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Mary and Joseph's ivory heads were among the many similar items carried to America via the Manila Galleon trade. It was made in the Philippines in the 18th century using wood for the body and ivory for the head. The artists  used a unique technique to adorn their sculptures' clothes, placing gold patterns over colored backgrounds rather than scratching them. Since Catholicism was spreading, it was not uncommon for religious sculptures to be traded.

Source:
Mary (from a nativity). (n.d.). The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/204268

Gatbonton, E. (n.d.). Of Religious Ivory Images, Influences, And Borrowing Of Styles. Mapping Philippine Material Culture. Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://philippinestudies.uk/mapping/tours/show/6

by Julianne Mayor

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Ivory Statue of The Immaculate Conception (Rodrock Ongpauco)

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Ivory Statue of The Immaculate Conception (Rodrock Ongpauco)

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Ivory was one of the most traded things within the Galleon trade, a popular item that was sold during these times were the statues of Mama Mary that were made from ivory, this was used for worship and was dated around the 18th century. This type of statue was popular with Spanish and Pilipino customers as this statue was supposedly a gift.

By Rodrock Ongpauco

Source: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/204332

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My corny joke aside, this plate was not made from China, but from Mexico. It is the Talavera Plate with a Chinese motif.

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This is a fitting symbol of how the countries involved influenced each other during this period. This is from the 20th century, with a 12.5" diameter.

This astonishing craftsmanship made in Mexico was influenced by China as porcelain became a popular product around the world, among which, the Chinese porcelain was undoubtedly listed as the top brand. Even today, the link between Filipino and Mexican culture can be traced back to their roots in the Galleon trade such as this one. While this intricate piece looks to good to be eaten from, it is definitely a sight to see while you're doing so with it being displayed.

Resource:
HS Reserve (n.d).

Acapulco Trade/ Manila Galleon Style. Retrieved from https://hsreserve.com/collections/acapulco-trade-manila-galleon-style

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Porcelains, like tureens, are one of the most traded items during the Galleon trade ( Ongpin, 2017). Tureens are used for liquid food such as stews or soups. They are broad shape, hallow, made with handles on its side and a knob or handle on it's cover. This type of holder is designed for hot dishes. (Schmidt, 2022).

By: Jessielyn Efenio

Sources:
Ongpin, M. I. (2017, March 2). The Manila Galleon Trade: Events, effects, lessons. The Manila Times. https://www.manilatimes.net/2017/03/03/opinion/analysis/manila-galleon-trade-events-effects-lessons/315101#:%7E:text=Items%20sold%20or%20traded%20were,market%20in%20Mexico%20and%20beyond.

Schmidt, S. (2022, January 31). What is a Tureen? Wisegeek. https://www.wise-geek.com/what-is-a-tureen.htm

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During the 18th century, This ivory head was imported to America from the Manila Galleon Trade. Based on my research, this sculpture is probably made in the philippines. The materials that were used were made out of wood, polychromed, and ivory touched up with polychromy. The design of the figures’ colorful. There were reveals that they were set into their wooden bodies in Ecuador. Artists practiced a technique to dress the clothing of the sculptures

SOURCE:

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/204269

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This sculpture was made during the 18th century and it shows the Virgin Mary sitting on a rock with a mournful expression. Her expression and position in this sculpture is a representation of the mourning Madonna, which represents the Virgin Mary's sorrow during the suffering of her Son. There are Chinese characters on the bottom of the sculpture to show the colors used on the patterns of the robe and to indicate that the sculpture was made by an artist who trained in China.

By Rafael Alfonso S. Lgeaspi

Source: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/64871

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This Tureen with cover is made out of hard paste porcelain can be seen in the Met. It was created anywhere between the times of 1770-1780. This was a piece that was made in China, and it can be seen because of the materials used such as porcelain. This tureen is used mainly to house food or soups.

Source: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/201017

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O76807/tureen-with-cover-unknown/#:~:text=Pewter%2C%20was%20part%20of%20everyday,sauce%20tureens%20and%20salt%20cellars.

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During the Galleon trade in the 16th century, one of the most traded goods were textiles. Raw textiles such as silk, velvets, and cantonese crepes were exported from China. These textiles would sometimes come pre-made into silk bed coverings, hankerchiefs, and napkins.  These goods would even reach as far as Mexico.
The image found above is a type of tapestry which would be commonly traded during the 16-19th century.

By: Kyle Roque

Sources:
https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ceph//eng/sgdt/t1487808.htm
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/636/

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The Virgin's melancholy countenance, clasped hands, and sitting position is characteristic of portrayals of the grieving Madonna (Mater Dolorosa), an image of the Virgin Mary that portrays her grief during her Son's sufferings, a topic prevalent in song and liturgy throughout the eighteenth century. The Chinese characters on the bottom of this sculpture indicate the colors used for the various patterns on the robes and help catalog it as a work of art produced by an artist trained in China, as does the style of the rocks upon which the Madonna sits. The sculpture was most likely made either in Fujian Province or by an artist trained in that area but working in the Philippines.

Source:
"Mater Dolorosa (Mourning Virgin)," Mapping Philippine Material Culture, accessed February 11, 2022, https://philippinestudies.uk/mapping/items/show/3123.
Mater Dolorosa (Mourning virgin) | China | Qing dynasty (1644–1911) (n.d.). The Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/64871

- Jewel de Leon

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This is a sculpture of the Virgin Mary made in China. It expresses her grief over her son's suffering, a theme that was popular in music and ritual during the eighteenth century. The Chinese characters on the bottom of this sculpture indicate the colors used for the various patterns on the robes, as well as the style of the rocks on which the Madonna rests, which assist to identify it as a work of art created by an artist trained in China.

Source: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/64871

Alfonso Enriquez

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During the Spanish colonization, Filipinos learned to eat Spanish food and use different kinds of spices. Consequently, Philippine cuisine has several foreign influences that have successfully melded with local, indigenous cuisine. Exotic spices were exported within ship in the Manila Galleon Trade. This includes exotic spices like cinnamon, clove, mace and pepper.

Source: Cartwright, Mark. (2021). Manila Galleon. World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org/Manila_Galleon/#:~:text=The%20Cargo,pepper%2C%20and%20perfumes%20like%20musk.

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Chinese porcelain were made in Ming China and eventually became popular all over the world. It shows/symbolizes the creativity of hard working people of ancient China. During the Galleon Trade, it was a hit because it showed traditions, culture and the lifestyle of the Chinese.

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=porcelain+in+Galleon+Trade&rlz=1C5CHFA_enPH923PH923&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih-MeHwvf1AhWNPJQKHQffCYYQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw#imgrc=NMhaso9ipvlG4M&imgdii=CNYqQb8Of2Lj-M
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mgtr/hd_mgtr.htm

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An approximate of 55 metric tons of silver was brought from Mexico to Manila throughout the 17th century. A galleon carried about 3 million silver pesos which was then used to buy goods and stock up for its journey. Silver was more valuable in East Asia than anywhere else in the 16th century. 1 oz. of gold could buy 11 oz. of silver in Amsterdam while in China, it was worth 2 oz. of gold.

source:
Cartwright, M. (2021, October 29). Manila Galleon. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Manila_Galleon/

Bernadette Luardo

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Cantonese Crepes are luxurious and smooth fabrics that were traditionally made with silk. People would use them for clothing, especially evening gowns for the women. This type of fabric was thin and would be very lightweight. It would give a very distinctive look in whatever you plan to create with it.

Sources:
Leon-Guerrero, J. (2021, July 10). » Navigation and Cargo of the Manila Galleons. Guampedia.Com. https://www.guampedia.com/navigation-and-cargo-of-the-manila-galleons/

T. (2021, April 29). What Is Crepe Fabric? Guide, Uses & Care. TREASURIE. https://blog.treasurie.com/what-is-crepe-fabric/

by: Ozni Miguel D. Bonales

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"The pose indicates the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception. A fuller rendering of the type would feature a crescent moon beneath her feet, following the iconography drawn from Revelation. The belief was embraced with particular enthusiasm in Spain and her colonial empire. An enormous number of ivory images of the Virgin were produced in the Philippines and many, like this example, show her robe distinctively tucked in back. The back of her head and hair were carved separately to permit the insertion of glass eyes, a realistic touch found in much Spanish devotional sculpture. " (The Virgin of the Immaculate Conception | Hispano-Philippine | The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2022)

Sources:
The Virgin of the Immaculate Conception | Hispano-Philippine | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (2022). The Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/204332

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Porcelain was one of the objects brought here in the Philippines during the Galleon Trade. A simple way to put it is that porcelain is usually in the color white and blue. Commonly seen in the form of pots, jars, or kitchenware like plates and bowls. It is used for storage, food, or display.

BY: Kristella Luisa M. Abaa

SOURCE:
Hecht, J. (2003, October). The Manila Galleon Trade (1565–1815). Metmuseum.org. Retrieved February 11, 2022, from https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mgtr/hd_mgtr.htm

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The galleon trade involved many artifacts and wonderful pieces of textiles and delicious food. However the exchange between these objects was made possible through the use of currency.

According to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (2020), "Cobs or macuquinas were  the earliest coins brought from the galleons in Mexico." It also states that the Dos mundos were coins that circulated the world from 1732-1772.(Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, 2020). However there came a point where the coins were not enough in the Philippines. This made the spaniards issue a type of coin called barrilla, worth one centavo. This is where we get the term barya. (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, 2020).

- Marianna Gomez

Source:
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.(2020).Coins and Notes - History of Philippine Money. https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Pages/CoinsAndNotes/HistoryOfPhilippineMoney/HistoryOfPhilippineMoney.aspx

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'Tureen with cover' was dated between 1770-1780. This is one of the more striking porcelains to emerge from China. Specifically, the medium used is hard-paste porcelain, enamel, and gilt. Its dimensions are the ff: H. 11 1/16 in. (28.1 cm.); Diam. 11 13/16 in. (30.0 cm.)

It was intended to serve soup, but it may originally have stood on a matching tray or plateau as part of a larger, matching dinner service with pewter plates, sauce tureens and salt cellars.

By: Aleinne Margaret Cruz

REFERENCE:

Hecht, Johanna. “The Manila Galleon Trade (1565–1815).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mgtr/hd_mgtr.htm (October 2003)

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The Philippines is the entrepot during the galleon trade. One of the rich commodities that reached the Philippines is the Chinese rug. Chinese rugs are made from durable materials such as wool and silk. They were able to make these materials through weaving. There are some Chinese rugs that are valuable due to the quality or the person who created them. The design of a usually Chinese rug has patterns or figures of flowers and symbols. This rug is used for decorations or a place for worship.

Sources:

Fisher, A. S. (n.d.). Manila Galleon Trade textiles: Cross-cultural influences on New World Dress. DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/636/

Chinese rugs. Chinese Rug Guide: Oriental Chinese Rugs & Carpets. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://www.furniture.com/rugs/guide/oriental/chinese#:~:text=Traditional%20oriental%20or%20ancient%20Chinese,in%20many%20shapes%20and%20sizes.

By: Craig Llado

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Europeans began exploring the Asian sea in the 16th century, with financial and military support from both royal families and nobles. The Ming Empire was drawn into early Globalization as a result of its efforts to trade with China. Beautiful artifacts with impeccable craftsmanship manufactured in Ming China quickly became popular products all over the world, with Chinese porcelain unquestionably topping the list. (Wang, 2019) There are several uses of the Chinese porcelain; these are crockery and stationery, decoration, ornaments and collectables, Chinese exports, diplomatic gifts, ceremonial ware, and  insulators, fixtures, and dentistry. (Jiang, 2022)

References:

Chinese porcelain in the Manila Galleon Trade - Springer. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9248-2_5

The 7 top uses of Chinese porcelain - historic and modern. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/culture/china-porcelain-uses.htm#:~:text=The%207%20main%20uses%20of,insulators%2C%20fixtures%2C%20and%20dentistry.

By: Roxanne Chung

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Mexico is a multi-cultural, cosmopolitan nation in urbanization and sophistication. At the time of the Manila Galleon, it was one of the richest cities in the world with leading cultural and intellectual aspects to its urban life. The country eventually emulated and adapted locally from Japanese lacquer desks, Chinese wall hangings to Chinese porcelain were imitated and reproduced in Mexico.

The word biombo is a Hispanization of the Japanese byobu, which can be translated as “protection from wind.” These screens, originally imported from China to Japan in the eighth century and made of separate folding panels hinged together, were used within homes to divide or enclose interior spaces. Japanese screens typically featured landscapes with people or animals, but biombo made in Mexico featured secular subjects set within a city or landscape.

Sources:
https://www.manilatimes.net/2017/03/03/opinion/analysis/manila-galleon-trade-events-effects-lessons/315101

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-americas/new-spain/viceroyalty-new-spain/a/biombo-with-the-conquest-of-mexico

by Agatha Virrey

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Ivory is one of the objects that were traded in the Galleon trade. It is used mainly in making sculptures because of its beauty, durability, and a highly-prized value.

The image above is an ivory sculpture of Mary (from a nativity scene). The ivory heads of Mary and Joseph were among the many items transported to America via the Manila Galleon trade. The polychromy of the figures, on the other hand, indicates that they were carved into their wooden bodies in Ecuador,(“Mary (from a nativity) | Ecuadorian and Philippine | The Metropolitan Museum of Art,” 2022). The use of Ivory in making objects became popular in the market. As Catholicism rose in popularity, religious ornaments were utilized in homes for display and worship.

References:

Mary (from a nativity) | Ecuadorian and Philippine | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (2022). Retrieved February 10, 2022, from The Metropolitan Museum of Art website: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/204268

‌By: John Kenneth B. Hermoso

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Silk is a natural protein fabric that may be woven into textiles in some forms. Silk is a protein fiber made primarily of fibroin produced by certain insect larvae to build cocoons. Silk began in China roughly before the middle of the 3rd millennium. It became a highly prized Chinese export. Foreign nobles and kings coveted silk and were willing to pay a premium price for it. The Chinese emperors intended to keep the silk-making method a secret. Anyone caught divulging the secret or attempting to export silkworms from China was executed. There is also a Chinese Legend where it says that the wife of the mythological Yellow Emperor, Huangdi, taught the Chinese people the art of making silk.

By: Moira Gabiola

Reference:
Ancient China. Ducksters. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://www.ducksters.com/history/china/legend_of_silk.php

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2019, March 7). silk. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/silk

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The Galleon trade brought many different items from different cultures together into one cohesive trade network that spanned the entire Pacific ocean. Considering that Ivory back then was carved in manila by local Chinese carvers, it is evident that this specific relic is also evidence of a transcontinental spanning trade, production, and buying network. This specific piece has been said to come out of the port of Manila and was mistaken to come from Goa or Mexico.

Considering that these religious items were also a sign of Spanish influence in terms of the production of these ivory carvings, there were also products that were directly inspired by these carvings in Mexico and other nations around the world. The majority of the time as well, these products come from the Southern Chinese provinces.

Overall, this extensive trade network goes to show the overall mark the Spanish had to the advancements of globalism and world trade.

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One of the most sought-after products in the Galleon trade was porcelain. Porcelain, at that time, served as tableware.

Porcelain had a tremendous impact on local artisans in Mexico. The artisans would use the original white and blue colors and instill their own designs. (Arranz & Hernandez, 2018). The image above is an example of a Mexican-inspired porcelain jar. It was made in the 1700s in Puebla, Mexico.

(Chesca Chua)

References:
Chocolatero. (n.d.). THE MET. Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/4470

Arranz, A., & Hernandez, M. (2018, May 6). The discovery of the roundtrip and the beginning of globalisation. South China Morning Post. Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://multimedia.scmp.com/culture/article/spanish-galleon/chapter_01.html

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Porcelain, in my perspective, is vitrified pottery with a white, fine-grained body that is usually translucent, as opposed to stoneware, which would be permeable, thick, and rougher. It also was invented in China during the Tang period by a two-ore firing technique involving feldspar and kaolin. This method has evolved over the ages, with a particular focus on the last 30 years. It was a major Chinese product to Spanish Empire and Europe via the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. Porcelain was in high demand after numerous ancient pieces were unearthed lately in Acapulco. The porcelain was colored in Chinese Cultural colorway. Chinese craftsmen designed this specifically for the Commercial market, combining exotic and Religious motifs in the porcelain's embellishments. They were utilized for jars in which Europeans consumed chocolate, which was the most popular fad at the time. Furthermore, indigenous Mexican artists incorporated the colorful elements into their own styles.

By: Joaquin Galang

Sources:
Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Porcelain. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/art/porcelain

Porcelain: A ceramic material with unique characteristics! Costa Verde. (2021, January 20). Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://costa-verde.com/en/porcelain-material-characteristics/

Hernandez, M. (n.d.). The china ship, chapter 4. South China Morning Post. Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://multimedia.scmp.com/culture/article/spanish-galleon/chapter_04.html

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This shawl is called a Manila shawl or Mantones de Manila. It became fashionable and popular in Europe, especially in Spain and Spanish America, during the 19th and 20th centuries. It is considered an integral part of Spanish culture, hence, it is still being worn today. It is a square cloth made from silk, a highly prized Chinese fabric, with embroidery. It was usually folded in half like a triangle, covering women’s shoulders. The Manila shawls were brought to European shores through trade routes earlier established by the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade from 1565 to 1815. It is good to note that although these shawls were produced in China, they were shipped to Europe through Manila on the galleons, hence the name, “Manila shawls”.

By: Denine ORDINAL

Sources:

South China Morning Post. (2018). The Manila shawl. https://multimedia.scmp.com/culture/article/spanish-galleon/chapter_04.html

Roots. (n.d.). Manila shawl. https://www.roots.gov.sg/Collection-Landing/listing/1339274

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The Jar seen above is a Mexican jar that arrived in the Philippines due to the tournaviaje/Manila Galleon Trade route. The jar was made in Mexico around 1680-1700 and features a floral design. Its medium is a type of Tin-glazed earthenware.

According to The Met Museum, these jars were most likely used to store water and were decorated with lively scenes and subjects.

Submitted by: Jeremy Mea

Source: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mgtr/hd_mgtr.htm

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/4474

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Cochineal dye was a commodity carried by galleon ships from Mexico, specifically the region of Oaxaca, to Manila (Flannery, 2016). This dye was produced through the careful cultivation of the American cochineal insect and used to fix a brilliant and deep red color into woolen or silk cloth, lasting unblemished for years.

Along with silver and gold, it was considered by Spain to be one of the greatest treasures in the New World (Phipps & Shibayama, 2010).

Cochineal dye was also the most expensive dye globally from the 1500s to the 1700s due to the persistent demand for luxury textiles—dyed with crimson, scarlet, or purple hues—by the royalty, the Catholic Church hierarchy, and European aristocrats (Salinas, 2017).

References:

Flannery, K. (2016, September 5). Acapulco-Manila: the Galleon, Asia and Latin America, 1565-1815. https://notevenpast.org/acapulco-manila-the-galleon-asia-and-latin-america-1565-1815/

Phipps, E. & Shibayama, N. (2010). Tracing cochineal through the collection of the Metropolitan Museum. Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings, 44.

Salinas, C. M. (2017). Mexican cochineal, local technologies and the rise of global trade from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries.  In M. P. Garcia & L. De Sousa (Eds.), Global History and New Polycentric Approaches (pp. 255-273). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4053-5_12

By: Mary Faith Coleen G. Pantoja

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It is said that coffee beans were first introduced to the Philippines by a Franciscan friar in the 1740s. This friar took part in a Mexico-Manila Galleon voyage, bringing the coffee beans with him. The beans were said to be first planted in Lipa, Batangas in around 1749. Coffee cultivation was also enforced by Capitan Don Galo de los Reyes. This would ultimately spark what is considered to be the birthplace of the Philippine coffee industry in Batangas and create the famous "Barako Coffee". A world coffee shortage took place which brought high demand for coffee from Lipa, making them some of the richest in the Philippines.

SOURCE: https://kapitako-coffee.jimdofree.com/coffee-culture-in-the-cordillera/history-of-coffee/

GABRIEL ANTONIO D. PARUNGAO

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Cacao

Cacao was brought to the Philippines during the galleon trade by the Spaniards from Acapulo, Mexico. The first cacao tree planted in the Philippines was known in 1665 when it was brought as a gift. Because of the Catholic Friars from Spain they introduced Chocolate to the Philippines.

And because of the Galleon Trade the Philippines was introduced to Chocolate that started a lot of artisanal creations depending on the region. And helped Filipino farmers to grow cacao trees because of humid areas in the Philippines.

Sources:
https://silva-cacao.com/news/philippines-a-rising-star-as-a-specialty-cacao-origin/#:~:text=350%20Years%20of%20Cacao&text=Also%20cacao%20made%20the%20voyage,to%20Manilla%20as%20a%20gift.

https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/philippines-sikwate-chocolate/index.html#:~:text=Cacao's%20early%20origins&text=Thanks%20to%20the%20galleon%20trade,hot%20chocolate%20to%20the%20Philippines.

By:
Alyssa May Mendoza

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Made in China, this sculpture is of the Virgin Mary. You can see how the colors and Chinese looking patterns of the clothing catalogue it as a piece of art from China. It is made from wood , gliding, ivory, and silver which was also part of the Manila Galleon Trade. This sculpture was made to represent the mourning and suffering of Mary after Jesus’s death, you can tell by her facial expression how devastated she looks. This theme was popular in the arts during the eighteenth century.

Source: Metmuseum.org. (n.d.). Retrieved February 9, 2022, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/64871

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Chinese Literature "Rich Mirror of the clear heart"

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Chinese Literature "Rich Mirror of the clear heart"

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During the period of the Spanish Galleon trade. There were many resources that the Philippines received, from porcelain, and silk to even spices in exchange for silver and gold (Hecht, 2003). Aside from these commoddities, there were other resources acquired as well such as a book from China called the "Beng Sim Po Cam", which was written for the purpose of introducing Chinese text to foreign races. This was later translated into the words "Rich Mirror of the Clear heart" and Libro Chino (Arranz & Hernandez, 2018).

References:
Arranz, A., & Hernandez, M. (2018, May 27), How Silver Changed the world, South China Morning Post, https://multimedia.scmp.com/culture/article/ spanish-galleon/chapter04.html

Hecht, J., (2003, October), The Manila Galleon Trade (1565–1815), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, https://www.metmuseum.o rg/toah/hd/mgtr/hd_mgtr.htm

By Joaquin Academia

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Demand for silver did not outweigh the need for Chinese goods, especially silk. The Ming Dynasty permitted silk's expansion and rapid growth that would later provide the base commodity exchanged for silver. The trade route to obtain silks from China occurred thanks to Spanish rule in the Philippines, functioning as a hub for trade. Through China Ships or Manila Galleons, it permitted the western world access to cargoes of silks. The Philippines have also benefited from the exchange by acquiring silk which they can use for clothing, shawls, and table cloth, among other things.

REFERENCE:

Baker, T. (n.d.). Silver, Silk and Manila: Factors leading to the Manila Galleon Trade. https://repository.library.csuci.edu/bitstream/handle/10139/37/TBManilaGalleons.pdf

BY: LUZY DAYRIT
BSBA1

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The Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage, also known as Our Lady of Antipolo is a statue that was carved and blessed in Acapulo, Mexico. It was brought to the Philippines by Governor-General Juan Niño de Tabora during the Galleon Trade. Due to pirates and treacherous weather, many vessels were lost at sea, making the Philippine economy suffer. The Governor-General wanted to have an image of Our Lady to accompany him and it made his voyage across the Pacific Ocean safe and successful, which is why the statue was given the title of “Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage.” Six more galleon voyages were successful with the image aboard and it is currently enshrined in the Antipolo Cathedral.

SOURCES:

Nuestra Señora de la Paz y Buen Viaje - The Lady on top of a tree. (2016, September 16). Pintakasi. https://pintakasi1521.blogspot.com/2016/09/nuestra-senora-de-la-paz-y-buen-viaje.html

Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage. (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Peace_and_Good_Voyage#History

Pilgrimage to the Shrine of Our Lady of Antipolo. (2018, January 25). IVE. https://iveph.org/blog/2018/01/25/18388/

What is the origin of the devotion to Our Lady of Antipolo? (2021, June 2). The Basilica. https://www.nationalshrine.org/blog/what-is-the-origin-of-the-devotion-to-our-lady-of-antipolo/

Maria Luisa Del Rosario

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As seen in the image above, ivory was commonly used for religious carvings. These ornaments were largely carved by Chinese carvers, although some of them have non-Chinese characteristics, indicating that they were influenced by foreign countries like Spain and Mexico. Due to the dominance of Catholicism in both countries, as well as its growing popularity in the Philippines, religious ornaments were in high demand to place in their homes, a norm which many Filipino families still do today.

Diego Abastillas

Source: https://philippinestudies.uk/mapping/tours/show/6https://philippinestudies.uk/mapping/tours/show/6https://philippinestudies.uk/mapping/tours/show/6https://philippinestudies.uk/mapping/tours/show/6https://philippinestudies.uk/mapping/tours/show/6

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The Virgin of the Immaculate Concepcion 

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The Virgin of the Immaculate Concepcion 

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The Virgin of the Immaculate Conception is shown with her hands together looking "free". A crescent moon beneath her feet would be included in a comprehensive rendition of the type, following the imagery from Revelation. The belief was followed with enthusiasm in Spain and her colonial empire. The Philippines produced a large number of ivory pictures of the Virgin, and many of them, like this one, have her robe tucked in the back. The back of her head and hair were carved individually to allow for the use of glass eyes, which are common in Spanish religious sculpture.
Aside from being a great show of craftsmanship, the sculpture was used to depict that the Virgin Mary was free from the Original Sin. Proving her to be the result of God's Grace.

Josh Oteyza

Sources:
The Virgin of the Immaculate Conception | Hispano-Philippine | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (2022). Retrieved February 10, 2022, from The Metropolitan Museum of Art website: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/204332

‌Immaculate Conception | Definition, History, & Feast | Britannica. (2022). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Immaculate-Conception-Roman-Catholicism

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This is a high quality Chinese silk export that is called the Manila shawl. The reason for the name even though it is made from China is because it  was shipped through the Manila- Acapulco trade route. This woven piece of cloth would be worn by women to cover their shoulders or head and had various designs that would later reach the americas and Spain.  Later on these shawls be used in dances like the Flamenco dance and were also used inside houses to cover certain items such as pianos.

Source: Modes Muzejs. (n.d.). The Story of the Exhibit: Manila Shawl. Fashion Museum. https://www.fashionmuseumriga.lv/eng/kaleidoscope/manila/

ROOTS. (n.d.). Manila shawl. https://www.roots.gov.sg/Collection-Landing/listing/1339274

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Jan Jansz illustrated a 17th century still-life painting that showcases the porcelain bowls exported from late Ming era China. 

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Porcelain was a popular Chinese export in the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade to New Spain and Europe. Porcelain was in high demand, as 3000 archaeological pieces were discovered in Acapulco recently. The porcelain exhibited traditional blue and white Chinese colors. Chinese manufacturers created this exclusively to be marketed and sold to the Western market, which mixed oriental and Christian themes to the porcelain’s decorations. They were used for pots that Europeans drank chocolate in, the highest trend at the time. Additionally, local Mexican artisans took the blue and white characteristics and integrated these into their own styles.
Source: https://multimedia.scmp.com/culture/article/spanish-galleon/chapter_04.html

By: Alexandrea Nicole Pe