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Sampling bias: As all the participants were chosen from the acquaintances of the experimenters means that their knowledge of their friends being psychology students may have affected their approach to the study by introducing demand characteristics
Research method: In experiments it is possible to control extraneous variables. In his case, the participants had the same silent or noisy conditions and were given the same instructions.
Practical applications: The study is useful in its direct applicability to students' study habits.

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Ethical considerations: The participants were aware they were participating and were not deceived and were debriefed after testing, so raises few ethical issues.

Validity: The controls and the use of realistic materials contribute towards making the findings of the study valid.

Qualitative and quantitative data: The data gathered in this experiment was quantitative. The statistics allow easy comparison of the conditions, clearly showing that although study and learning conditions independently do not affect retrieval, their match or mismatch does.
Reliability: Several aspects of the procedure were standardised, such as the materials and procedure, which ensured reliability of the procedure between participants and between conditions

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The presence of noise or silence during study or test conditions in itself had no effect. However, in both types of test performance was better in matching conditions than non-matching ones
Noise may not distract study, but as performance is worse when in mismatched conditions, and exams are held in silence, students would benefit from studying in quiet surroundings.

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The research method was an experiment using an independent measures design

Opportunity sampling was used to recruit acquaintances of the experimenters to serve as participants. There were 39 participants, ranging in age from 17 to 56 years. There were 17 females and 23 males

The independent variable was the matching or mismatching of study and test conditions.

The study condition pairs were matching and mismatching. Participants always studied and retrieved while wearing headphones.

In the noisy condition the recorded sound of a cafeteria was played. Participants read a short piece of meaningful material and were tested first on their recall using a short-answer test and then on their recognition using a multiple-choice test.

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Many studies have shown that recall is better when the participant is in the same environment during recall as they were when learning occurred.
To test for context-dependency effects caused by the presence or absence of noise during learning and retrieval of meaningful material