# data[].attributes.body
- People had little understanding of mental disorders or emotional difficulties.

- People where confined or institutionalized.

- People that needed help did not receive it and there were ineffective treatments, mistreatment, and no professional help aided.

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- Sigmund Freud's work led to the development of psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy.

- Viewing the past
experiences of one that is contributing to that person's present emotional difficulties.

- Emphasis on the
unconscious and long-term treatment.

- Provided a solid foundation for the field of psychotherapy.

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- B. F. Skinner's research and practice led to the development of behavioral and cognitive theories and interventions.

- Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, and Donald Meichenbaum contributed to the second force too.

- Cognitive and behavioral treatment approaches emphasize the influence of thoughts and actions on emotions.

- Focus on the present, decrease dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors while replacing them with positive thoughts and actions.

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- Carl Roger's work in the 1960s led to the development of existential-humanistic psychotherapy.

- Fritz Perle, Viktor Frankl, and others contributed to this third force.

- Emphasis on emotions and sensations of people taking control and meaning of their own lives.

- This approach shed light to the importance of the therapeutic alliance.

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- In the beginning of the 21st century, elements of the first, second and third force treatment approaches are combined into a comprehensive effort to understand people as a whole.

- Awareness and understanding of individual identity, development of relationships, culturally competent, different perspectives, and effective treatment plans.

- More networking, collaboration, and use of resources.

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- Since the fourth force, theories of counseling and psychotherapy and their implementations have changed.

- Narrative therapy, dialectics and new therapies including philosophy have helped understand people more fully and empower people to take more action in their own emotions, perceptions, and behaviors.