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https://quizlet.com/112400724/biotechnology-flash-cards/

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http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_7_oa/215/55141/14116147.cw/index.html

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What is a primer?
-Short, artificially created, single strands of DNA that bind to each end of a target sequence in a PCR procedure. Usually 15-20 nucleotides long .

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What happens in a bacterial cell during transformation?

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What happens in a bacterial cell during transformation?

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-once the plasmid is within the bacterium, protein synthesis begins
-beta-lactamase is produced and provides resistance to ampicillin
-if arabinose is present, then GFP is also produced

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-the replacement of a person's disease-causing genes with functioning genes

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How many antibiotic resistants do you need to make a function recombinant DNA?

Answer: At least one.

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-entire collection of cloned DNA pieces that consist of an organism's genome

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What is the purpose of the Nucleic Acid Probe?
-It allows researchers to find their gene of interest. It has a complimentary base-pairing to the gene of interest.

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What unique property of DNA allows two distinct samples of DNA to bind at "sticky'' ends?

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What unique property of DNA allows two distinct samples of DNA to bind at "sticky'' ends?

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The base pairing Rule

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-purposefully altering genes for human purposes

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-DNA combined with two different sources

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What machine is used to copy DNA very quickly?

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What machine is used to copy DNA very quickly?

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Thermocycler

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What do restriction enzymes do against bacteriophages?
-Destroy the injected DNA, cutting it at places where it sees its specific DNA sequence (Restriction Site).
How do the restriction enzymes know to not cut the cells own DNA?
-Methyl groups attached to the DNA.
What are sticky ends?
-Sticky ends are ends that have been cut by the restriction enzymes and have a specific DNA sequence that pairs with another part that has been cut by the same restriction enzyme. They fit together because of their base-pairing rules.
What does DNA ligase do?
-It solidifies the bond between the sticky ends.

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-round bacterial chromosome

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Alteration of a diseased individual's genes for therapeutic reasons

1. A gene from a healthy person is cloned and then converted to an RNA Version which is inserted into the RNA genome of a harmless virus
2. Bone marrow cells are taken from patient and infected with recombinant virus
3. The virus inserts a DNA version of its genome and a normal human gene into the cells' DNA
4. The engineered cells are then injected back into the patient

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Why is a restriction enzyme that cuts through the ORI unusbale?

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Why is a restriction enzyme that cuts through the ORI unusbale?

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because then the plasmid won't be able to replicate

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-use of organisms or their products  for human purposes

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What do bacteria use restriction enzymes for?

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What do bacteria use restriction enzymes for?

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To cut out DNA inserted into the bacterium by bacteriophages

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-techniques for manipulating DNA

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Why are bacteria often the best organisms for manufacturing a protein product?

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Why are bacteria often the best organisms for manufacturing a protein product?

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-they can be grown rapidly and cheaply
-phages and plasmids are widely available for use as gene-cloning vectors
-they can be engineered to produce large amounts of the protein

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In Gel Electrophoresis there is a positive and negative end, in which direction does the DNA migrate?  why?

DNA moves towards the positive end of the Gel because it is negatively charged (due to phosphate groups) so is attracted to the positive charge

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biotechnology: the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products

DNA technology: modern laboratory techniques for studying and manipulating genetic material

recombinant DNA: formed when scientists combine pieces of DNA from 2 different sources, often different species, in vitro(in a test tube) to form a single DNA molecule

genetic engineering: the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

plasmids: small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the larger bacterial chromosome

gene cloning: the production of many identical copies of a gene carrying piece of DNA

vector: gene carrier

DNA ligase: joins the 2 DNA molecules by way of covalent bonds

clone: group of identical cells descended from a single ancestral cell

restriction enzymes: cutting tools that are bacterial enzymes

restriction site: short DNA sequence in which a restriction enzyme cuts

restriction fragments: yielding pieces of DNA that were cut by restriction enzymes

genomic library: a collection of clone DNA fragments that include an organisms entire genome

reverse transcriptase: a viral enzyme that can synthesize DNA from an RNA template

complementary DNA (cDNA): represents only the subset of genes that have been transcribed into mRNA in the starting cells. useful for studying the genes responsible for the specialized functions of a particular cell type; ex: brain or liver

nucleic acid probe: used to find a specific gene or other nucleotide sequence within a mass of DNA

vaccine: a harmless varient(mutant) or derivative of a pathogen usually a bacteria or virus that is used to stimulate the immune system to mount a lasting defense against that pathogen, thereby preventing disease

GMOs: organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means

transgenic organism: if new gene is from another organism, typically of another species, the recombinant organism, is called this

gene therapy: alteration of a diseased individual's genes for therapeutic purposes

DNA profiling: the analysis of DNA samples to determine whether they came from the same individual

polymerase chain reaction(PCR): a technique by which a specific segment of a DNA molecule can be targeted and quickly amplified in the laboratory

primers: short chemically synthesized single-stranded DNA molecules with sequences that are complementary to sequences at each end of the target sequence

gel electrophoresis: a method that separates macromolecules on the base of size, electrical charge, or other physical properties

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-a molecule that helps the formation of covalent bonds between nucleotides

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Why must DNA from 2 different sources be cut with the same restriction enzyme?

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Why must DNA from 2 different sources be cut with the same restriction enzyme?

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To make the "sticky ends" that will allow them to be joined

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1. A plasmid is isolated
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2. The cell's DNA is isolated
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3. The plasmid is cut with an enzyme
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4. The cell's DNA is cut with the same enzyme
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5. The targeted fragment and plasmid DNA are combined
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6. DNA ligase is added, which joins the two DNA molecules
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7. The recombinant plasmid is taken by a bacterium through transformation
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8. The bacterium reproduces
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explain the role of DNA lingase in in making recombinant DNA?
DNA lingase will anneal the the designated gene to the bacterial plasmid

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The analysis of DNA samples to determine whether they came from the same individual.

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What happens if you cut through all the antibiotic resistants in the gene?

Answer: The plasmid would not survive because the antibiotics would kill it.

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Thermus Aquatics

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If you needed to make a large amount of a specific segment of DNA, what method would you use?

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If you needed to make a large amount of a specific segment of DNA, what method would you use?

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A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

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What color is the negative pole, always?

BLACK

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-Target DNA
-Primers
-DNA nucleotides

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What was the purpose of arabinose in the pGLO lab?

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What was the purpose of arabinose in the pGLO lab?

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To activate the gene that produces the glowing protein

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Taq polymerase

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It is the liquid where the reaction happens.

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How does gel electrophoresis order DNA strands by size?

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How does gel electrophoresis order DNA strands by size?

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The smaller fragments move faster, because the larger fragments are held back by the thicket of of polymer fibers within the gel.

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Why is TAE buffer solution necessary during gel electrophoresis?

It holds the electrical current which makes things happen, thus showing visible data to the lab technician who needs it for a crime case.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction

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What is the purpose of adding antibiotic resistance in recombinant DNA?

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What is the purpose of adding antibiotic resistance in recombinant DNA?

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To determine whether or not bacteria picked up the plasmids

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TAQ polymerase

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What is PCR?
-polymerase chain reaction
-technique by which a specific segment of a DNA molecule can be targeted and quickly amplified in the laboratory
-starting with a minute sample automated PCR can generate billions of copies of a DNA segment in just a few hours producing enough DNA to allow a DNA profile to be constructed
STEPS:
1. the reaction mixture is heated to separate the strands of the DNA double helixes
2. the strands are cooled. as they cool, primer molecules hydrogen bond to their target sequence on the DNA
3. a heat-stable DNA polymerase builds new DNA strands by extending the primers the 5'>3' direction
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these 3 steps are repeated over and over, doubling the amount of DNA after each cycle

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After restriction enzymes cut through DNA, the sticky ends attach to each other with the help of DNA ligase. Sticky ends fit perfectly together.

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Why is it important for crime lab technicians to have organized and careful recording techniques?

Answer: So that the specimen or solutions being tested do not get contaminated and to make sure you are identifying the correct suspect.

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-can change the organism's metabolism
-growth rate
-influence the natural environment
-potential health risks
-cause ecological imbalances

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Why do large molecules move more slowly than smaller molecules?

Large molecules are obviously larger and bulkier so they take up more room. Small molecules do not have to stay attached to any other molecules which makes it easy for them to move more quickly while taking up less room.

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What happens if you cut through the ORI of a plasmid? 

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What happens if you cut through the ORI of a plasmid? 

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The plasmid will no longer work or be able to reproduce so in recombinant DNA it would not help to make new copies of the wanted protein

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The alteration of genes in order to replace or supplement a defective gene

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What is gene cloning?
the production of multiple copies of a specific gene

What role do plasmids play in gene cloning?
Plasmids are easily manipulated to carry many different genes and enable the rapid production of the desired protein due to the rapid replication.

In what instances would gene cloning be helpful?
For the production of a desired protein.

How are genomic libraries and cloned genes related?
Cloned Genes can be stored in the genomic libraries

What role does recombinant DNA have in gene cloning?
Recombinant DNA is a DNA molecule that has been manipulated to carry nucleotide sequences from two different organisms. If recombinant DNA plasmids are inserted into bacteria and the recombinant bacteria multiply, the resulting bacteria are clones in which the foreign gene is copied and these copies can make copies of its protein.

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-enhanced mating advantages
-improve the speed of food production
-surgery
-disease resistance

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Why does DNA move towards the positive pole during electrophoresis?

DNA has phospate groups which gives it a negative charge and negative always attracts positive.

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What are some concerns of GMO critics?
-threatens vitality of organisms
-causes ecological imbalances
-can promote the spread of disease among plants and animals
-can change organisms growth rate, metabolism, and response to environmental factors
-GMO foods can create possibility to transfer of antibiotic resistant genes
-GMOs aren't required to be labeled
-human health risk
-exposure to new allergens

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In recombinant DNA, how many cuts are made in the donor DNA? And in the plasmid?

Answer: 2 in the DNA, 1 in the plasmid

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What happens if you cut through the ORI of a plasmid? 

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What happens if you cut through the ORI of a plasmid? 

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click the + circle in the bottom right corner

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click the + circle in the bottom right corner