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The Inca built a vast empire supported by taxes, governed by a bureaucracy, and linked by extensive road systems.

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Cultural Interaction - Complex North American societies were linked to each other through culture and economics.

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Traditions and ideas from these cultures became part of the culture of North America.

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1. Explain the cultural differences between the Anasazi and the Mississippians.

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1. Explain the cultural differences between the Anasazi and the Mississippians.

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The Anasazi lived in cliff-like apartment houses, while the Mississippians lived in regular houses. The Mississippians formed alliances with other tribes, while the Anasazis were more conservative. The Mississippians also had giant temples while the Anasazis did not.

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2. Name three features shared by Native American groups.

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2. Name three features shared by Native American groups.

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They all shared similar trade routes, religions, and a respect for land. They also shared the belief that family was the most important social unit above all others.

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The Pacific Northwest people lived right near the ocean. They were rich in recourses which enabled them to have a bigger population than other tribes. The sea was the main thing that managed to support their big population, as it provided a copious amount of recourses.

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Pacific Northwest Peoples - Achievements

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Pacific Northwest Peoples - Achievements

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The Pacific Northwest peoples created a lot of inventions to help them get their food from the sea. One of the most useful inventions was the canoe which they used to travel the ocean and rivers. This proved useful when catching fish and other aquatic creatures.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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The Pueblo builders lived in Mesas, which is modern Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. Even with harsh environments, the Pueblo builders managed to construct houses and produce food. However, they mainly traded pots and clay jars for food from the Plain Indians in the East.

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Pueblo builders built giant cities normally under cliffs for protection from the sun. They built a sort of "apartment buildings" with a bunch of clay. They managed to build towers five stories high, and each house was able to house a lot of people. The Pueblo builders were one of the most experienced Native Americans when it came to building.

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The Mound Builders lived in the grassy forest areas. They were still in the middle of the US but were close to the East Coast. They used lumber to build houses and used grass to build massive Mounds. They used rivers to transport goods, which was a lot more efficient than traveling on foot.

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The Mound Builder's main achievement is the mounds they made of grass. The giant mounds of grass were used to store their dead. They also used it as trading ports to meet with other Native Americans to acquire goods. Overall, it is pretty impressive that they were able to do this with the limited technologies they had, but nothing compared to the Pueblo builders.

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Northeastern Native Americans lived near the Atlantic Ocean, near modern D.C., New York, Etc. They also lived near forests and had a lot of resources near them. Like their other costal counterpart, they built canoes to catch fish and travel through rivers to trade.

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One of the greatest achievements of the Northeastern Americans was forming the Iroquois League. This was a huge advance in diplomacy in regards to the Native Americans. This league was one of the first major alliances between not two, but multiple Native American tribes. This could really advance the Native Americans if they kept forming Leagues to have better trading, diplomacy, and resources.

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One of the biggest political links between Native Americans was the Iroquois League, as I just stated. The northeastern tribes all combined into one giant force, which opened more trading routes for food and resources. Forming a League also helped organize major trading between the league, and other tribes such as the mound builders.

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The Native Americans traded a lot with each other. One of the most economic linked native americans was the Pueblo Builders. Since the Pueblo Builders lived in the mesas, food was a little more hard to come by. That's why they decided to make a bunch of clay artifacts and trade it for food from tribes that lived in the plains. The only reason that the Pueblo Builders managed to thrive was their trading links.

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Pacific Native Americans had a strong belief in totems. They believed that they had spirit animals watching over them, and in which they built totems in their honor. They worshiped their totems to chase evil spirits away and for great farming seasons. The pacific tribes had a decent influence on native american cultures.

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The Maya developed a highly complex
civilization based on city-states and
elaborate religious practices.

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Descendants of the Maya still
occupy the same territory.

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1. What is known about the Mayan Cities?

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1. What is known about the Mayan Cities?

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Mayans created a bunch of advanced cities for their team. Each city was ruled by a deity, aka a god-king. All of the cities traded with each other to deliver a variety of goods.

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2. How does Maya writing reflect Mayan Culture?

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2. How does Maya writing reflect Mayan Culture?

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A bunch of Mayan Scholars created books that contained their myths. They were written in glyphics, similar to the ones the Egyptians used. Some of those writings contain the stories of Mayan creation.

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3. Name two reasons that may explain the Maya civilization’s decline.

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3. Name two reasons that may explain the Maya civilization’s decline.

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One reason was that the warfare disrupted trade. With trade disrupted, Mayan cities would not receive the resources they need to thrive. Another reason is that the soil would be less productive due to the intense amount of farming over time.

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The Mayans lived in central Mexico to northern America. This includes the highlands and the lowlands. Some Mayans lived in the desert, while some lived in areas populated by trees. Mayans also lived in dense jungles as well.

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During the prime time of the Mayans, they build giant cities. An example was Tikal, one of the most successful Mayan cities. Mayan cities had temples, palaces, houses, and sometimes even food storage to prepare for the winter.

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Mayans used coins to trade with each other to buy food. There was a giant network of Mayan cities in which they traded a bunch of resources. Neither city could exist without the other because they both had a speciality in a recourse they both need. The collapse of this economy is one of the reasons why the Mayans had such a big decline.

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Each Mayan city was ruled by a god-king. Much like the Egyptian Pharaohs, the mayans believed that their leader was a god in human form. Mayan kings often sent diplomats to other cities to discuss matters such as trading or war.

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The Mayans created a bunch of temples to worship their Gods. They made a bunch of sacrifices of food and animals to their Gods. They also pierced themselves as an offer to the gods.

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The Mayans created a bunch of temples and grand cities. For having the technology back then, creating huge temples is surely an achievement. The Mayans also created mathematics, which was a thing at their time that barely anyone knew about. The Mayans were highly intelligent for people in their time.

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The Incan system of government was similar to some socialist
governments in the 20th century

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Through alliances and conquest,
the Aztecs created a powerful
empire in Mexico.

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This time period saw the origins
of one of the 20th century’s most
populous cities, Mexico City.

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Teotihuacán was a giant city state in the Valley of Mexico. It was often known as the "City of the Gods". They built massive temples and was a location where mass-trading occured. One of the most common materials traded was obsidian.

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The Aztec empire was focused on military conquest and tributes from conquered city-states. The Aztec Society was divided into social classes just as any other old civilization. The most powerful person was the emperor, who was considered a god. At the top were government officials, military leaders, priests, etc. The middle class was workers and merchants. The lowest were the slaves.

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3. Why and how did the Aztecs sacrifice to the sun god?

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3. Why and how did the Aztecs sacrifice to the sun god?

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The Aztecs believe heavily in their religion. They thought that if they were to ensure the sun rises every day, they had to sacrifice to the sun god. The Aztecs killed their enemies they fought in battle on their temples. To ensure they had a steady supply of victims, the Aztecs kept conquering new civilizations.

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4. Why did conquered peoples rebel against the Aztecs?

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4. Why did conquered peoples rebel against the Aztecs?

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The conquered people rebelled against the Aztecs because even more of them were demanded as sacrifices. The conquered peoples were going to lose their lives anyways, so why not die in battle.

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Chart - 1. The Aztecs first worked for local rulers as soldiers-for-hire.

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Chart - 1. The Aztecs first worked for local rulers as soldiers-for-hire.

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The Aztecs at the time were very poor people. They had nothing to trade for food, clothing, or shelter. The Aztecs decided to adapt to the harsh ways in Mexico and became soldiers for hire.

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Chart - 2. The Aztecs joined two other city-states to form a Triple Alliance.

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Chart - 2. The Aztecs joined two other city-states to form a Triple Alliance.

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The Aztecs were a group of ambitious people. They wanted to gain more land and power. Therefor, the Aztecs decided to team up with two other powerful civilizations to rule all of Mexico.

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Chart - 3. In Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital, the Aztecs built hundreds of temples and religious structures dedicated to the gods.

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Chart - 3. In Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital, the Aztecs built hundreds of temples and religious structures dedicated to the gods.

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The Aztecs were very religious. They believed that the only way to keep themselves and the world alive was to sacrifice and please their gods. They built huge temples to worship their gods in order to make sure the world acts normally.

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Chart - 4. Aztec engineers built three causeways over water and marshland.

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Chart - 4. Aztec engineers built three causeways over water and marshland.

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The Aztec capital city was right near a body of water. The Aztecs built bridges to ease the transportation of goods and animals around their capital city.

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Chart - 5. Aztec priests sacrificed humans atop the Great Temple.

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Chart - 5. Aztec priests sacrificed humans atop the Great Temple.

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Aztecs thought that in order to keep the sun rising and setting, they must have a steady stream of human sacrifices on their temples. They thought that it was the only way to please their gods.

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Chart - 6. The Aztecs built a calendar in the main ceremonial plaza of Tenochtitlán.

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Chart - 6. The Aztecs built a calendar in the main ceremonial plaza of Tenochtitlán.

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The Aztec calendar was a "holy calendar" in which showed all of the important religious events. The Aztecs kept this calendar in the main center to show everyone when major events will take place.

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Chart - 7. Some of the conquered people rebelled against Aztec rule.

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Chart - 7. Some of the conquered people rebelled against Aztec rule.

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The people captured knew that they would be killed as a sacrifice. As the Aztecs demanded more tributes, the conquered peoples rebelled thinking that they would eventually die anyway, so why not do it on my own terms.

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Chart - 8. Montezuma II reduced the number of public officials.

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Chart - 8. Montezuma II reduced the number of public officials.

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The reason why he cut down the number of officials was that their conquered peoples would get angry.  Montezuma II wanted to help stabilize the Aztec Government, however, he did fail once the Spanish arrived.

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1. What beliefs and practices related to Inca rulers?

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1. What beliefs and practices related to Inca rulers?

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The Incans believed that their rulers were related to the Sun God. They are similar to Egyptian Pharaohs, who were believed to be similar to gods.

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2. What was mita, and what forms did it take?

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2. What was mita, and what forms did it take?

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Mita is known as the payment of labor. When the Incas conquered new peoples one of their demands was that all adult males must spend a number of days working for the government. Mita took forms such as farm labor, street labor, or help build buildings.

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The Incan empire fell due to civil war and the arrival of the Spanish. When the Incan Emperor died while traveling, his two sons fought for the throne. However, as soon as the war was over the Spanish attacked and exploited the Incan's weaknesses, which ended their reign.

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Role in building the empire (chart) - 1. Ancient cultures

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Role in building the empire (chart) - 1. Ancient cultures

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The Incas had a lot of ancient cultures that their religion was based on. One of them was from the Aztecs. Similar to them, the Incas believed in the Sun God and that they must make him happy.

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Role in building the empire (chart) - 2. Incan traditions and beliefs.

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Role in building the empire (chart) - 2. Incan traditions and beliefs.

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Incans often believed that their rulers were descended from the sun God. The Incas thought that it was their job to protect and serve him, otherwise their god's will punish them.

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Role in building the empire (chart) - 3. Pachacuti

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Role in building the empire (chart) - 3. Pachacuti

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Pachacuti was one of the most respectable Incan emperors. When he conquered other peoples, he tried to let them join the empire peacefully, rather than forcefully. He made sure to treat his captured peoples with respect to decrease the chances of rebellion.

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How it supported/unified the empire (chart) - 4. System of government

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How it supported/unified the empire (chart) - 4. System of government

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The Incan government is basically a bureaucracy. They divided tiny cities into groups of people and appointed a leader for each one. Those leaders then responded to the calls and orders of higher nobels, who then took orders from the emperor directly. The Incan government demanded labor from captured peoples which helped them develop the empire.

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How it supported/unified the empire (chart) - 5. Language

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How it supported/unified the empire (chart) - 5. Language

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The Incans did have a verbal language to communicate. However, despite their big advancements in technology and government they did not have a written language. Instead, they just used calendars to keep track of dates and string machines to count.

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How it supported/unified the empire (chart) - 6. Cities

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How it supported/unified the empire (chart) - 6. Cities

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The Incan government was divided up into a bureaucracy. Much like today, the Incans divided their empire into separate cities, each one being ruled by a Chief. The Chief then reported to nobels, who reported to the king. Having a bureaucracy helped stabilize the government.

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How it supported/unified the empire - 7. Road System

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How it supported/unified the empire - 7. Road System

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The Incan road system connected cities together. This raised trade and communication, as all people had to do was follow the path. Raising trade allowed the Incans to have more access to resources.

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How it supported/unified the empire - 8. Economy

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How it supported/unified the empire - 8. Economy

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The Incan economy supported their survival by a lot. The Incans were able to gather resources they did not have at hand and utilize them in the best way possible. Trading allowed the Incans to advance in ways they never had before.

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How it supported/unified the empire - 9. Religion

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How it supported/unified the empire - 9. Religion

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Religion kept faith in the emperor. Incan rulers were believed to be descended from the Sun God. The Incan people believed in the emperor because he is "related" to their most important god. This kept the chances of a revolution lower than other civilizations.