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Cloning animals helped scientist come up with xenografting for people.  In the United States, people are living longer and there is a shortage for organs and tissues. Also, there are some people who are not organ donars or can't donate due to damage tissues and organs so, that's where genetic engineered pigs come in.  When they cloned animals, they can be used to help save lives everyday and learn new discoveries. Without cloning we would never figure out about transplantation of organs or tissues to humans.

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 Concerns and Ethical Considerations for Cloning and Xenograft

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 Concerns and Ethical Considerations for Cloning and Xenograft

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Things to take into consideration when cloning a living organisms is that cloning helps people understand things such as diseases, how organisms interact with each other, how things develop or produced. Another positive use is that they use cloning to help cure diseases. However, this also leads to some disadvantages like gene variations or risk of increase inherited diseases. This also leads some ethical decisions to as well some religious dilemma.
I totally believe in genetic engineering and cloning other living organisms such as humans, animals, and plants. This is the greatest discoveries a man kind has produced.
For xenografting there are many benefits for people for example their is larger supplies for organs and tissues when doing xenografting of pigs. They have helped save many lives however, there is a ethical issue just like cloning is religious groups maybe offended.  However, cloning a pig and using a pig for grafting, there is less chances for diseases but a risk for rejection.  These are consideration and ethical decisions we need to take into consideration.

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Scientist figured out that they could use pig for skin grafting or organ transplant by just altering GGTA1. How they do this is by removing fetal cell from a female pig then the scientist replace one of the cell's two GGTA1 genes with a nonworking copy. They put the modified cells in a culture dish while it mulitplies then they inject the modified cells into a egg; eggs get implanted in female pig.  In about 18 months. there will be cloned pigs without GGTA1 gene born that can be used.
http://xenotransplantation.yolasite.com/the-process.php

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The process of cloning is when they take a strand of DNA from a mother and father cell. They insert the strand from both parents in a cell that does not contain a nucleus. The new cell is then zapped with electricity to start the multiplying until it forms a fertilize egg which can be inserted into the surrogate mother.

http://www.livescience.com/32295-how-does-cloning-work.html

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Reproductive cloning is when you produces an identical copy of and organism. Dolly the Sheep was the first subject that this worked on, with 276 attemps in 1996 living 5 years as the world first cloned.
Check out video below
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yx6xZn2MZAU

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Gene Cloning is when the gene is extracted form the DNA and make a copied of that particulalar gene.

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Therapeutic cloning is taking stem cells and putting them in  replacment of damage tissue. Therapeutic cloing is used to treat Nervs cells, ditabets and Parkinson.
Check out video below
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6pCHGRWvoI

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Cloning is making an identical copy of an organism, cloning are part of genetic engineering . There are three types of artifical cloning.
.Gene Cloning
.Reproductive cloning
. Therapeutic cloning
https://www.genome.gov/25020028/cloning-fact-sheet/#al-8

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https://youtu.be/dotou-BhfGU

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Exposition-- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume, or anything else you could use an animated explainer video.

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Cloning Fact Sheet. (n.d.). Retrieved April 09, 2017, from https://www.genome.gov/25020028/cloning-fact-sheet/#al-8

Concept 1Children resemble their parents. (n.d.). Retrieved April 09, 2017, from http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html

Gene Cloning - Google Search. (n.d.). Retrieved April 09, 2017, from https://www.google.ca/search?q=Gene%2BCloning&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4mZnMpovTAhUB0YMKHdhvDsoQ_AUIBygA&biw=1600&bih=805&dpr=1#spf=1

Starr, C. (2009). Biology: the unity and diversity of life. Belmont, Calif: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

Xenotransplantation. (2017, April 07). Retrieved April 09, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenotransplantation#Ethics

Thompson, A. (2012, November 23). How Does Cloning Work? Retrieved May 08, 2017, from http://www.livescience.com/32295-how-does-cloning-work.html

Pros/Cons. (n.d.). Retrieved May 08, 2017, from http://xenotransgenetics.weebly.com/proscons.html

Xenotransplantation: Overview, Choosing the Donor Species, Immunologic Barriers to Xenotransplantation. (2017, January 06). Retrieved May 08, 2017, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/432418-overview#a2

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Xenograft is sections of tissues or cells that are removed from one species to another species. This is used for people who have severe burns but as well for cancer research. The individuals who have a burn and get a xenograft to help them minimize infection and help with new cell growth. They usually use pig as the general source because humans and pigs are about the same in size and function. However, sometimes the human body's rejects the pig because the body recognizes that there is a foreign glycoprotein on the plasma membrane of the pig. Therefore, they can give a suppressor to help patients not reject. Now, researchers have come with a genetically engineered pig that contains low glycoproteins in their cells. Therefore, researcher have come up with a new solution with tissues and organs from the genetically engineered pig.  This also raises a concern with patients because this could lean to pig to human diseases or virus to cross paths. Also, people who are in groups like animal rights groups are oppose researchers and others to not use pig to human.  Another concern is some religious groups who do not consume pig because of their believes so, this also leads to more researcher on finding another alternate.

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Genetic Engineering is when they cross breeds with different species with the same traits that are introduced into an individual genomes. The main focus is making food, animals and plants better adapted for the needs for humans. Genetic modification is building genes to  improve an organism. From making the organism bigger, faster, or  good looking. You can use genetic engineering on about anything. Genetic engineering first started with Johann Gregor Mendel  and pea plants.  The first person who discovered genetic engineering term was
Jack Williamson in his science fiction novel "dragon's Island" which published in 1951. However, in 1950  Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase confirmed DNA's heredity.  After years of research and study by researches in 1978, Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson  mixed a human protein and E.Coli to produced insulin. In 1982, the FDA approved and released the insulin for use. Which has helped many people control their diabetes. Over a period of time, they were able to modified a pig and cloned a genetic engineering pig that could be used to do xenografting.

http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html

pg 250-253 Biology by: Starr Taggart Evers Starr