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Urine can be analyzed for a lot of different things!
Urinalysis is an effective way to detect illnesses and drug abuse.
Blood cells, glucose, proteins, and drugs can all be detected in urine. They serve as indicators for medical things. Yay for science!!!!!!!!!

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Another great question!
Short term solution: hemodialysis
costly, approx. 4 hours at a time, 3 days a week

Long term solution: kidney transplant, but, the blood and tissue must be a match, otherwise the body will treat the new cells as a pathogen and will launch into a full blown immune attack (and we don't want that!).

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Yep, it's a thing. Although it's not as common as dehydration, it does happen!

Your cells begin to swell (because of osmosis and the body fluid becomes hypotonic (lower solute:water ratio).
Consequences: headache, disruption of nerve function, delirium, blurred vision, seizures, coma, death.

Everything in moderation, my friend.

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What happens if I don't drink enough water?

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What happens if I don't drink enough water?

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Good question, inquiring mind! That's called dehydration.
Body fluids become hypertonic (higher solute:water ratio because its evaporated)
Consequences: thirst, lethargy, low blood pressure, increased heart rate, inability to lower one's body temperature, seizures, brain damage, death

Yikes! That's serious...you should always remember to stay hydrated!

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Want to impress your friends with a cool fact? (It's worth a try...)

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Want to impress your friends with a cool fact? (It's worth a try...)

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The types of nitrogenous wastes animals produce correlates with 2 things: their habitat and evolutionary history.

Fish create ammonia, which is very toxic--however, they have enough water in their habitat to flush out these toxins without harming themselves.

Mammals create urea, which is less toxic than ammonia, as less water is available in their surrounding environments.

Birds and reptiles create uric acid, which is even less toxic than urea. You can probably guess why...

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The Malpighian Tubule system (shown right) is the equivalent of the kidneys in humans (used for osmoregulation and removes nitrogenous wastes, just in a little different fashion)

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Renal Vein associated with "balanced blood," as toxins/wastes have been removed

also less oxygen than in artery

more co2, fewer salts, ions, water, and glucose

Renal Artery associated with "unbalanced blood," carrying these waste products to the kidney, away from heart

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The Collecting Duct is featured in beige on the left. ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone) controls the reabsorption of water in this duct. Essentially, the hormone controls how permeable the membrane walls are which prevents super dilute urine from forming.

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The Loop of Henle is responsible for maintaining hypertonic conditions in the medulla. The descending limb is permeable to water but not salt, whereas the ascending limb is permeable to salt but not water. This ensures proper re-absorption takes place. This salt is pumped out of the ascending limb into the medulla.

Fun fact: animals' need for water conservation has a link with the length of their loop of Henle. Studies show that a positive correlation between the two exists. Think: less water available, more must be absorbed, so the "path" to do so must also be longer

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This tubule selectively reabsorbs useful substances by active transport. Microvilli increase the surface area, and carrier protein pumps actively transport substances against the concentration gradient (the body needs these substances so they are reabsorbed in mass quantities).
Remember: this uses ATP!

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This drawing is great! But what does it mean? (let's break it down a little more)...

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This drawing is great! But what does it mean? (let's break it down a little more)...

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The Glomerulus/Bowman's Capsule can be found in the center/top of the diagram. These two structures help facilitate ultrafiltration. the capillary wall is porous but only allows smaller molecules to be filtered. Things that are too large remain in the blood and are returned to the circulatory system.

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Animals fall into two categories: osmoregulators and osmoconformers.

Osmoconformers maintain internal conditions that are equal to the osmolarity of their environment.

advantages: minimized water movement

disadvantages: the osmolarity of the water may not be optimal for internal conditions.

example: starfish

Osmoregulators tightly regulate their internal osmolarity; it's independent of their surrounding environment.

advantages: less fluctuation, optimal

disadvantages: expends energy, costs a lot of ATP, more advanced system needed

example: humans!