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Functions:

The waste products of the digestive process include undigested parts of food and older cells from the GI tract lining.

Muscles push these waste products into the large intestine.

The large intestine absorbs water and any remaining nutrients and changes the waste from liquid into stool.

The rectum stores stool until it pushes stool out of the body during a bowel movement.

Large Intestine consists of 3 parts:

The cecum is a pouch at the beginning of the large intestine that joins the small intestine to the large intestine. This transition area allows food to travel from the small intestine to the large intestine.

The colon extends from the cecum up the right side of the abdomen, across the upper abdomen, and then down the left side of the abdomen, finally connecting to the rectum. Three parts: ascending, transverse and descending.

The rectum is where feces are stored until they leave the digestive system through the anus as a bowel movement.

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The small intestine is a long tube shaped structure where 90% of nutrients are absorbed. This is also where the body completes the break down of protein and starches. The first part of the small intestine is the duodenum which is connected to the pyloric sphincter of the stomach. This is where chime is combined with bile from the liver and pancreatic juices to complete digestion. The jejunum is the next section and is the primary site of nutrient absorption. The final section is the ileum. This is where nutrients missed in the jejunum are absorbed and then empties to the large intestines via the ileocecal sphincter.

The inner wall of the small intestine is lined with villi, small finger like projections that increase the surface area and absorb nutrients. Segmentation of food also occurs here.

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The oral cavity is made up of the lips, teeth, gums, tongue, tonsils, cheeks and palate.
Its function is to begin the process of digestion, by receiving food, chewing food and controlling the swallowing process.

There are three salivary glands, the parotid, sublingual and submandibular. The function of the salivary glands are to produce saliva to assist the oral cavity in chewing and swallowing food.

The salivary glands produce enzymes, which are excreted into the oral cavity and help break down food. These enzymes break down nutrients and also protect the digestive system from bacteria.

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Small Intestines

1. Part of the intestines where 90% of the absorption and digestion of food occurs. The main function of the small intestine is the digestion and absorption of nutrients and minerals in food

2.

Trypsin - Produced in the pancreas and then is released in the small intestines. Trypsin is used to break down proteins.

Lipase - Produced in the pancreas and then is released in the small intestines. Lipase is used to digest fat.

Pancreatic amylase - Produced in the pancreas and then is released in the small intestines. Pancreatic amylase is used to digest carbohydrates.

Nuclease -  Produced in the pancreas and then is released in the small intestines. Used to digest nucleic acid.

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The primary function of the small intestines is absorption. The small intestines distribute the nutrients through the villi and micro villi.

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Esophagus & Stomach

The Function of the structure:

esophagus: is a hollow tube that is about 25 to 30 cm long and It transports Saliva, liquid, and food from the mouth to the stomach

Stomach: Stomach stores consumed liquids and foods, and it mixes the liquid and food with the digestive juices, and turns it into Chyme, which is a pulpy acidic fluid

Enzyme use:

Stomach: uses gastric acid to break down the food in the stomach, and it is made of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl).

Absorption:

Stomach: just churns up the food ready for the small intestine.

How it contributes to distribution of nutrients: Eseophagus: takes the food from the mouth to the stomach

Stomach: Stores and transfers the nutrients ready for it to be absorbed

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The pancreas is a gland organ located behind the stomach that manufactures enzymes that are pumped into the duodenum. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.

It produces a juice containing several enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in food. The pancreas delivers digestive juice to the small intestine through small tubes called ducts. The main juice is Pancreatic juice and the food particles broken down are starches, fats, and protein.

Not involved in absorption

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1.The function of a gallbladder is store bile, a yellow-brown digestive enzyme produced by the liver.
2.When eating,  the gallbladder squeezes bile through the bile ducts,  which connect the gallbladder and liver to the intestine. The bile then mixes with fat in the food. The acid of the bile dissolves fat into the watery contents of the intestine so that the intestinal and pancreatic enzymes can break down the fat molecules.
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1. The function of  structure

The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. Bile helps to break down fats, preparing them for further digestion and absorption. The liver breaks down, balances, and creates nutrients for the body to use. It also metabolized drugs in the blood into forms that are easier for the body to use.

1. How/if it uses enzymes. If it does, what the main ones are called and their function

Two main enzymes used in the liver to show an injured or inflamed liver, Alanine transaminase (ALT) and  Aspartate transaminase (AST) are the two enzymes that are increased when liver is injured.

1. If it involves absorption

Bile plays in an important role in the absorption of lipids and fats

1. How it contributes to the distribution of nutrients

Once the liver receives the basic raw food nutrients from the intestine, it processes and repackages the food as needed. It then distributes these vital components to the tissues where they are used or else stored for later use. The liver also performs a quality control function. It has a duty to only let good things pass and rejects low quality or harmful substances. If toxins are absorbed with the food the liver neutralizes them if necessary and dumps them back into the intestine. The liver pretty much separates the good from the bad nutrients and distributes to good nutrients to tissues where they're needed.

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1. The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body and performs multiple critical functions to keep the body pure of toxins and harmful substances.
3. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat.

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function- the duodenum is the first and shortest segment of the small intestine. It receives partially digested food (known as chyme) from the stomach and plays a vital role in the chemical digestion of chyme in preparation for absorption in the small intestine. Many chemical secretions from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder mix with the chyme in the duodenum to facilitate chemical digestion.

Most of the nutrients present in food are absorbed by the jejunum before being passed on to the ileum for further absorption.

where the remaining nutrients are absorbed before moving into the large intestine.

Many of the digestive enzymes that act in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas and liver and enter the small intestine via the pancreas duct. Pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder enter the small intestine in response to the hormone cholecystokinin, which is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of nutrients

The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed.
Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum, with the following notable exceptions:

iron is absorbed in the duodenum.

vitamin B12 and bile salts are absorbed in the terminal ileum.

Water and lipids are absorbed by passive diffusion throughout the small intestine.

Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed by active transport and glucose and amino acid co-transport.

Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion.

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1. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped, hollow structure located under the liver and on the right side of the abdomen. Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a yellow-brown digestive enzyme produced by the liver.

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Functions:
- absorption of water and nutrients
- changing non required digested food into feces
- muscle contractions cause the direction of movement the feces goes
- the rectum stores the stool until it is expelled from the body

Absorption:
absorption occurs in the large intestine as the nutrients have been broken down into usable forms. water and nutrients from the food source are absorbed.

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Pancreas:

1.
- The pancreas is located in the upper abdomen behind the stomach.
- Contains glands that produce enzymes to aid digestion
- Produces hormones such as insulin and glucagon (not specific to digestive system)

2.
Enzymes secreted from the pancreas act as catalysts biochemical reactions that break down food molecules into simpler molecules. The enzymes catalyse the reaction for a specific compound:
- trypsin (protein)
- chymotrypsin (protein)
- amylase (carbohydrates)
- lipase (fats)

3.
- not involved in absorption?

4.
- the pancreas breaks down nutrienutreints

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OESOPHAGUS
1.  Structure:
- Long muscular tube (epiglottis at the top guides food in) connects the mouth to the stomach, runs posterior to the trachea
- Continual waves of involuntary contraction push the food into the stomach

2. Enzymes:
- saliva from the mouth ( amylase, lysozyme and lingual lipase)
- mucus for lubrication

3. Absorption:
- nothing is absorbed

4. Distribution of Nutrients:
- food is passed into the stomach

STOMACH

1.  Structure:

- The stomach has strong muscular walls, within which it holds the food
- Stomach lining replaces itself every four days

2. Enzymes:
- mixes food with

3. Absorption:

4. Distribution of Nutrients:

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The liver:
Function:
- Removes toxins from the blood
- Processes mineral rich blood after food is ingested to change it into other forms other parts of the body can utilize
- Bile produced in the liver assists in the absorption of fat
Structure:
Location: upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the right lung