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Communications, S. O. (n.d.). Soil pH: What it Means. Retrieved November 16, 2016, from http://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/soilph/soilph.htm

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Is the simply process of soil formation and evolution from unconsolidated rocks.

The process of Edafogenesis is the development from parentmaterial by various weathering processes. Organic matter accumulation, decomposition, and humidification are as critically important to soil formation as weathering. The zone of humification and weathering is termed the solum.

Process:
1. Bed Rock
2. Meteorization: mechanical effect
3. Chemical actions: effect of water and mineral salts
4. Biological actions: effect of living organisms
5. Join action: all organic and inorganic material together

The factors involved are CLORPT:
Climate
Organisms
Relief
Parent Material
Time

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html

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Are we plants

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Soil (Sahiana Saenz, Jasmin Salazar, Marcelo Hernandez y Carolina González)

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Soil (Sahiana Saenz, Jasmin Salazar, Marcelo Hernandez y Carolina González)

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-Soil is the top layer of the earth’s crust in
which organic matter grows.
-There are
many components which determine a soil
type such as pH, nutrient level and organic
content.
- The quality of vegetables
grown depends on the condition of the soil.

Properties:

Chemical and Physical Properties:
These usually require laboratory procedures for analysis. Results of such analysis can be used to make statements about soil nutrient levels and likely responses to land use.

Ease:
Ease with which soils break into natural aggregates.

Structure:
Structure or size and shape of soil aggregates and the spaces between them.

Texture (sand, silt and clay content):
Contrasts in texture are common in soils formed from alluvium where watercourses have deposited layers of sand and silt.

Soil Structure:
Spaces between aggregates are important for root penetration, storing water and allowing aeration and drainage.

Soil pH
Soil pH is important because it influences several soil factors affecting plant growth, such as soil bacteria, nutrient leaching, nutrient availability, toxic elements, and soil structure. Bacterial activity that releases nitrogen from organic matter and certain fertilizers is particularly affected by soil pH, because bacteria operate best in the pH range of 5.5 to 7.0.
-Plant nutrients are generally most available to plants in the pH range 5.5 to 6.5.

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Soil concept, composition and nutrients (Paco, Brenda, Caro and Arturo

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Soil concept, composition and nutrients (Paco, Brenda, Caro and Arturo

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What is soil?
Is the top layer of the earth's crust where organic matter grows.
There are many aspects in order to determine a soil type, such as checking the nutrient level and organic content, as well as the pH. These charateristics depend on the location and the type of plant you want to grow in the soil.

Grade 10-12 Soil Chemistry - Gov. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2016, from http://www.edu.pe.ca/agriculture/soil.pdf

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Properties of soil:               Rolando CanoIván ViverosDemetrio Strimpopulos 

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Properties of soil:               Rolando CanoIván ViverosDemetrio Strimpopulos 

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Biological:

Soil contains many organisms such as insects, worms, and other microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. When interact with each other, they contribute to some processes of nature. For example: they make possible the transfer of nutrients of the plants, dissolving minerals from rocks, mineralizing organic matter, accelerate the decomposition of organic matter, reduce the attack of plagues to plants, etc. Also these microorganisms can contribute processes such as the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle.

Chemical properties:
CEC(Cation Exchange Capacity)

They´re some plant nutrients that are positively charged ions. Clay and organic matter in the soil are negatively charged, this allows soil to have nutrient cations due to the force of opposite attractions, +,-. Soils with high clay and organic matter will have a higher CEC and if they have a lower ones they will have a low one. Another property of soil is buffering capacity which main function is the rapid fluctuation of pH, it can make the soil go more acid or more base, depending on their buffering capacity. Fertilizers are used here because it can replenish the mineral nutrients that are missing on the soil during a crop removal.

Physical Properties:

Density: is the mass per unit volume.

Consistency: is the resistance of a soil to deformation or rupture and is determined by the cohesive and adhesive properties of the soil mass.

Texture: refers to the relative proportions of particles of various sizes such as sand, silt and clay in the soil.

Color: an indication of the various processes going-on in the soil as well as the type of minerals in the soil.

Structure: arrangement of particles.

Volume:  how much it measures.

Weight: refers to the measurement in g, kg, etc.

Permeability: the capability to let substances like water or air to transmit.

Lesson 7. Soil Biological Properties. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2016, from http://organiclifestyles.tamu.edu/soilbasics/soilbiological.html

N/A. (N/A). Physical properties of soil. 11/15/2016, de FAO Sitio web: http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/ac172e/AC172E04.htm\

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Soil concept, composition and nutrients (Paco, Brenda, Caro and Arturo)

# data[].attributes.subject
Soil concept, composition and nutrients (Paco, Brenda, Caro and Arturo)

# data[].attributes.body
What is soil?
Is the top layer of the earth's crust where organic matter grows.
There are many aspects in order to determine a soil type, such as checking the nutrient level and organic content, as well as the pH. These charateristics depend on the location and the type of plant you want to grow in the soil.
Soil is composed of 5 main components:
-Mineral matter, which is made by the decomposition of rocks.
-Organic matter, which is obtained by plant and animal remains and microbial tissue.
-Water, obtained mainly by the atmosphere and some reactions in physical, chemical, and microbial soil.
-Air or gases, which are given by the atmosphere, reactions of roots, chemicals, etc.
-Small organisms like worms.
Macronutrients: Nutrients needed in big amounts for plants. (Nitrogen, Calcium, and Sulfur)
Micronutrients: Nutrients needed in small amounts for plants. (Boron, Zinc, and Iron)
Grade 10-12 Soil Chemistry - Gov. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2016, from http://www.edu.pe.ca/agriculture/soil.pdf

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Nutrient Mnemonics for Plants--Macro- and Micronutrients

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Use of mnemonics to memorize essential mineral nutrients for optimum plant growth and development.-- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/ . Make your own animated videos and animated presentations for free.

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SOIL PH - Paola Aguilar, Abimael Choquet, Susana García, Abraham Orta

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SOIL PH - Paola Aguilar, Abimael Choquet, Susana García, Abraham Orta

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SOIL PH

Soil pH is one of the many factors that can help us know a soil type. One of the most important components of soil is the pH. The pH of soil can be modified by adding different chemicals. Soil pH indicates how acid or alkalinethe soil is.

Some examples of pH in agriculture:
- Blueberries and a few types of flowers grow best when the pH is 5.5 or less.
- Potatoes grow best with a soil pH range of 5.5 to 6.0.
- Most garden vegetables, shrubs, trees and lawns grow best when the soil pH is over 6.0 or 6.5.

A soil test will give you an accurate description of many soil factors, including pH and nutrient levels. For example, if the pH of the soil is low, lime (material that reduces the acid content of soil and supplies nutrients such as calcium and magnesium to improve plant growth) should be used. The amount needed can be estimated by considering the type of soil, the desired pH, and the form of lime that will be used.

Which factors affect soil pH?
* Climate: In warm, humid environments, soil pH decreases over time in a process called soil acidification.
* Mineral content: Soils with high clay and organic matter content are more able to resist a drop or rise in pH (have a greater buffering capacity) than sandy soils.
* Soil texture: Sandy soils commonly have low organic matter content, resulting in a low buffering capacity, high rates of water percolation and infiltration making them more vulnerable to acidification.
* Parent material: Rocks from which parent material originally formed vary from acidic to alkaline in reaction. Soils formed from sandstone or shale are more acidic than soils formed from limestone.
* Precipitation: As annual precipitation increases, leaching of Ca and Mg increases, allowing the pH to decrease.
* Native vegetation: Soils formed under prairie (grasses) tend to be less acid than soils formed under forests.  Residue from coniferous(evergreen) trees is more acidic than from deciduous (broadleaf) ones.

* Crop grown: Legumes remove more calcium and magnesium (replaced with hydrogen) than some grasses, such as corn or sorghum. Removing the basic cations decreases OH- ions and increases H+ thus lowering the pH.
* Burning fossil fuels: The acidifying effect of nitric and sulfuric acids from burning fossil fuels has and can seriously influence the vegetation in industrial areas where the acid-forming compounds are not removed from gases released from burned fossil fuels.
* Irrigation water: Irrigation water pumped from groundwater sources often has quite a bit of calcium and magnesium dissolved in it which makes it “hard water.”

The  ideal pH range for agriculture is between 5.5 and 7.5 for two reasons. It allows sufficient microorganisms to break down organic matter. It is also the best range for nutrient availability.

Bibliografía: Communications, S. (2016). Soil pH: What it Means. Esf.edu. Retrieved 16 November 2016, from http://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/soilph/soilph.htm

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*Is the simply process of soil formation and evolution from unconsolidated rocks.