# data[].attributes.body
1. The blueprint and purpose of the building were changed by the chairman of the Sanpoong Group, and many load-bearing columns were removed to install elevators.
2. The construction quality is not up to standard.
3. Improper building of floors on the building caused the building to be too heavy.
4. The lack of management of corruption within the government has led to supervision measures not being effectively implemented. Officials and groups collude to evade supervision, and no third party is monitoring their behavior, which means that the government lacks a complete governance system.
5. South Korea’s cultural background led to rapid construction while ignoring the quality of the building.

# data[].attributes.body
What was the root cause of the disaster? (remember this may not be the event that caused it)

Thinking about the lifecycle of the project and the stakeholders involved - what contingencies could have been put in place?

# data[].attributes.body
Low quality of build material and structure - the base column cannot support weight of building itself.

# data[].attributes.body
Architectural design issues:
1. The size of the pillar was reduced
The construction company reduced the diameter of the pillars of the house from 80 cm to 60 cm, which reduced its support.
2. Increased distance between steel bar and floor slab
The distance between the steel bar and the top of the floor slab is increased from the original 5cm to 10cm, which reduces the bearing capacity of the floor slab.

Violation management issues
3. Add floor
The mall management wants to increase sales by adding more floors. The initial design of the building was 4 floors, but the management of the mall increased it to 5 floors and installed heavy heating equipment to increase the weight of the building.
4. Fired the contractor
Because the construction contractor refused to add floors, the manager fired them and replaced them with an in-house construction company.

# data[].attributes.body
1. The quality of building materials is low

2. Managers were not aware of the risks and did not anticipate the damage that embezzlement would bring to the project.

3. The original building plan was changed and one floor was added.

4. The original construction company was replaced because it recommended not to change the plan.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Establish perfect supervisory measures and organize supervisory teams to monitor construction quality and material purchase

2. Leaving room for building development at the beginning of the design phase to lay the foundation for future expansion

# data[].attributes.body
Corruption

Did not establish certain construction safety laws and regulations

Society is desperate to develop as rapidly as possible, a sensibility which renders the law nothing more than an obstacle to prosperity.

The prioritisation of size and quantity over safety and quality demanded by South Korea’s ideology of accelerated nation-building, expressed as a practice of accelerated city-building

# data[].attributes.body
Corruption
Abuse of power
Ignorant and lacking the necessary expertise
No respect for engineering technology team

# data[].attributes.body
Corruption

Lack of supervision

Loss of legal authority

Did not establish certain construction safety laws and regulations

# data[].attributes.body
Planning stage - contingency reserve (schedule, resource)
Executing stage - contingency & management reserve (resource, vendor, technology, development)
Delivery stage - contingency & management reserve (contractual, vendor)

# data[].attributes.body
No contingency plan of accident rescuing for hazard sources

# data[].attributes.body
Group chairman, construction team, customers, government departments, employees of the Sampoong group, civil engineering experts, merchants

# data[].attributes.body
1. Perform an assessment before construction, estimate the upcoming emergency situation, and make a plan to reserve the time, resources and expenses needed to solve the problem.
2. Increase supervision during the construction process and introduce third-party agencies to strengthen the management of illegal operations.
3. Strictly check the construction team, and cannot use inadequately qualified builders, such as the actual construction team of the Sampoong Department Store.

# data[].attributes.body
Technically:
* Professional design & consulting
* Engineering & Construction Supervision
* Sufficient Q&A Control & ITP system
* Permits and Approval System

Managerial:
*Board Management (Joint Project Leadership)
*Stakeholder-oriented management
*Engineering Specifications & Success Criteria (Contractual Protected)
*Audit (Third-party / independent Audit) & Anti-corruption
*Joint authorities in the construction industry
*Systematic Risk Management

# data[].attributes.body
I. The perfect location and the rapidly growing economy seduced the change of the construction plan from a residential one to a commercial building.

II. The change to the structure after construction start and increase in the building capacity; reduce the pillar size & increase the steel bar & floor slab distance.

III. The ignorance and underestimation of the project & quality risk from top management.

IV.  The ill-considered decisions of the Sampoong Department owner Lee Joon made the situation even worse. The contractor was fired for refusing to add the extra floor, etc.

V.  The cultural background in the 70s & 80s and the rapid enhancement of the urbanisation at S. Korea lay the foundation of the stimulated project management and the underestimate of the potential risks in execution. Plus, the corruption of the S.Korea Gov and the industry made the circumstance even worse.

# data[].attributes.body
I. Sampoong Group

II. Owner Lee Joon

III. Construction contractors

IV. Government & Authorities

V. Local Community

VI. Business owners & customers of the building

# data[].attributes.body
Concept Phase: The requirements and scope of the project need to set a baseline.
Development Phase: The architectural design needs to ensure that the building can withstand additional loads.
Implement Phase: The engineering team needs to supervise the construction team.
Close Phase: Hiring and consulting a professional team for testing the maximum load capacity of the building.

# data[].attributes.body
Life cycle:
Establishment phase

Contingency:
- The government reviews building qualifications then the approval could be offered

- The contractor rejected the unreasonable demands

- Prepare the project safety planning before initiate design and construction

- Safety management measures

- Establish an emergency services department

Stakeholder:
Contractor

Sponsor

Government

# data[].attributes.body
Life cycle:

Execution phase

Contingency:

-Regular quality check and maintenance

-Safety facilities construction (including fire fighting facilities, safety zone, evacuation routes)

-Perform quality assurance to audit the quality requirements of the building during the construction phase

Stakeholder:

Contractor

Government

# data[].attributes.body
Life cycle:
Completion phase
Contingency:
-Emergency evacuation and shelter

-Activate the alarm system to notify people to evacuate.

-Provision of emergency medical assistance

-Search and rescue and timely contact with outside help.

-Regular inspections are required after the completion of the building.

Stakeholder:
Customer

Staff

Senior management

Government

# data[].attributes.body
used fishbone to analyze and all posted on DB week 6

# data[].attributes.body
1. After the war, South Korea's economy developed rapidly under the rule of dictators, and urbanization and commercial buildings also rose rapidly. Senior leaders and the government only focus on economic development and ignore quality and safety.

2. Change department store to Commercial store. The pillars of the original building did not meet the requirements of the commercial building and were the root cause of the collapse.

3. The substandard quality of building materials is one of the important reasons leading to the collapse of commercial buildings.

4. The direct cause of the installation of Air-conditioning machinery. Commercial buildings cannot bear the weight of air-conditioning machinery and cracks appear on the roof.

5. Ineffective management is the ultimate cause of tragic events. When the store cracked, the senior management did not take timely action to deal with it.

# data[].attributes.body
1.In the early stage of construction, we should carefully review whether all indicators are up to standard

2.Develop effective measures
Strictly control the quality of materials and all aspects of construction

3. Hire a professional and experienced team

4. Troubleshoot issues regularly

5. Prepare enough savings