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1 - 2.) What Tools Do Geographers Use to Gather Data?

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1 - 2.) What Tools Do Geographers Use to Gather Data?

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Maps
Globes
Geographic Data:
-GPS (Global Positioning System)
-GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
-Landsat - Mapping Satellite
-GOES - Weather Satellite

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Components of the map allow you to understand what the map is about, location, and information being presented.

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By using Latitude and Longitude coordinates you can pin point the absolute location of any place on the Earth.

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Here's the main lines of Latitude and Longitude

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Some maps show distance on a map with a "Map Scale". Scale compares distance on a map with distance on the Earth. Usually made up of lines, notches and numbers and comes in miles or kilometers. One of main parts of a map.

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Small Scale shows a large area with little detail by "zooming OUT" and Large scale show a small area with a lot of detail by "Zooming IN".

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Small Scale would be used if you were driving from Chicago to Aurora and Large Scale would be used if you were walking in downtown Chicago.

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The Northern and Southern halves of the Earth divided by the Equator and Western and Eastern halves of the Earth divided by the Prime Meridian.

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North America: Western and Northern Hemispheres
South America: Western, Northern and Southern Hemispheres
Africa: Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western Hemispheres
Europe: Western, Eastern, and Northern Hemispheres
Asia: Northern, Eastern, Southern and Westerm
Australia: Southern and Eastern
Antarctica: Southern, Eastern and Western

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Arctic: Northern, Western and Eastern Hemispheres
Atlantic: Northern, Western, Southern and Eastern Hemispheres
Pacific: Northern, Western, Southern and Eastern Hemispheres
Indian: Northern, Southern and Eastern Hemispheres
Southern: Southern, Western and Eastern Hemispheres

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Day - One full rotation of the earth (24 hours)
Month -One full lunar cycle from Full Moon to New Moon stages (Around 30 days)
Year - The time it takes the Earth to make one full revolution around the sun.(365.25 Days)

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14.) The Tilt of the Earth creates our Seasons

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14.) The Tilt of the Earth creates our Seasons

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When Northern Hemisphere faces the sun it's summer. When the Northern Hemisphere is facing away from the sun it's winter. Meanwhile in the Southern Hemisphere whatever the season is in the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere will have the opposite season since the tilt points the two hemispheres in opposite directions.

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15.) Polar, Temperate and Tropical Zones

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15.) Polar, Temperate and Tropical Zones

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The Polar Zones (Blue Areas) range from the North Pole to the Arctic Circle and the South Pole to the Antarctic Circle. It's cold and dry all year long and doesn't get hot.
The Temperate Zone (Green Areas) range from the Arctic Circle to the Tropic of Cancer and from the Antarctic Circle to the Tropic of Capricorn. It has up to four seasons that are hot and cold.
The Tropical Zone (Red Areas) ranges from the Tropic of Cancer, past the Equator and to the Tropic of Capricorn. It's hot and rainy all year and doesn't get cold.

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These solar events mark the changing of the seasons in the Temperate Zones of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. For example from September 22-23 till December 21-22 it will be Fall (Autumn) in the Northern Hemisphere and Spring in the Southern Hemisphere.

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It's impossible to turn a 3D image of the earth into a 2D map of the earth with out distortion (the changing of the size and shape of a place on the surface of the earth compared to on a map.)

On a Mercator Map Projection Greenland is distorted to the size of South America.

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In actuality Greenland is not the size of South America but a small island the size of Peru

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Map Projections take a 3-D image of the Earth and turn it into a 2-D map that tries to limit distortion along the way. Some of the main map projections are:

Robinson: The most common and used
Mercator: Shows accurate distances near the equator with massive distortion near the poles.
Goode's Homolosine: Distorts the oceans to show accurate land size.

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GIS is a computer program that uses a data base of geographic information to create layered maps that present information and answer questions.

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GPS stands for Global Positioning System. It gives you your exact location on the surface of the Earth using satellites.

If you have a smart phone and have ever used the map to figure out where you are then you're using the GPS function. Apps like Wayz, Uber, Lyft, Yelp, and many others use GPS to give you the information your looking for.

Other people that use GPS are pilots, police, fire department, hikers, ship captains, military, and many more.