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- A new study done last November, where they they took MRI’s on Bipolar patients twice with years between scans, was done to find lasting impacts of Bipolar Disorder on the brain.
-  They found that the outer brain layer known as the cortex seemed to thin out over time, especially for patients who commonly experienced manic episodes, there was an enlargement of the brain’s ventricles, and there were cavities appearing in the brain.
- This emphasizes why it is so important to treat Bipolar Disorder because it can cause this damage to the Brain.

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- Bipolar disorder has to do with a cellular malfunction having to do with cellular resistance and structure.
- Medications that are successful in helping symptons of Bipolar Disorder are proven to target regulating protein kinase C and intracellular calcium. These signal pathways usually regulate synaptic plasticity, cellular resistance, as well as cell communication.

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- Treatments vary for different symptoms of Bipolar Disorder.
- There are different types of mood stabilizers used such as Lithium, Valproate, Carbamazephine, and other standard Antidepressants.
- Psychotherapy is also used with support groups and education about the illness.
From the Wisconsin article - "The idea is that maybe we can target pathways like this one pharmacologically to help alleviate core symptoms of bipolar disorder."

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- Cipriani, A, K Saunders, M-J Attenburrow, J Stefaniak, P Panchal, S Stockton, T A Lane, E M Tunbridge, J R Geddes, and P J Harrison. “A Systematic Review of Calcium Channel Antagonists in Bipolar Disorder and Some Considerations for Their Future Development.” Molecular psychiatry. Nature Publishing Group, October 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5030455/.
-“Bipolar Disorder.” Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, February 16, 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355955.
-“Bipolar Disorder Causes & Risk Factors.” WebMD. WebMD. Accessed January 31, 2022. https://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/guide/bipolar-disorder-causes.
-NHS choices. NHS. Accessed January 31, 2022. https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/bipolar-disorder/causes/.
-“Disrupted Biochemical Pathway in the Brain Linked to Bipolar Disorder.” News, April 1, 2021. https://news.wisc.edu/disrupted-biochemical-pathway-in-the-brain-linked-to-bipolar-disorder/.
-“AKT/PKB Signaling Pathway.” Wikiwand. Accessed January 31, 2022. https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Akt/PKB_signaling_pathway.
-McCoy, Krisha, Cristy Marrero, Debra-Lynn B Hook, Allison Young, Jessica Migala, Erica Patino, Jen Laskey, et al. “Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder.” EverydayHealth.com. Accessed January 31, 2022. https://www.everydayhealth.com/bipolar-disorder/mood-stabilizers.aspx.
- “Abnormal Brain Changes over Time with Bipolar Disorder.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, November 2, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/11/211102093422.htm.
-Davenport, Liam. “'Calcium Imbalance' Linked to Bipolar Severity.” Medscape. Medscape, May 11, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/950877.

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- The nerve pathways in the brain that control emotions such as happiness and sadness are regulated by chemicals such as norepinephrine and serotonin.
-Scientists believe that malfunctions in the brain circuits that involve these chemicals cause a major chemical unbalance in the brain, as shown in the pictures above.

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Possible Cause- Lack of functioning Protein Kinase ATK

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Possible Cause- Lack of functioning Protein Kinase ATK

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- Scientists from the University of Wisconsin believe that one of the main causes of Bipolar Disorder is a malfunction involving protein kinase Atk.
- They conducted an experiment with mice where they disrupted this pathway, and found it effect their memory and certain brain connections, resulting in common symptoms seen in Bipolar Disorder.

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- Highs include Manic and Hypomanic Episodes.
- Lows include episodes of Depression and Anxiety.
- It often leads to other conditions such as Anxiety disorders, Eating disorders, and Addiction.

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- Bipolar Disorder is hereditary and more likely to develop when an immediate family member has it.
- Therefore, one of the major causes is found in genetics.

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- Bipolar Disorder is a mental health condition that causes major mood swings such as severe emotional highs and lows.
- It usually first appears for people when they are kids or teenagers.
- The main causes of Bipolar Disorder are Biological Differences and Genetics.