on charts for Pipes of Peace; Blaney 2007, p. 159: US chart peak for Pipes of Peace.

24. ^ Ebert, Roger (1 January 1984). "Give My Regards to Broad Street review". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012.

25. ^ Benitez 2010, p. 134: Performed around the world; Blaney 2007, p. 210: on the UK classical chart, Music Week.

26. ^ Blaney 2007, p. 223: The peak UK chart position for "Young Boy", Blaney 2007, p. 224: Starr on "Beautiful Night", Blaney 2007, p. 225: Peak US chart position for Flaming Pie; Roberts 2005, p. 311: Peak UK chart position for "Young Boy", Roberts 2005, p. 312: Peak UK chart position for Flaming Pie.

27. ^ Blaney 2007, p. 269: Peak UK and US chart positions for "Fine Line"; Blaney 2007, p. 271: Peak UK and US chart positions for Chaos and Creation in the Backyard; Blaney 2007, p. 274: Peak UK chart position for "Jenny Wren".

28. For 30 November 2005 Los Angeles setlist see: ; For the ^ Billboard boxscores see:

29. For 9 September 2009 remasters see: ; For ^ the Beatles: Rock Band see:

30. ^ For "among the last" of the classic rock catalogues available online see: ; For the Beatles catalogue available on iTunes see:

31. ^ ; For McCartney's MusiCares award, and his performance at the 54th Grammy Awards see:

32. ^ Sinclair, Brendan (7 July 2012). "Paul McCartney working with Bungie". . CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012.

33. ^ Markman, Rob. "Kanye West Drops New Song For The New Year: Listen To 'Only One'". MTV. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015.

34. ^ White, Caitlin (25 January 2015). "Rihanna Dropped Her New Song With Kanye And Paul McCartney-Hear 'FourFiveSeconds'". MTV News. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015.

35. ^ Foreman, Polly (31 March 2016). "Paul McCartney announces career-spanning compilation". uncut.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016.

36. ^ "Paul McCartney Joins Johnny Depp & Crew For 'Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales'". Deadline.com. 24 March 2016. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017.

37. ^ "We can't work it out: Paul McCartney to sue Sony for rights to Beatles classics". The Guardian. 18 January 2017. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017.

38. ^ Martoccio, Angie (21 October 2020). "Paul McCartney Announces New Album, 'McCartney III'". Rolling Stone.

39. ^ Harry 2000a, pp. 140-141: Chuck Berry; Harry 2002, pp. 420-425: Buddy Holly, Harry 2002, p. 727: Elvis Presley; Mulhern 1990, p. 33: Carl Perkins and Little Richard; Spitz 2005, pp. 41, 92, 97, 124: Presley, Spitz 2005, pp. 131-133, 225, 538: Holly, Spitz 2005, pp. 134, 374, 446, 752: Berry.

40. ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 157-158: "Yesterday", MacDonald 2005, pp. 174-175: "I'm Looking Through You", MacDonald 2005, pp. 175-176: "Michelle", MacDonald 2005, pp. 291-292: "Blackbird", MacDonald 2005, pp. 305-306: "Mother Nature's Son", MacDonald 2005, p. 308: "Rocky Raccoon", MacDonald 2005, p. 315: "I Will".

41. ^ "PAUL MCCARTNEY EXPLAINS HOW JIMI HENDRIX MADE HIM BUY HIS FAVOURITE GUITAR". 13 August 2020.

42. ^ James E. Perone (17 October 2012). The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. ABC-CLIO. p. 585. ISBN 9780313379079. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017.

43. ^ "33 Years Ago: Billy Joel Channels the Beatles on 'The Nylon Curtain'". stuff.co.nz. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016.

44. ^ "'Steven Tyler's 'Abbey Road' Tribute To Paul McCartney!'". Society of ROck. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016.

45. ^ "Axl Rose responds to list calling him 'world's greatest singer'". Rolling Stone. 28 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017.

46. ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 178-180: "She's a Woman", MacDonald 2005, pp. 205-206: "For No One", MacDonald 2005, pp. 227-232: "A Day in the Life", MacDonald 2005, pp. 272-273: "Hello, Goodbye", MacDonald 2005, pp. 275-276: "Lady Madonna", MacDonald 2005, pp. 302-304: "Hey Jude", MacDonald 2005, p. 322: "Martha My Dear", MacDonald 2005, pp. 337-338: "Let It Be", MacDonald 2005, pp. 339-341: "The Long and Winding Road".

47. ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 309: "Wild Honey Pie", MacDonald 2005, pp. 309-310: "Back in the USSR", MacDonald 2005, pp. 310-311: "Dear Prudence", MacDonald 2005, p. 322: "Martha My Dear", MacDonald 2005, pp. 345-347: "The Ballad of John and Yoko".

48. ^ Benitez 2010, p. 19: McCartney, Benitez 2010, p. 52: Band on the Run, Benitez 2010, p. 99: McCartney II; Molenda 2005, pp. 68-70: he played most of the instrumentation himself.

49. ^ Lewisohn, Mark (2013). The Beatles: All These Years: Volume I: Tune In. New York: Crown Archetype. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-4000-8305-3.

50. ^ Castleman, Harry; Podrazik, Walter J. (1977). "1969 - "But If Paul's Alive, How Did He Die?". All Together Now - The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961-1975 (Second ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-345-25680-5.

51. For MPL's ownership of over 25,000 songs see: ; ^ Harry 2002, pp. 630-632: MPL's ownership of Guys and Dolls, A Chorus Line, and Grease; Sounes 2010, p. 348: MPL's ownership of Annie.

52. Dannen, Frederic, ^ Hit Men: Power Brokers and Fast Money Inside the Music Business, Vintage Books, London, 1991, (ISBN 0099813106), pp. 126-127

53. ^ For McCartney's current record label see: ; For his joining Hear as their first artist see:

54. ^ For McCartney's pledge to continue Linda's animal rights work see: ; For McCartney ensuring that Linda McCartney Foods remained GMO free, see:

55. ^ "Paul Supports New Pro-Vegetarian PETA UK Campaign: 'Celebrate Life'". PaulMcCartney.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013.

56. For the "US Campaign for Burma" see: ; For the ^ Aid Still Required CD see:

57. ^ For McCartney's support of Everton, see: ; For McCartney's support of Liverpool, see:

58. ^ Goodman, Joan. "Playboy Interview: Paul and Linda McCartney". Playboy. 31, no. 12 (December 1984): 82.

59. ^ Glazer, Mitchell. "Growing Up at 33⅓: The George Harrison Interview". Crawdaddy (February 1977): 35-36.

60. ^ McWhirter, Norris (1980). Guinness Book of World Records. London: Sterling Publishing. pp. 235, 250, 251. ISBN 978-0-8069-0168-8.

61. For McCartney's number-one singles with the Beatles and Wings see: ; ^ Bronson 1992, p. 150: "A World Without Love" performed by Peter and Gordon, Bronson 1992, p. 388: "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" performed by Elton John; Bronson 1992, p. 554: "Medley" by Stars on 45; Bronson 1992, p. 555: "Ebony and Ivory" with Stevie Wonder;Bronson 1992, p. 581: "Say Say Say" with Michael Jackson, Bronson 1992, p. 808: McCartney's thirty-two Billboard Hot 100 number-ones.

62. For 2,200 recorded versions see: ; ; ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 157: "the most 'covered' song in history"; For "Yesterday" airing more than seven million times on American TV and radio see:

63. ^ For the Brit Award, see: ; For the honorary degree from Yale, see:

Benitez, Vincent P. (2019). "'That Was Me' in 'Vintage Clothes': Intertextuality and the White Album Songs of Paul McCartney." In The Beatles through a Glass Onion: Reconsidering the White Album, ed. Mark Osteen, 213-29. Tracking Pop Series. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-07408-2.

Brown, Peter; Gaines, Steven (2002). The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of The Beatles. New American Library. ISBN 978-0-451-20735-7.

Buk, Askold (1996). "Strum Together". Guitar World: Acoustic (17).

George-Warren, Holly, ed. (2001). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (2005 revised and updated ed.). Fireside. ISBN 978-0-7432-9201-6.

Graff, Gary (January 2000). "Yesterday & Today". Guitar World. 20 (1).

Glenday, Craig (editor) (2008). Guinness World Records 2009. Guinness World Records Ltd. ISBN 978-1-904994-37-4.

Jisi, Chris (October 2005). "He Can Work It Out". Bass Player. 16 (10).

Kastan, David Scott (2006). Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516921-8.

"Most Excellent Order of the British Empire". The London Gazette (supplement). 4 June 1965. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009.

Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now (1st Hardcover ed.). Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-5248-0.

Molenda, Michael (November 2005). "Here, There, and Everywhere". Guitar Player. 39 (11).

Mulhern, Tom (July 1990). "Paul McCartney". Guitar Player. 24, No.7 (246).

Sounes, Howard (2010). Fab: An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81783-0.

Further reading

Benitez, Vincent P. (2012). "Ram (1971)" and "Band on the Run (1973)." In The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations, ed. James E. Perone, 147-56; 275-85. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. http://www.abc-clio.com/product.aspx?id=2147513079

External links

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sir James Paul McCartney (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer, songwriter, musician, and record and film producer who gained worldwide fame as co-lead vocalist and bassist for the Beatles. His songwriting partnership with John Lennon remains the most successful in history.

# data[].attributes.body
The Statue of Liberty is a symbolic building in New York, and the meaning of this statue is the American Dream, a building full of hope that can make the American people's dreams come true. Seeing as a goddess holding a candle, I think my dream will come true.

# data[].attributes.body
Initially, it was first completed in 1800. However, the British attacked in 1814 and set it on fire. It was restored five years ago as the nation's power grew stronger.

I thought the Korean Capitol was really cool too, but the US Capitol was even nicer, so I thought I'd really like to go see it. It was interesting to see that there is a dome at the top of the Korean Capitol and the US Capitol.

# data[].attributes.headline
Empire State Building, New York, NY(30313 주현서)

# data[].attributes.subject
Empire State Building, New York, NY(30313 주현서)

# data[].attributes.body
The Empire State Building is a Woolworth Gothic-style building built in 1931, located on Fifth Avenue and 34th Block on Manhattan Island, New York, New York, USA. It has 102 floors above the ground and is 381 m high and 443 m including the antenna tower installed in 1953.

When I saw this building, I was amazed at its sophisticated appearance, and I think the idea of the architect who designed this building is very admirable. I hope to see more elaborate structures of this kind in the future.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Empire State Building, New York, NY. - General Electric Company. - Google Arts & Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world's treasures online.

# data[].attributes.headline
Galleria d'Arte Moderna - Milano (이탈리아) (30303 김채원)

# data[].attributes.subject
Galleria d'Arte Moderna - Milano (이탈리아) (30303 김채원)

# data[].attributes.body
From 1903 the Galleria d’Arte Moderna preserves the modern art collections of the City of Milan, an artistic heritage of about 3,500 works. The collections are displayed from 1921 within the Villa Reale, one of the masterpieces of milan’s neoclassical era. Designed by the architect Leopoldo Pollock, it was built between 1790 and 1796 as the house of the earl Lodovico Barbiano di Belgioioso. Villa Reale later became the residence of the Viceroy Eugenio di Beauharnais, stepson of Napoleon. Among the undisputed protagonists of the Milanese and Italian art history present in the collection there are Antonio Canova, Andrea Appiani, Francesco Hayez, Tranquillo Cremona, Giovanni Segantini, Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo, Giovanni Boldini, Medardo Rosso, Gaetano Previati. The exhibition activity of the Galleria d’Arte Moderna dialogues with applied art, the contemporary languages ​​and the thematic analysis of artists present in the permanent collection.

I chose this building because I liked the atmosphere. I wanted to touch the contemporary art collection of the city of Milan, the artistic heritage displayed in this building. It is one of the must-see structures when visiting Italy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Vue générale de l'Exposition Universelle de Paris 1889 - Servando

# data[].attributes.body
제목:Vue générale de l'Exposition Universelle de Paris 1889

제작자:© Collection tour Eiffel

제작연도:1889

It's incredibly nice and pretty to see that this painting was painted in 1889 and it's like a scene from a movie and it's so attractive that I want to go in and see it for myself.

# data[].attributes.headline
Washington Monument , Washington DC 30315 김태현

# data[].attributes.subject
Washington Monument , Washington DC 30315 김태현

# data[].attributes.body
제목: Washington Monument
제작자: Robert Mills
제작연도: 1884

"First in War, First in Peace, and First in the hearts of his countrymen."

George Washington's military and political leadership were indispensable to the founding of the United States. As commander of the Continental Army, he rallied Americans from thirteen divergent states and outlasted Britain's superior military force. As the first president, Washington's superb leadership set the standard for each president that has succeeded him. The Washington Monument towers above the city that bears his name, serving as an awe-inspiring reminder of George Washington's greatness. The monument, like the man, stands in no one's shadow.

When I saw this monument in the photo, I thought it would be nice to go because it was so cool... But when I actually went... I thought it was a bit of a waste of money... But it was meaningful.

# data[].attributes.headline
Woman with a Parasol -  Madame Monet and Her Son 30402 김성은

# data[].attributes.subject
Woman with a Parasol -  Madame Monet and Her Son 30402 김성은

# data[].attributes.body
제목: Woman wit a Parasol

제작자: Madame Monet and Her Son

제작연도: 1875

Woman with a Parasol was painted outdoors, probably in a single session of several hours' duration. The artist intended the work to convey the feeling of a casual family outing rather than a formal portrait, and used pose and placement to suggest that his wife and son interrupted their stroll while he captured their likenesses. The brevity of the moment portrayed here is conveyed by a repertory of animated brushstrokes of vibrant color, hallmarks of the style Monet was instrumental in forming. Bright sunlight shines from behind Camille to whiten the top of her parasoland the flowing cloth at her back, while colored reflections from the wildflowers below touch her front with yellow.

When I saw this picture, the sunshine reminded me of warm weather.
And I felt about Monet’s distinctive warm pastel tone was beautiful, and also felt the soft brush touch and light expression made the painting smoother.
When I go to America, I want to go to the National Museum of Art in Washington and see this painting.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
With Manet's assistance, Monet found lodging in suburban Argenteuil in late 1871, a move that initiated one of the most fertile phases of his career. Impressionism evolved in the late 1860s from a desire to create full-scale, multi-figure depictions of ordinary people in casual outdoor situations. At its purest, impressionism was attuned to landscape painting, a subject Monet favored. In _Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son_, his skill as a figure painter is equally evident. Contrary to the artificial conventions of academic portraiture, Monet delineated the features of his sitters as freely as their surroundings. The spontaneity and naturalness of the resulting image were praised when it appeared in the second impressionist exhibition in 1876.

_Woman with a Parasol_ was painted outdoors, probably in a single session of several hours' duration. The artist intended the work to convey the feeling of a casual family outing rather than a formal portrait, and used pose and placement to suggest that his wife and son interrupted their stroll while he captured their likenesses. The brevity of the moment portrayed here is conveyed by a repertory of animated brushstrokes of vibrant color, hallmarks of the style Monet was instrumental in forming. Bright sunlight shines from behind Camille to whiten the top of her parasol and the flowing cloth at her back, while colored reflections from the wildflowers below touch her front with yellow.

Explore museums and play with Art Transfer, Pocket Galleries, Art Selfie, and more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son - Claude Monet - Google Arts & Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
With Manet's assistance, Monet found lodging in suburban Argenteuil in late 1871, a move that initiated one of the most fertile phases of his career. Imp...

# data[].attributes.body
제목: Eglise De La Madeleine (Main View)

제작자: Ernest Ladrey

제작연도: about 1875

Église de la Madeleine is a Catholic cathedral located in Paris, France. It was built for the glory of Napoleon's army. To the south of the cathedral is the Place de la Concorde, to the east the Place Vendôme, and to the west St Augustine and Paris, the cathedral is based on Greek architecture and is built on the Parthenon in Athens.

I was impressed with how similar it looked to the Pantheon, so I searched for it. However, it is actually a temple built after the Parthenon in Athens, and it is said that it was built to honor Napoleon. Its magnificent size and straight columns are spectacular. The reason why it feels similar to the Pantheon is that both are temples built in the Greek style:)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Eglise De La Madeleine - Ernest Ladrey - Google Arts & Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world's treasures online.

# data[].attributes.body
Kilmainham Prison is a building of great historical significance in the history of the Irish independence movement that resisted British colonial rule. Prior to Ireland's independence from Britain in 1922, those who led the independence struggle or participated in the uprising for nearly 130 years were imprisoned or executed here. In particular, the brutal execution of 14 rebel leaders during the Easter Uprising of 1916 at the Stone Breakers Yard inside prison left a deep scar on the Irish people.


Kilmainum Prison is similar to Seodaemun Prison in Korea. Ireland was under British rule and Irish independence activists were imprisoned here.
Ireland experienced a similar history to Korea in that it gained independence and felt a sense of unity

# data[].attributes.body
1. In February 1882, Claude Monet went to Normandy, one of the many tourist destinations, to paint.
2. "How beautiful the countryside is, and how happy it would be to show you all its beautiful nooks and crannies!"
3. The two young women strolling in "The Cliff Walks of Fourville" are believed to be Osede's eldest daughters, Marte and Blanche.
4. Comprised of short, vibrant, curved brushstrokes, the grass appears to sway in the wind, and subtly modified with the same strokes and colors is a representation of a woman's dress and shawl blowing in the wind and a rippling sea.

제목: Cliff Walk at Pourville

제작자: Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926)

제작연도: 1882

크기: 66.5 × 82.3 cm (26 1/8 × 32 7/16 in.)

작품유형: Painting