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Asante, Dr, Molefi. The Ideology of Racial Hierarchy and the Construction of the European Slave Trade. 2009, http://www.asante.net/articles/14/the-ideology-of-racial-hiearchy-and-the-construction-of-the-european-slave-trade/.

Besson, Gerard.  Colour Prejudice. 29 August 2012.  The Caribbean History Archives, Published by Paria Publishing Co LTD.

Busey, Christopher L. “Examining Race from Within: Black Intraracial Discrimination in Social Studies Curriculum.” Social Studies Research and Practice, vol. 9, no. 2, Summer 2014, pp. 120-131.

Coward, Mia. Light Skin, Dark Skin: Colorism in the Black Community. 2016, http://www.moyoliving.org/topics/5/encounters/38.

Dupuy, Alex. Haiti: From Revolutionary Slaves to Powerless Citizens: Essays on the Politics and Economics of Underdevelopment, 1804-2013. Routledge, 2014.

Jones, Trina. “SHADES OF BROWN: THE LAW OF SKIN COLOR.” Duke Law Journal, vol.49, no. 1487, 2000, pp. 1487-1557

Pears, Elizabeth. " Colourism: Why even black people have a problem with dark skin."  NewStatesman, 15 Oct. 2013, http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2013/10/colourism-why-even-black-people-have-problem-dark-skin

Port Cities Bristol. Women and men on the plantations. 2016, http://discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/routes/places-involved/west-indies/women-men-plantations/.

Samuels, Allison. " THE UGLY ROOTS OF THE LIGHT SKIN/DARK SKIN DIVIDE."  Newsweek,1 Nov. 2010, http://www.newsweek.com/ugly-roots-light-skindark-skin-divide-213518

Stewart, Nakeba. " RACE AND COLOR IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO."  Trinidad and Tobago News Forum, 2 Jun. 2004, http://www.trinidadandtobagonews.com/forum/webbbs_config.pl?md=read;id=1467

Unknown. Master-Slave Relations. 2016, https://www.bowdoin.edu/~prael/projects/gsonnen/page4.html.

Webb, Sarah. Colourism Definitions. 2015, http://colorismhealing.org/colorism-definitions/

---. Colourism: Roots and Routes. 2013, http://www.theinclusionsolution.me/the-impact-of-colorism/

Zadeh, Elica. " Light Skin V Dark Skin: Where It All Started."  The Voice, 26 Mar. 2014, http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/light-skin-v-dark-skin-where-it-all-started

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Lowenthal, David. “Race and Color in the West Indies.” Daedalus, vol. 96, no. 2, 1967, pp. 580–626. www.jstor.org/stable/20027054.

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The Different Tones (shades) found within the black community

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The Different Tones (shades) found within the black community

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http://beqrioustracker.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/findyourshadeqrcodes.png

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https://afrisciheroes.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/vybz.jpg

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http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Fba3qkNetDM/TUM9DOssQKI/AAAAAAAAAk0/ePnjpYXcI-g/s1600/samy-sosa.jpg

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https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CYtwlS9WwAE7Cd3.jpg

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Dark skin women and men are changing the color of their skin, to fit the social standards and to be accepted.
https://internationallyyours.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/lilk.jpeg?w=460&h=503

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This is a plantation slave family that has both dark skinned and mulatto complexion.
http://www.multiracial.com/images/tenzer/tenzernew.gif

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The dark slaves that worked in the fields.
http://www.wnd.com/files/2015/02/150214sugarcaneslavery.jpg

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http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/light-skin-v-dark-skin-where-it-all-started

http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/8.htm

http://www.theinclusionsolution.me/the-impact-of-colorism/

http://colorismhealing.org/colorism-definitions/

http://www.newsweek.com/ugly-roots-light-skindark-skin-divide-213518

http://www.trinidadandtobagonews.com/forum/webbbs_config.pl?md=read;id=1467

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“Skin Deep (Dark skin vs light skin).” YouTube, uploaded by Kaptured By Kaye, 11 Dec. 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOl5faJ2L9g.

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Conversations Around Shadeism & Colorism

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Skin Deep is a documentary exploring Colorism in the Black Community. It speaks on the history of dark vs light skin as it occurred in the slavery days and it explores the lives of different African Americans and their perspective on how the color of their skin has affected their life and self image.

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Methodology of black segregation that is practiced in modern society. 

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Methodology of black segregation that is practiced in modern society. 

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“Racist white people use Intelligent Black People to Control the Black Community.” YouTube, uploaded by All Eyes On Media, 12 Jan. 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jxg1ivdNpw. cs-clipboar

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Racist white people use Intelligent Black People to Control the Black Community.

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Whenever the slave-holder would bring a negro in the house or made a negro work as overseer, the job came with a few extra trinkets but it was always to the detriment of his or her brother and sisters out in the field.

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prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin tone, typically among people of the same ethnic or racial group.
https://infusionmagazinedotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/colorism.png

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Activity 6.1-  Caribbean I dentity; What is the Caribbean Identity and What defines it?

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Activity 6.1-  Caribbean I dentity; What is the Caribbean Identity and What defines it?

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“CBNS101 - Caribbean Identity and Culture.” YouTube, uploaded by Amílcar Sanatan, 19 Apr.2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0iv-hUsQTs.

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CBNS101 - Caribbean Identity and Culture

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Courtman, Sandra. Beyond the blood, the beach & the banana: new perspectives in Caribbean studies. Kingston: Ian Randle, 2004. Print. Harney, Stefano. Nationalism and identity: culture and the imagination in a Caribbean diaspora. Kingston [Jamaica: University of the West Indies ;, 1996. Print. Mohammed, Jennifer.

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The way persons  think and act towards one another within the black community stemmed from 18th century slavery.
“DR. UMAR JOHNSON - DARK SKIN VS LIGHT SKIN (SELF HATE) AUDIO.” YouTube, uploaded by 60,000,000.00 Views, 8 Oct. 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JjOCpEm-zmQ.

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Psycho-Academic Holocaust Against Black Boys

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DR. UMAR JOHNSON - DARK SKIN VS LIGHT SKIN (SELF HATE) AUDIO

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BLUE BLACK PURPLE PEOPLE, CHOCOLATE AFRICANS... (NG'ENDO MUKII) DARK SKIN VS LIGHT SKIN (SELF HATE) BLACK PEOPLE NEW & OLD VIDEO'S...

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In 18th Century chattel slavery there were a lot of ways that the slave masters created division. One form of division that created division, was the hierarchical structure based on skin colour (Colourism). There were two divisions of slaves seen within the plantation structure. There were dark skinned slaves and there were mulatto slaves. The mulatto slaves were the people who were a result of sexual relations between the slave masters and their female slaves. Most times, their actions resulted in impregnation of the slave and the bearing of a child that was lighter in colour (mulatto), and mixed with the genes of the slave master. These kids and adults were still slaves; however, they were treated better in comparison to their darker counter parts. Due to the way in which they were treated and the way the slave master trained them, it created a disconnect between the slaves.

Many of the mulatto slaves, were prejudice towards their own slave family and refused to acknowledge that they were slaves like their darker brothers and sister. Their skin colour made them more favourable and resulted in more privileges in comparison. They were trained to do different crafts whereas the darker slaves were enslaved to working in the field or wherever they were placed. The mulatto slaves were considered pretty and smart due to the attention that they received from their masters. When their masters died, or moved they would leave their plantations to their mulatto children. Which resulted in jealousy and disdain between the black community.

The long-lasting effects of colourism that stemmed from slavery is still seen in modern times. Many black persons are still dealing with their skin. This form of segregation has not only affected the Caribbean, but it has made a global impact. Within the Caribbean there is a social class and standard that comes with being light skinned. There have been many reports on bleaching and toning, which are methods used by people of dark shades to obtain a lighter colour. Colourism has made a very big impact on the Caribbean and it continues to have a devastating toll on the black community. This topic has impacted me a lot because I have always wondered why everything within the black community was based on how you looked (skin colour), and why people of a darker complexion received different treatment.  Knowing the root of the problem can lead to a better solution.

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“Skin Bleaching Epidemic In Jamaica Short Documentary.” YouTube, uploaded by WickedHype1, 29 Mar. 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9T9SNi-u6M.

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Skin Bleaching Epidemic In Jamaica Short Documentary

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Excerpt from Ethnicity, Race and the Archaeology of the Atlantic Slave Trade;
"The Irish example throws the changing definitions of black slaves during this period into relief. A general shift to social definition by phenotype appears to have taken place, perhaps forming the origin of racial slavery, between the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, as the Caribbean plantation economy developed and the Atlantic slave trade grew. This is the thesis of Robin Blackburn, who sees on these plantations the development of ‘a slavery quite unlike what had existed in any part of the Old World. Unlike Roman slavery, it afflicted only those of black African origin or descent’ [21], and involved new regimes of surveillance and social identification defined primarily by skin colour[22]. As Eric Williams famously wrote, ‘slavery was not born of racism: rather, racism was the consequence of slavery’. This was not so much as a strategy to justify inequality, but as a result of the unimaginable harshness of the plantocracy [23].
The slavery exemplified by the West Indian plantations of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries saw a new scale and intensity, and a new social disembedding of Africans - a ‘degradation of the slave condition’[27]. The new racial nature of slavery was related to more general proto-capitalist processes of alienation and commodification, and the emergence in the eighteenth century of a new nationalist language of political legitimisation in Europe, which accompanied the growth of industrial capitalism and bureaucratic government [28]. While not inventing ‘the Other’, capitalism made use of the concept and ‘promote[d] it in new ways’ (Harvey, 1990: 104)."
Bibliography:
Hicks, Dan. Ethnicity, Race and the Archaeology of the Atlantic Slave Trade. 2000, http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/5/hicks.html.

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The basic hierarchical structure based on skin color during chattel slavery went as follows:
Whites> Mulattoes> Blacks, With black slaves being considered inferior and basically less than a human.
http://www.asante.net/articles/14/the-ideology-of-racial-hiearchy-and-the-construction-of-the-european-slave-trade/

http://discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/routes/places-involved/west-indies/women-men-plantations/

https://www.bowdoin.edu/~prael/projects/gsonnen/page4.html

https://books.google.tt/books?id=apD8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=class+division+among+slaves&source=bl&ots=v9GOO61m6B&sig=yrnbfTmv_IGnoWo_JXxHqVQmhPg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdlojY_8fQAhVK5oMKHdqhAbIQ6AEIKzAD#v=onepage&q=class%20division%20among%20slaves&f=false