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Overview of Toxins | Exotoxins Vs Endotoxins

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In this video, you will find to know what toxins are and what is their classification. Both Exo and Endo-Toxins have been well discussed in this part of video by comparing them.The video explains the following things : 1.Toxins : What are They ? 2.Why Toxins differ from Venoms ?

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CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: A modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections - ScienceDirect

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From the Hospital Infections Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

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centers for disease control and prevention (cdc)

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multistate outbreak of salmonella typhimurium infections linked to microbiology laboratories

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Human Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Linked to Exposure to Microbiology Labs

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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and public health officials in several states have identified a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections linked to various clinical

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A genome sequencing test developed at UC San Francisco that can rapidly pinpoint the cause of a bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic infection from among a huge range of possibilities is now available to help physicians nationwide diagnose mysterious cases of neurological infection in acutely ill patients.

Scientists at UCSF have already used the test on a trial basis to diagnose a number of patients, including the well-known case of a 14-year-old boy who was near death with swelling in his brain. The boy had undergone months of unsuccessful attempts to identify the cause of his illness with conventional lab tests, expensive imaging technologies and invasive procedures, including a brain biopsy. By sequencing his cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), UCSF scientists found that he had a bacterial infection called leptospirosis, and he rapidly recovered after receiving targeted treatment with penicillin.

The test has now been validated in UCSF's Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-licensed clinical microbiology laboratory and is approved for clinical use.

Pinpointing Genomic Signatures of Pathogens

Over the last year, UCSF physicians and researchers have examined the utility of the test using CSF collected from more than 200 patients enrolled in a nationwide study of eight hospitals, including three University of California medical centers. All of these patients suffered from acute neurological illnesses, including meningitis (inflammation of the coverings around the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord).

Doctors often have trouble figuring out why these tissues become inflamed, as these conditions can have many causes, including infection, cancer and autoimmune disease. This can lead to inappropriate treatment. For example, steroids and immunosuppressive agents that are commonly used to treat autoimmune diseases make it harder for the body to fight infection.

The new sequencing test can help overcome this uncertainty by pinpointing the genomic signatures of a wide range of pathogens - including fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasites - all at once. If no pathogen is detected using this comprehensive test, doctors can also be more confident in pursuing other non-infectious causes of the illness. While the test does not always establish the cause of inflammation, it has the potential to speed up the diagnostic process significantly, and to spare patients from having to undergo a large number of diagnostic tests and invasive procedures.

Starting with Neurological Illnesses

The technique, known as metagenomic next-generation sequencing, or mNGS, is a "shotgun" approach in which all of the DNA and RNA in a clinical sample are sequenced at very high depth, with the generation of 10 to 20 million reads per sample. Currently, only testing of CSF for patients with neurological illnesses is available in the clinical lab. UCSF is actively working on making clinical mNGS testing available for other sample types including blood for patients with sepsis and lung fluid for patients with pneumonia. The testing process in the diagnostic laboratory takes about 72 hours, and results are generally available within one or two weeks.

More information on the test and how to order it is available at the Center for Next-Gen Precision Diagnostics. The center serves as a reference lab to help doctors make diagnoses, but it does not provide consulting services directly to patients. The mNGS test must be ordered by a licensed provider authorized to order clinical laboratory tests and results are reported to the provider's referring laboratory.

Making a clinical test like this available to physicians everywhere is a paradigm shift in infectious disease diagnostics.

Charles Chiu, MD, PhD

Co-founder, UCSF Center for Next-Gen Precision Diagnostics

"Making a clinical test like this available to physicians everywhere is a paradigm shift in infectious disease diagnostics," said Charles Chiu, MD, PhD, an associate professor of laboratory medicine at UCSF and principal investigator of the mNGS study. "Too many patients die or suffer unnecessarily because the cause of their illness cannot be determined in a timely fashion. We now have a single diagnostic tool that can be used to comprehensively diagnose or exclude infections in hospitalized patients with mysterious illnesses."

The test was developed with support from the California Initiative to Advance Precision Medicine (CIAPM), UCSF Medical Center, the National Institutes of Health, the UC Center for Accelerated Innovation, and the Sandler, Bowes, and Charles and Helen Schwab foundations.
UC San Francisco (UCSF) is a leading university dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. It includes top-ranked graduate schools of dentistry, medicine, nursing and pharmacy; a graduate division with nationally renowned programs in basic, biomedical, translational and population sciences; and a preeminent biomedical research enterprise. It also includes UCSF Health, which comprises three top-ranked hospitals, UCSF Medical Center and UCSF Benioff Children's Hospitals in San Francisco and Oakland, and other partner and affiliated hospitals and healthcare providers throughout the Bay Area.

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Next-Gen Precision Diagnostics Now Available at UCSF

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A genome sequencing test developed at UC San Francisco that can rapidly pinpoint the cause of a bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic infection from among a huge range of possibilities is now available to help physicians nationwide diagnose mysterious cases of neurological infection in acutely ill patients.

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Pre-clinical method a 'step closer' in FMDV prevention

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A study has found pre-clinical diagnosis during surveillance could detect farms infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) more rapidly.

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Microbiology Society Journals | Development of broad-range 16S rDNA PCR for use in the routine diagnostic clinical microbiology service

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The aim of the present study was to develop a broad-range PCR based on bacterial 16S rDNA for use in the routine diagnostic clinical microbiology service. The optimization and validation of the assay for use on clinical specimens from normally sterile sites is described, and preliminary results are reported on the use of the assay in the clinical diagnosis of bacterial infection in 382 paediatric specimens over a 2-year period.

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ABSTRACT

In areas such as eastern Indonesia where both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax occur, rapid antigen detection tests for malaria need to be able to detect both species. We evaluated the new combined P. falciparum-P. vivaximmunochromatographic test (ICT Malaria P.f/P.v.) in Radamata Primary Health Centre, Sumba, Indonesia, from February to May 1998 with 560 symptomatic adults and children with a presumptive clinical diagnosis of malaria. Blinded microscopy was used as the "gold standard," with all discordant and 20% of concordant results cross-checked blindly. Only 50% of those with a presumptive clinical diagnosis of malaria were parasitemic. The ICT Malaria P.f/P.v immunochromatographic test was sensitive (95.5%) and specific (89.8%) for the diagnosis of falciparum malaria, with a positive predictive value (PPV) and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 88.1 and 96.2%, respectively. HRP2 and panmalarial antigen line intensities were associated with parasitemia density for both species. Although the specificity and NPV for the diagnosis of vivax malaria were 94.8 and 98.2%, respectively, the overall sensitivity (75%) and PPV (50%) for the diagnosis of vivax malaria were less than the desirable levels. The sensitivity for the diagnosis of P. vivax malaria was 96% with parasitemias of >500/μl but only 29% with parasitemias of <500/μl. Nevertheless, compared with the test with HRP2 alone, use of the combined antigen detection test would reduce the rate of undertreatment from 14.7 to 3.6% for microscopy-positive patients, and this would be at the expense of only a modest increase in the rate of overtreatment of microscopy-negative patients from 7.1 to 15.4%. Cost remains a major obstacle to widespread use in areas of endemicity.

FOOTNOTES

Received 30 November 1998.

Returned for modification 22 January 1999.

Accepted 29 April 1999.

↵* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit, Menzies School of Health Research, P.O. Box 41096, Casuarina, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0811 Australia. Phone: 61-8-8922 8932. Fax: 61-8-8927 5187. E-mail:anstey{at}menzies.su.edu.au .

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Field Evaluation of the ICT Malaria P.f/P.v Immunochromatographic Test for Detection of Plasmodium falciparum andPlasmodium vivax in Patients with a Presumptive Clinical Diagnosis of Malaria in Eastern Indonesia

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In areas such as eastern Indonesia where both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax occur, rapid antigen detection tests for malaria need to be able to detect both species. We evaluated the new combined P. falciparum-P. vivaximmunochromatographic test (ICT Malaria P.f/P.v.)

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hospital-acquired infection (disease or medical condition)

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Hospital Acquired Infections & How To Prevent Them | Curos

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http://www.curos.com/staying-safe-hospital-acquired-infections/ Healthcare-acquired infections are a highly prevalent and deadly issue affecting hospitals across the United States. The improper use of devices and disinfection procedures cause the most common HAI's. Applying best practices and tools to properly disinfect devices such as central line catheters can greatly reduce risk and improve prevention.

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Epidemiological Studies: A Beginners guide

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What is the difference between the endemic level of a disease, an epidemic, and a pandemic? Please pardon my amateur narration, an updated version is forthcoming with new narration.