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Schedule of Reinforcement:
Continuous
Ratio
Interval
Schedules:
Fixed Schedule
Interval Schedule

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Albert Bandura
Purpose: discover wheter adult models that children imitated would be
Procedure:
two groups of 24 children that were exposed to an adult model, male or female that expressed violent or non violent behavior behavior when they were exposed to toys
stage 2: Mild aggression arousal
after exposure to the gbehaviors each child was separately taken into a room with attractive toys
Results: average 57.7 violent actions from girls observing a female model
36.3 violent from girls when observing a male model
Girls were more likely to do verbal aggression
Boys were more likely to be aggressive to girls
Not ethical
they did not debrief the kids after the experiment
were not told violence is bad
Males are more aggerssive
males are more likely to follow their male role models than girls with females
children from violent homes are more likely to act out in violence

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Seligman
Researchers: Martin Seligman
Purpose: classical conditioning
Procedure: escape vs noescape
Results: grouopreceiving shock diet not escape, group not receiving shock world not my and escape
Ethical: unethical, no debreifing, no consent, painful
Impact: Learned hopelessness

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Pavlov Research Study
Pick a specific behavior
Sheldon did not pick a specific behavior
Pavlov Group:
Pavlov was a russian physiologist, related to food, salivation
Involved Classical Conditioning
Going to happen without anyone doing anything
Unconditioned stimulus was food
elicit salivation as an automatic response
Neutral Stimulus: sound of metronome
Results:
After pavlov initiated several repetitions of the combined stimulus association= dogs salivated from metronome on its own
metronome- conditioned stimulus
salivation= conditioned response
Further Testing
Dogs salivated from the metronome on its own
Salivation was the conditioned response
metronome= conditioned stimulus
Dogs presented with scent of vanilla before food
20 pairings = dogs would salivate from vanilla

Ethical Guidelines: dogs had to get a surgery to salivate through cheek but it was minor
Pavlov's theory is widely accepted today
explains phobias, emotions, liking certain foods
It inspired John B watson to condition Little Albert to fear a white rat
this explained how fears are formed

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understand Watson and Garcia research studies
Classical conditioning diagram
UnConditioned Stimulus---->UnConditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus+ UnConditioned Stimulus --->UnConditioned Resp
Condition Stimulus--->Conditioned Response
Acquisitioning: The process of pairing the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus
Extinction: end of far or effect of stimulus
Spontaneous recovery: conditioning is gone but happens again spontaneously
Garcia:
Conditioned taste aversion
John Garcia: born 1917
Procedure:
control group- rats made sick not given any saccharin beforehand
Experimental group-rats given saccharin beforehand and then made sick
into
Then given saccharin and then 30 mins late be made sick
3 days later they were offered the saccharin again, and the results will be recorded
there will be another group of rats given no saccharin before being exposed to the x-irradiation
then 3 days later the rats will be offered the saccharin again
Results:
when they were given the solution they once enjoyed they associated it with sickness and refused to drink it even though they were separated
the rats in the control group drank lots of the drink because they did not associate it with illness
Ethics: made the rats sick but were fed and drank, and was justified.
REvalavance: many people did not believe his response. In some cases, some of the neutral stimulus does have an influence on the conditioning process. Every organism is predisposed to create certain associations between certain stimuli
Watson-My group

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Understand Thorndike and skinners' research studies
Thorndike:
Key researchers: Thorndike and Robert Woodworth
Purpose: to see if there is a link between the associated learning in humans versus animals and how problem solving is approached by either side.
Procedure: an animal would be placed in a small, uncomfortable cage with 1 way out
The animal would have to push a lever to open the cage
After they got out, Thorndike would give them a reward and put them back to see how long it would take to repeat the task
Each time the latency would decrease
Latency: delay from input to desired outcome in this case the delay time from exiting the cage.
They would have to push a level or a similar task to open the cage
Then, Thorndike would give them a reward and put them back
Results:
They can solve problems set for them which would be considered intelligent if humans could do it
The cat would flounder around until they can get the hang of it then the latency would be decreased.
Results:
Time to escape was decreasing over time
cat's correct response was rewarded
high correlation between stimulus and response
practice makes habits
formal discipline: mind can be strengthened through exercises like memorization
connections are strengthened through exercise
If a person or animal receives a reward for doing something it will continue to do it
Ethical: Yes
received consent, had a clear purpose, the animal was not harmed
Set a foundation for learned behavior
Analyzed why association occurs

Skinner:
Burrhus F Skinner: worked at Harvard wanted to find effect of rewards/ reinforcement on behavior
He wanted to focus on the events following the response.
Procedure:
Rats and Food
Every time the rat in a box pulled the level he would give positive reinforcements the more they pulled, the more positive reinforcements
Results:
Skinner found the events had a greater influence of the later rate of occurrence
Operant conditioning: if a response (operant) is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, response strength is increased
Operant- lever press
Reinforcing Stimulus-food
Fixed Raion: schedule of reinforcement where it is reinforced only after a specific number of responses
Fixed interval: reinfocement becomes available after a fixed period of time
Ethics: yes it is ethical, not really harmed, kept animals at a specific weight- not entirely ethical
To change brain damaged people's behavior
Can help people's behaviors

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I wish I could make my brother less stubborn. He often refuses to complete the most mundane tasks.
4 methods of learning
1. Trial and Error: "If at first you don't succeed."
2. Operant Conditioning: "Behaviors have consequences
3. Classical Conditioning: " Associative learning"
4. Observational Learning (Modeling): "Monkey see, Monkey Do"
Positive: add+
PP: down arrow
Positive reinforcement, positive reinforcement, up arrow
Negative: Subtract -
Negative p: down arrow
negative reinforcement up arrow

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Work on our dissecting research projects in our groups.