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The inner layers are the Core, Radiative Zone and Convection Zone. The outer layers are the Photosphere, the Chromosphere, the Transition Region and the Corona

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a reddish gaseous layer immediately above the photosphere of the sun or another star. Together with the corona, it constitutes the star's outer atmosphere.

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The aurora is a glow observed in the night sky, usually in the polar zone

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A flare is a small device that produces a bright flame. Flares are used as signals, for example, on ships.

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A solar prominence is a large, bright feature extending outward from the sun's surface.

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a spot or patch appearing from time to time on the sun's surface, appearing dark by contrast with its surroundings.

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the shining circle of light seen around the Sunwhen the Moon passes in front of it in an eclipse

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the luminous envelope of a star from which its light and heat radiate.

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The structure of the Sun, a G-type star: Not labelled: Solar wind

The surface of the Sun

The photosphere is a star's outer shell from which light is radiated. It extends into a star's surface until the plasma becomes opaque, equivalent to an optical depth of approximately , or equivalently, a depth from which 50% of light will escape without being scattered.

A photosphere is the region of a luminous object, usually a star, that is transparent to photons of certain wavelengths.

The term photosphere is derived from Ancient Greek roots, φῶς, φωτός/ phos, photos meaning "light" and σφαῖρα/ sphaira meaning "sphere", in reference to it being a spherical surface that is perceived to emit light.[citation needed ]

The surface of a star is defined to have a temperature given by the effective temperature in the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Stars, except neutron stars, have no solid or liquid surface. Therefore, the photosphere is typically used to describe the Sun's or another star's visual surface.

The Sun is composed primarily of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium; they account for 74.9% and 23.8%, respectively, of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere. All heavier elements, called metals in astronomy, account for less than 2% of the mass, with oxygen (roughly 1% of the Sun's mass), carbon (0.3%), neon (0.2%), and iron (0.2%) being the most abundant.

Solar atmosphere: temperature and density.[5] See here for meanings of extra lines in the graph.

The Sun's photosphere has a temperature between 4,400 and 6,600 K (4,130 and 6,330 °C) (with an effective temperature of 5,772 K (5,499 °C)) and a density of about 3×10 kg/; increasing with depth into the sun. Other stars may have hotter or cooler photospheres. The Sun's photosphere is 100-400 kilometers thick.

In the Sun's photosphere, the most ubiquitous phenomena are granules- convection cells of plasma each approximately 1,000 km (620 mi) in diameter with hot rising plasma in the center and cooler plasma falling in the spaces between them, flowing at velocities of 7 km/s (4.3 mi/s). Each granule has a lifespan of only about twenty minutes, resulting in a continually shifting "boiling" pattern. Grouping the typical granules are supergranules up to 30,000 km (19,000 mi) in diameter with lifespans of up to 24 hours and flow speeds of about 500 m/s (1,600 ft/s), carrying magnetic field bundles to the edges of the cells. Other magnetically related phenomena in the Sun's photosphere include sunspots and solar faculae dispersed between granules. These features are too fine to be directly observed on other stars; however, sunspots have been indirectly observed, in which case they are referred to as .

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The photosphere is a star's outer shell from which light is radiated. It extends into a star's surface until the plasma becomes opaque, equivalent to an optical depth of approximately , or equivalently, a depth from which 50% of light will escape without being scattered.

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A region of turbulent plasma between a star's core and its visible photosphere at the surface, through which energy is transferred by convection. In the convection Zone , hot plasma rises, cools as it nears the surface, and falls to be heated and rise again.

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A radition zone, radiation Zone or radiative region is a layer of a star's interior where energy is primarily transported toward the exterior by means of radition diffusion and thermal conduction, rather than by convection. Energy travels through the radiation zone in the form of electromagnetic radiation as photons

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an important or unchanging group of people forming the central part of a larger body. the dense central region of a planet, esp. the nickel iron inner part of the earth. the central part of a nuclear reactor, which contains the fissile material.