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11/10/16 I can understand the 5 schedules of reinforcements

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11/10/16 I can understand the 5 schedules of reinforcements

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continuous
variable- unpredictable
ratio- # of responses
interval- time
fixed- predetermined

Fixed ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable ratio
Variable Interval
Continuous

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11/9/16 I can analyze Bandura & Seligman

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11/9/16 I can analyze Bandura & Seligman

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Seligman:
Purpose: Support the theory that our perceptions of power are learned from experience.
Key Researchers:
Procedure: Two groups of dogs, one who could escape and one who could not.
Results: Escape group learned to get out, non escape group experienced learned helplessness
Ethical Guidelines: One side said it was ethical because of the learned results, one said it was not because of the harm to animals
Future Impacts: Founded the beginnings of a theory to explain learned helplessness

Bandura:
Purpose: To determine if children would mimic violent and nonviolent models
Key Researchers: Albert Bandura, Dorothea Ross
Procedure: To determine if children followed the model of the adult who either showed more/less aggression
Results: 3 of the 4 parts of the hypothesis were supported
Ethical Guidelines: No clear action of debriefing, ethical guidelines not sufficiently met
Future Impact: Helps to predict future behavior, can correlate to things such as domestic violence, have a better understanding of future experiments

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11/3/16 I can understand Watson & Garcia research studies

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11/3/16 I can understand Watson & Garcia research studies

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Garcia:
Purpose: conditioned aversion to figure out if a subject will continue an action if they know it will affect them negatively, learned through classical conditioning
Key researchers- John Garcia, Ivan Pavolov, Ervin&Koelling, John Locke
Procedure: Garcia gave the rats a saccharin solution, induced X-irradiation into the experimental group to create a nauseating feeling, offered saccharin to both groups three days later
Results: The experimental group refused the solution after they had been sickened, the control group willingly drank the solution
Ethical guidelines: non ethical (shocked the rats, made them feel nauseous)
Future impacts: psychologists reconsidered the innate (instinctive) and acquired (learned) concept of responses to stimuli and turned to the idea of "the ability to learn certain things can itself be instinctive"

Watson:
Purpose: disprove the assumption that fears are caused by Freud's psychoanalytical perspective
Key Researchers: John Watson and Rosalie Rayer
Procedure: Albert was presented with neutral stimuli and seemed interested, then presented with the unconditioned stimulus which scared him. Then they began to create the loud noise whenever Albert went to touch the rat, creating an association between the rat and fear. The researchers then went through a process called generalization where they tested to see if Albert was afraid of other similar things. Tested him over a long period of time and Albert was still afraid
Results: Albert was not afraid originally afraid of the rat but by the end of both things. The experimenters conditioned Albert to associate anything furry and white. Helped disprove the Freudian perspective
Ethical Guidelines: No consent/assent, emotion harm on Albert impacts his life, Watson and Raynor never worked to resolve his far
Future impacts: Conditioning can have a negative or positive outcome

Acquisition: pairing the CS (conditioned stimulus) and the US (unconditioned stimulus)
Extinction: No Conditioned stimulus
Spontaneous recovery: When the response comes back without an US or a CS

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11/2/16 I can understand Thorndike & Skinners research studies

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11/2/16 I can understand Thorndike & Skinners research studies

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Skinner:
Purpose of skinner box- study animal behavior, show that reinforcement can affect behavior (how long it would take the animal to learn the behavior with the good reward)
Procedure: rat would press a level to get food, pidgeon would peck at a disk

Results- found that what happened after the response had a better influence on the rate of occurrence (if a rat wanted more food, lever was pressed more
Operant conditioning- if a response is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, response strength is increased
Discrimination- behavior only

Results (pigeon)- found that the pigeon was a better subject than the rate
Fixed ratio: every "nth" response is reinforced

Results (cumulative)- skinner wrote a series of books discussing the idea of behavior in a human society (very controversial)
Many thought he was trying to brainwash society
Thought it wasnt smart

Ethical guidelines- no animal cruelty, no animals were hert

Future research- studies of behaviorism have taught parents to toilet train their children, taught autistic children who have never spoke before use vocabulary, have taught mentally disabled to communicate

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 I wish my mom would not eat and talk to me at the same time

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 I wish my mom would not eat and talk to me at the same time

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I would reinforce good behavior by doing small favors for her each time she successfully does each task separatly

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10/31/16 I can apply behavior modification

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10/31/16 I can apply behavior modification

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4 methods of learning:
1. trial & error- if at first you don't succeed
2. Operant conditioning- behaviors have consequences
3. Classical conditioning- associative learning
4. Observational Learning (Modeling)- monkey see, monkey do

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Positive punishment(PP)- punishing by adding an element
Positive Reinforcement(PR)- helping by adding an element

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Negative punishment(NP)- punishing by taking away an element
Negative Reinforcement(NR)- taking away an element that is not preferred to increase behavior