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10/26 I can prepare for the FRQ and the multiple choice test. 

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10/26 I can prepare for the FRQ and the multiple choice test. 

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What are arguments for and against receiving a cochlear implant?
For
-you could have two worlds
-

Against
-don't want to conform
- too invasive, and sound isn't the same, worried about robots
-community of deaf people is different

After receiving cochlear implants what are some of the benefits and struggles that are experienced?

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Chemical
-olfactotry: 5 million receptors airborne in Nasal Mucosa, not to thalamus, epithilium at the top  of the nasal cavity (sends info to limbic system amygdala and hippocampus so relate to memory)
-gustation: not flavor, sensory interaction of smell + taste+texture (salty, sour, bitter, sweet, umami), taste buds papillae,
-skin senses: cutaneous sensations( pressure, temperature, and pain), brain sensitive to UNexpected, fingers and lips have more nerve endings, sensory cortex part of brain controls, kinesthesis,( position and sense of body parts) vestibular sense (head position and movement semicircular canals) pain varies for everyone (culture, athlete, physiological, cognition affect)
-gate control theory: nerve fibers in spine transmit pain from spine to brain, small open send pain, large open close, endorphin is neurotransmitter that is with pain, morphine relieves.
-phantom limb syndrome: misinterpretation
-cold +warm water= hot, pressure is only thing with identifiable receptor

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pinna- outer ear
ear canal- air and vibrations
ear drum- vibrates, protected by ear wax
Middle ear: smallest bones in entire body, hammer,anvil and stirrup, vibrate against ear drum, osacles stirrup hit oval window and opens
then air to liquid into cochlea, inner ear
- at base of cochlea is basilar membrane at base of membrane which has hair cells, vibrate in liquid form
- cochlea to auditory nerve, temporal lobe, auditory processed
-vestibular sacs help stay balanced
-eustachian tube connect ear to throat, ears pop when air isnt balanced
-organ of corti is all of cochlea and basilar membrane
1.place theory: George von Besky discover, hemholtz suggest (high frequency in basilar membrane), doesn't explain lower tones HIGH
2. Frequency theory vibrations trigger neural impulse at same rate as frequency,  LOW
3. volley principal middle pitch alternate and combine theories

1. Conductive deafness- problem getting sound to cochlea, ear drum puncture & bones don't vibrate, can be fixed with hearing aids or cochlear implant (V DIFF), compressing sounds is better
2.sensorinueral hearing loss: cochlea implant may help may help, loud noises, age, genetics, damage to nerves that send impulses, inner ear
McGurk effect: how visual affects hearing
tritone paradox: have higher and lower frequency but each brain has a preference of what to listen to, affected by geography and language from infancy
shepard tone illusion: seems to continue to get higher even if replayed, one drops but brain doesn't notice

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10/17 I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues. 

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10/17 I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues. 

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gestalt: form or whole
1. figure-ground two faces or vase
2. proximity: group nearby figures together (muller-lyer illusion)
3. similarity: similar figures together
4.continuity: see smooth continuous patterns
5. connectedness: linked we see spots, lines, areas as single unit
6.depth perception: eleanor gibson and richard walk, visual cliff six months would cross to mom because see glass
7. visual constancy: perceive objects as unchanging despite change in retinal images, color, shape, size, location, brightness
8. monocular cue: interposition (one object blocks view of another superposition), relative size (assume two objects are similar size one has closer retinal image), relative clarity aka aerial perspective                (perception that hazy objects are farther away), texture gradient (coarse, distinct texture is closer than finer), relative height (objects higher in field of vision are farther away), motion parallex relative motion ( movement of self causes stable items to appear to move), linear perspective ( parallel lines appear to converge in the distance, ponzo illusion, overestimate train distance), light and shadow, shadowing ( nearby objects reflect more light into eyes, dim objects appear far away)
9. binocular cues: retinal disparity( diff between sight/views of two eyes pen movement), convergence (cue for perceiving depth, eyes converge inwards toward object), stereoscopic vision (combine two retinal images to get 3D perception), assumption (closer object gets larger), stroboscopic mvmt ( motion pictures), phi phenomenon ( flashing lights), autokinetic illusion (perceived motion by single stationary object)
Sound
1. monaural cue: loud sound means closer
2. binaural cues: sterephonic multidirectional audio perspective

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10/14 I can learn color theories and visual cues.

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10/14 I can learn color theories and visual cues.

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-parallel processing:  several aspects of a problem simultaneously (color, form, and motion at the same time)
-Hubel and Weisel, use a cat and eeg
-transduction: signals are formed into neural impulses as light passes through the retina
-electromagnetic spectrum
- wavelength distance of one wave peak to next
high frequency short wavelength bluish colors and high pitched sounds
low frequency- long wavelength reddish colors and low pitched sounds
- amplitude: height of the wave
large amplitude:  tall wavelength bright colors, loud sounds
small amplitude:  dull colors, soft sounds
1.Young- Helmholtz trichromatic theory max sensitive to 1 of 3 colors (red green or blue) combine cones to make other colors, does not explain afterimage or colorblindness bc color pairs not cone
afterimage= saturation of cone when 1 or 2 colors too long, opp color
monochromat- b &w dichromat r/g or y/b
2. opponent- process theory (red and green, blue and yellow, black and white) paired with opposite, one stimulate other inhibit
both are right one uses individual cones other is layers of retina
surrounding context: if an item is viewed with other colors then the color of the object changes

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10/13- I can understand the parts and the path of vision

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10/13- I can understand the parts and the path of vision

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Visual Path
-cornea: transparent protector, where light enter
-pupil: adjustable opening, continues to enter, contract in bright relax dim
-iris: colored part of eye, protection
-lens: transparent part inside pupil, focus light on retina upside down and changes curvature
accommodation: lens shape changes according to distance (round=close, flat=far) rigid have problem with depth perception
-retina: inner lining of back of eyeball contain receptor cells sensi tlight
-blind spot: point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, no receptors
-fovea: line of central focus, only holds cones, cones see color
-optic nerve: carries info to the occipital lobe, but to the thalamus first
optic chiasm is where nerves cross each other
lateral geniculate nucleus area in thalamus interprets images
occipital lobe
Layers of Retina
1. rods(b&w) and cones (color), receptors, 20:1, peripheral=rods
2.bipolar cells neurons that connect rods and cones (1 axon/dendrite)
3. ganglion cells: axons of these cells made of optic nerve and sends info to the thalamus LGN
2 kinds of ganglion cells magnocellur- detect motion
parvocellur- detect color/item
-acuity ability to distinguish fine details, sharpness
height= intensity ,,,, length= hue
transduction: light passing through layers of the retina

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10/12- I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal and difference thresholds.

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10/12- I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal and difference thresholds.

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selective attention and inattional blindness( not hear clock ticking ms. d talk), change blindness(magicians)

thresholds
-absolute: minimum stimulation 50% of the time to detect stimuli
-just noticeable difference or difference threshold: Weber's Law amount of something that must be changed in order to detect it 50% of time
-subliminal:
JND is a constant fraction/proportion of original stimulus
8% light, 2% weight, 0.3% tone
Signal detection theory

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1. Perception comes from top- down ( rain =/ sun, might snow, cold)
2. Sensation comes from bottom-up( takes longer, more accurate
3.

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10/11- I can understand the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes of sensation and perception.

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10/11- I can understand the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes of sensation and perception.

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-perceptual set: psychological factors determine how see environment
context is factor also, culture, emotion, motivation
folk
croak---- framing
soak
group A night race vs group B laundry
-form perception
-figure ground relation- organize visual field (vases or faces)
-bottom- up processing: orange circle + cup = orange juice, use features to form a perception (SENSATION)
top-down processing: (PERCEPTION)
absolute threshold of sensation- 50% of tim, signal detection theory and sensory adaptation