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d) How do you prevent, monitor and cure/care HPV (with communicable diseases related laws,  regulations and enactments (in Finland AND some other country, select country)

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d) How do you prevent, monitor and cure/care HPV (with communicable diseases related laws,  regulations and enactments (in Finland AND some other country, select country)

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HPV infection can be prevented by using condom during sexual intercourse and  getting HPV vaccine. Also for women, it is important to get Pap smear taken regularly to detect cervical cancer as early as possible. In Finland HPV vaccine is a part of the National vaccination programme and it is usually given to 11-12 year old girls. HPV vaccination contains two doses of vaccine, second dose is given 6 months after the first dose. The vaccination gives protection from getting HPV infection later in life. (THL 2016.)

Prevention methods of HPV are very similar in United States. HPV vaccine containing two doses are recommended for girls 11-12 years old. Boys can also get the vaccination.  Although HPV vaccination is usually given to children aged 11-12, women can get the vaccine up to age 26 and men up to age 21. (CDC 2016a.)

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c) Caring of HPV (medicines, isolation stantards, nurses role in disease care)

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c) Caring of HPV (medicines, isolation stantards, nurses role in disease care)

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There are no known medicine for Human papilloma virus. The best protection from getting HPV is the vaccine developed to prevent the HPV infection. There are no isolations stantards regarding HPV.
Nurses have a major role in guiding and educating the people and also sharing reliable information about HPV.  Even though HPV is very common, people have false knowledge and misunderstanding about HPV. Nurse gives information about the virus itself, the vaccine and Pap smear for women. Parents should be educated about the benefits of HPV vaccine and how it can prevent cancers in the future. Nurse can educate teenagers about using condom during sex. (Cohen et al 2015.)

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b) Details about HPV (what causes it, contamination)

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b) Details about HPV (what causes it, contamination)

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There are around 200 different types of Human papilloma virus. The viruses cause infections on the skin that can be seen as warts, for example in bottoms of the feet. The warts can also be in the genital area. Sometimes person has HPV that doesn't cause visible warts on the skin.
HPV spreads via touch with hands, unprotected sex and oral sex. Even using condom won't give 100% protection against HPV as the virus can spread from the genital area surrounding the penis.
Some types of the HPV virus can develop into different cancers over the years, for example cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile and anal cancer. (CDC 2015b.)

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I chose Human papilloma virus because it is so common.  HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease.
8 out of 10 people get HPV infection during their lifetime.  (THL 2015a.)

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d) How do you prevent, monitor and cure/care HIV (with communicable diseases related laws,  regulations and enactments (in Finland AND some other country, select country)

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d) How do you prevent, monitor and cure/care HIV (with communicable diseases related laws,  regulations and enactments (in Finland AND some other country, select country)

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HIV infection can be prevented by proper use of a condom during sex and not sharing needles, if using drugs.
In Finland National institute for health and welfare has published a HIV-strategy for years 2013-2016. The purpose of the HIV strategy is to prevent new HIV infections, ensure HIV positive people get proper treatment and to also lessen the stigma around HIV. (THL 2012.)

In UK, HIV prevention programme is run by HIV prevention England. In state schools children receive Sex and relationship educations.
(Avert 2016.)

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c) Caring of HIV (medicines, isolation standards, nurses role in disease care..)

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c) Caring of HIV (medicines, isolation standards, nurses role in disease care..)

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There is no known cure for HIV yet, but with right medication the infection can be controlled. The medication used to treat HIV is called antiretroviral therapy. Untreated HIV can lead to Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is the most severe form of HIV infection. (CDC 2016b.)

When caring for a HIV positive patient, the stantard precautions are used. Stantard precautions are used with every patient who are not isolated. Nurse takes care of good hand hygiene and uses personal protective equipment when handling blood, secretions and body fluids. (HUS 2012.)

Nurse has a role in promoting how to prevent getting HIV, educating people about safe sex and danger of sharing drug needles. Nurses also support HIV positive person emotionally and psychologically and give them guidance. (Discover nursing 2016.)

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b) Details about HIV (what causes it, contamination)

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b) Details about HIV (what causes it, contamination)

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HIV is a virus that attacks body's immune system that fights infections. Untreated HIV infection lowers the amount of T cells in the body which makes person more vulnerable to getting infections.
Once person gets HIV, he cannot get rid of it. The virus stays in the body for the course of the lifetime. (CDC 2016b.)

HIV can only spread if the body fluids (blood, semen) of HIV infected person come into contact with mucous membrane or broken skin of a healthy person. Most commonly HIV spreads via unprotected vaginal or anal sex. HIV can also spread via infected needles and syringes and also from mother to child during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding. (CDC 2016b.)

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I chose Human immunodeficiency virus because I felt like I did not know enough about it and wanted to learn more.

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d) What is MRSA? What protective equipment should you wear if you do care MRSA-wound in finnish hospital? What about in home care?

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d) What is MRSA? What protective equipment should you wear if you do care MRSA-wound in finnish hospital? What about in home care?

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MRSA comes from words Methicilllin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacteria that is often present in the skin and mucuous membranes of the nose of a healthy person. Infections caused by staphylococcus aureus bacteria are often treated with antibiotics containing penicillin. Sometimes staphylococcus bacteria changes and becomes resistent to antibiotics normally used to treat these bacterial infections. Staphylococcus bacteria which becomes resistant to certain antibiotics is called MRSA. (THL 2015b.)

Because MRSA spreads via touch with hands, a good hand hygiene is critically important.
When performing wound care for a MRSA-wound in a Finnish hospital, there are so called "normal precautions". Hand hygiene is done before and after the wound care. Nurse uses gloves when caring for the wound and changes them if needed. Nurse also wears a gown or apron. (HUS Mobiiliyksikkö 2013.)

When performing MRSA-wound in homecare, the normal precautions are also used. Nurse uses hand sanitizer before performing wound care and before wearing personal protective equipment. Nurse wears gloves and gown or apron, while doing wound care. Nurse uses hand sanitizer again after wound care is completed. (PPSHP 2015.)

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c) What does antimicrobial resistance mean? Why antimicrobial resistance is a global concern?

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c) What does antimicrobial resistance mean? Why antimicrobial resistance is a global concern?

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Antimicrobial resistance happens when micro-organisms (such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi) become capable to resist drugs (such as antibiotics). In other words the drugs are ineffective and begin to resist the effect of the drug, allowing the micro-organism to grow and spread in the person's body. (CDC 2015a.)

Antimicrobial resistance has become a global concern due to many reasons.
Antimicrobial resistance is a threat to effiecient prevention and care of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi. The costs of patient care increases due to prolonged illness and hospital stay, use of more expensive drugs and possible additional laboratory tests. Many medical procedures, including organ transplants, cancer chemotherapy and some major surgeries could become very high risk if patient has resistent infections and there would be no efficient antimicrobial medicines to treat those infections. (WHO 2016a.)

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b) What is infectious gate, what are the human infectious gates?

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b) What is infectious gate, what are the human infectious gates?

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Infectious gate means the way how the pathogens enter the human body (Lumio 2016).

The most common routes of transmission of infectious diseases are
-  via air droplets: pathogens spread when infected person sneezes or coughs
-  via physical touch: pathogens spread either directly from one person to another person (e.g by shaking hands) or indirectly from environment to a person (e.g touching door handles or other contaminated surfaces)
-  via mouth: person gets pathogens by eating infected food or fluids
- via blood: person gets blood of infected person to his tissues, e.g from contaminated needles, from mother to unborn child via mother's blood circulation
- via sexual intercourse: pathogens are spread from blood and body fluids.
Some infectious diseases can spread by more than one route of transmission.
(Checchi 2009 & Lumio 2016.)

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a) What are Infectious diseases and what causes them?

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a) What are Infectious diseases and what causes them?

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Infectious diseases are diseases in which pathogens (=something that causes disease) are transmitted directly or indirectly. Pathogens can spread from one person to another person, or person can be contaminated from an animal or from environment. (Lumio 2016.)
Pathogenic micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi can cause infectious diseases (WHO 2016b).

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                        HPV

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                        HPV

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(Human papilloma virus)

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                    HIV 

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                    HIV 

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( Human immunodeficiency virus)

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THEME 2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES

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THEME 1. DEFINITION