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True name: Isogai Jyurozemon Masahisa, wielding his naginata.

Age: 25
Katana mei: Mitsumori, length 2 shaku 9 sun
Wakizashi mei: Kunimune, length 2 shaku
te yari (or was it naginata?)

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24/11/2016
Kabuki Theatre

There will be 2 scenes in our demonstration

1st scene:

The two samurais will be having a conversation before they go to the Kabuki theater

2nd scene:

The Kabuki dance theater performance

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Documentário em inglês sobre o teatro japonês Kabuki.

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Culture/Tradition : Kabuki - is a classical Japanese dance-drama. Kabuki theater is known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaborate make-up worn by some of its performers

Characters:

Dancer 1 : Lee Ning
Dancer 2 : John
Dancer 3 : Azreen
Dancer 4 : Gillian
Samurai 1 : Aiesya
Samurai 2 : Asyura
Instrument Player 1 : Annie
Instrument Player 2 : Koey
MC 1 : Kean
MC 2 : Elliot

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https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/11TWL2nQWYkJbix8SL92hb74IY4bXDB7GIcrvfJyPViI/edit?usp=sharing

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UNDERSTANDING CHARACTER OF THE PAST (INDIVIDUAL COMPONENT)

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UNDERSTANDING CHARACTER OF THE PAST (INDIVIDUAL COMPONENT)

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Lee Ning - Lord Kira

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Aiesya Azaman -

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Azreen Razali - Lord Asano

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Kuek An-nie - Oishi

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Koey - Asano's daughter

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Asyura Hairuddin - Emperor Higashiyama

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Gillian Phua -

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Christian Elliot -Terasaka Kichimon

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Kean Han -Tokugawa Tsunayoshi

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John Paul - Oishi Chikara

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The leader of the 47 ronin

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Sengakuji (泉岳寺) is a small temple near Shinagawa Station in Tokyo. The temple is famous for its graveyard where the "47 Ronin" (also known as Akoroshi, the "masterless samurai from Ako") are buried.

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Ryakuô nen-chû Yenya Hangwan keshi shi-jû-shichi ki etc. The night attack of the Forty-Seven Rônin,  the fight in Moronao’s garden, crossed by a long wooden gallery

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Ryakuô nen-chû Yenya Hangwan keshi shi-jû-shichi ki etc. The night attack of the Forty-Seven Rônin,  the fight in Moronao’s garden, crossed by a long wooden gallery

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Artist: Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1797 - 1861)
Signature: Ichiyusai Kuniyoshi ga
Publisher: Sanoya Kihei
Date: 1839 - 41 Size: Each sheet approx 38.1cm x 25.4cm Format: 3 Oban tate-e triptych
Reference: B. W. Robinson; Kuniyoshi The warrior prints No T80.
Impression: Fine
Colors: Very good
Condition: Good, Full size, minor marks and flaws, repair in the top right hand corner of middle sheet.

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Chushingura yo - uchi no zu. The interior of Moronao's palace just after the ronin burst in. Their rush is met by a group of Moronao's retainers (left) while Yuranosuke directs operations seated on a military camp-stool with a small drum (right).

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Chushingura yo - uchi no zu. The interior of Moronao's palace just after the ronin burst in. Their rush is met by a group of Moronao's retainers (left) while Yuranosuke directs operations seated on a military camp-stool with a small drum (right).

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Artist: Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1797 - 1861)
Publisher: Sanoya Kihei
Date: Rat 9, October/November 1852
Size: Each sheet approx 38.1cm x 25.4cm
Format: 3 Oban tate-e triptych
Reference: This triptych was unknown to Robinson at the time of writing the warrior prints.
Impression: Fine, superb early first edition printing with strong woodgrain visible in the background.
Colors: Fine
Condition: Full size in superb state. A fine and extremely rare triptych. Note: slightly miss aligned due to camera individual shots.

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Chushingura yo - uchi no zu. The night attack of the 47 Ronin, the fighting in the garden spreads to Monaro's palace where he is being *hidden by his retainers behind a picture. (*sheet missing)

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Chushingura yo - uchi no zu. The night attack of the 47 Ronin, the fighting in the garden spreads to Monaro's palace where he is being *hidden by his retainers behind a picture. (*sheet missing)

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Artist: Kuniyoshi Utagawa (1797 - 1861)
Publisher: Hayashi-ya Shogoro
Date: c 1852
Size: each sheet approx 35,4cm x 23.8cm. Format: 2 prints of a 3 oban triptych
Reference: B.W. Robinson Kuniyoshi the warrior prints No. T285. This can be combined with triptych no T249 to form a 6 sheet composition
Provenance: Ex B.W. Robinson collection
Impression: Fine
Colors: Fine
Condition: Minor marks and flaws. One repair on top of print. Generally very good state.

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Chushingura: yo-uchi no dzu. The 47 Ronin gather for their night attack on Moronao (Kira Kozuke-no-suke). They start to go over the wall using rope ladders on either side of the main gate.

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Chushingura: yo-uchi no dzu. The 47 Ronin gather for their night attack on Moronao (Kira Kozuke-no-suke). They start to go over the wall using rope ladders on either side of the main gate.

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Artist: Kuniyoshi Utagawa 1797-1861
Signature: Ichiyusai Kuniyoshi ga
Publisher: Kaga - ya
Date: c 1827 - 1830
Size: 77,4 x 36 cm  approx
Format: Oban Tate-e triptych
Reference: B.W. Robinson Kuniyoshi the warrior prints No. T 13
Impression: very good
Colors: good
Condition: good slightly trimmed, some wormage, areas of light soiling

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"Gishi shijushichi-nin hommo wo toge....."   The forty-seven Ronin crossing Ryogoku bridge after carrying out their revenge, Yuranosuke is bowing to a mounted official on the near side. 

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"Gishi shijushichi-nin hommo wo toge....."   The forty-seven Ronin crossing Ryogoku bridge after carrying out their revenge, Yuranosuke is bowing to a mounted official on the near side. 

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Artist: Kuniyoshi Utagawa 1797-1861
Signature: Ichiyusai Kuniyoshi ga
Publisher: Yamamoto-ya Heikichi
Seal: Kiri
Date: ca.1847/1850
Size: 77,2 x 37,2 cm
Format: 3 oban triptych
Provenance: Ex B.W.Robinson Collection No. T 209
Impression: fine
Colors: fine
Condition: very good - missing left bottom corner of left sheet

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True name: Horibei Yahyoe  Akizane
Age: 77
Katana mei: mumei, length 3 shaku
Wakizashi: none
Naginata.

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The ronin Mase Magoshiro Masatatsu (abuki name)

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The ronin Mase Magoshiro Masatatsu (abuki name)

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 Yoshida Chuzaemon Kanesuke (Kabuki name)

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 Yoshida Chuzaemon Kanesuke (Kabuki name)

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True name: Oishi Sezaemon Nobukiyo, rushing on towards his next adversary
Age: 29
Katana mei: mumei length 2 shaku 9 sun
Wakizashi mei: mumei length 1 shaku 9 sun
Long Yari

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True name: Oishi Shikara Yoshikane, a rare alternate design of Rikiya standing with his yari and hand on sword.
Age: 16
Katana mei: Tomokuni length 2 shaku 2 sun plus
Wakizashi mei: Hiroshige length 1 shaku 1 sun
Short Yari

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True name: Yoshida Sawauemon Kanesada, fending off arrows in flight.
Age: 29
Katana attribution: Mizuta length 2 shaku 9 sun
Wakizashi attribution: Mizuta length 1 shaku 8 sun

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True name: Fuwa Kazuemon Masatane
Age: 34
Katana mei: Norimitsu
Wakizashi mei: Norimitsu

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True name: unknown, trampling a low writing screen.
Age: unknown
Katana mei: unknown
Wakizashi mei: unknown

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True name: (possibly) Yada Goroemon Suketaka, donning a hat and straw rain mantle to ward off the rain.
Age: 29
Katana mei: Kunisuke, 2 shaku
Wakizashi mei: unknown, 1 shaku 6 sun

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True name: unknown, extinguishing the fire brazier.

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True name: unknown, as a ghost like figure

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Tominomori Suke-emon Masakata (Kabuki name)

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Tominomori Suke-emon Masakata (Kabuki name)

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True name: unknown, sustaining a blow from a charcoal brazier.
Age: ?
Katana mei: -
Wakizashi mei: -

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True name: Kimura Okauemon Sadayuki, poised to strike
Age: 46
Katana mei: Norimitsu, length 2 shaku 4 sun
Wakizashi mei: mumei, length 2 shaku 1 sun

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True name: Onodera Jyunai Hidekazu, on one knee shading his eyes.
Age: 61
Katana mei: Michinaga (1,2) length 2 shaku 9 sun
Wakizashi mei: Kunisuke (2,2) length 1 shaku 9 sun

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rue name: Mase Kyudaiu Masa-aki, aiming with deadly precision
Age: 63
Katana mei: Michitaka, length 2 shaku 1 sun
Wakizashi mei: Yoshitsuna, length 2 shaku
Bow and arrow

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True name: unknown, warding off a lantern with his sword.
Age: unknown
Katana mei: unknown
Wakizashi mei: unknown

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http://www.bushidoboutique.net/prints%2047%20ronin.html

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The Lay Priest Ryuen, Uramatsu Kihei Hidenao (kabuki name)

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The Lay Priest Ryuen, Uramatsu Kihei Hidenao (kabuki name)

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True name: Muramatsu Kihei Hidenao, behind a rack of kimonos
Age: 62
Katana mei: Kuninaga, length 2 shaku 8 sun
Wakizashi mei: Samuhiro, length 2 shaku 4 sun
Long Yari

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True name: unknown, holding a lantern aloft, discovers a dog at his heels.
Age: ?
Katana mei: -
Wakizashi mei: Yari

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Nakamura Kansuke Tadatoki (Kabuki name) 

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Nakamura Kansuke Tadatoki (Kabuki name) 

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True name: Nakamura Kansuke Masatoki, dodging bundles of fire wood.
Age: ?
Katana mei: Nagakuni, length 2 shaku 4 sun
Wakizashi mei: mumei, length unknown
Naga yari (long yari)

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rue name: Okuda Magodaiu Shigemori, beside a tall printed screen.
Age: 57
Katana mei: Kunitaka, length 2 shaku 4 sun
Wakizashi mei: unknown, length 1 shaku 6 sun

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True name: Hazama Shinrokuro Mitsukaze, with flag on his back bearing death name.
Age: 24
Katana mei: Kunisuke, length 2 shaku 2 sun
Wakizashi mei: Kunisuke, length unknown

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Sugenoya Sannojo Masatoshi (Kabuki name)

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Sugenoya Sannojo Masatoshi (Kabuki name)

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True name: Suganoya Hannojyo Masatoshi, entangled in the streamers of a kusudama (scented ball used to de-odorise garments and space).
Age: 44
Katana mei: Michinaga, length 2 shaku 8 sun
Wakizashi mei: mumei, length unknown

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True name: unknown, falling backwards into the snow.
Katana mei: Osafune Sukesada?
Wakizashi mei: unknown

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True name: Shiota Matanojyo Takanori, fastening his wrist strap.
Age: 35
Katana mei: Kunihisa, length, 2 shaku 4 sun
Wakizashi mei: Kunihisa, length, 1 shaku 6 sun.

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Social Strata of Japan during the Edo Period

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4. The Merchants

The bottom rung of feudal Japanese society was occupied by merchants, both traveling traders and shop-keepers.

Merchants were ostracized as "parasites" who profited from the labor of the more productive peasant and artisan classes. Merchants live in a separate section of each city

Higher classes were forbidden to mix with artisans except on business.

Nonetheless, many merchant families were able to amass large fortunes. As their economic power grew, so did their political influence, and the restrictions against them weakened.

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3. The Artisans

Considered less important than the farmers.

Skilled samurai sword makers and boat wrights belonged to this third tier of society in feudal Japan.

The artisan class lived in its own section of the major cities, segregated from the samurai (who usually lived in the daimyos' castles), and from the lower merchant class.

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2. The Farmers / Peasants

Farmers were superior to artisans and merchants because they produced the food that all the other classes depended upon.

However, farmers lived under a crushing tax burden for much of the feudal era.

During the reign of the third Tokugawa shogun, Lemitsu, farmers were not allowed to eat any of the rice they grew. They had to hand it all over to their daimyo and then wait for him to give some back as charity.

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The Four-Tiered Class System of Feudal Japan

1. The Samurai Class

Dominated by Samurai warrior class

When a samurai passed, members of the lower classes were   required to bow and show respect.

If a farmer or artisan refused to bow, the samurai was legally entitled to chop off the recalcitrant person's head.

Samurai answered only to the daimyo (nobles) for whom they worked. The daimyo, in turn, answered only to the shogun.

There were about 260 daimyo by the end of the feudal era. Each daimyo controlled a broad area of land, and had an army of samurai.

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Tokugawa Ieyasu, first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate

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1.http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=iaw
2.http://asianhistory.about.com/od/japan/p/ShogJapanClass.htm

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Tanaka Hisashige, a famous maker of mechanical dolls and founder of what is now the Toshiba group.

- He built a steam locomotive prototype and two steam boat prototypes.

- The boiler he made for his steam boat was vastly improved, using multiple steam pipes to generate more steam.

- With the help of these prototypes, Tanaka eventually succeeded in building a working steamship, the Ryôfu-maru.

- The very first Japanese steamship was the Unkô-maru, built in the Satsuma domain in 1855

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Pumping irrigation water that traveled to some parts of the country.

- "jinensui " is a kind of perpetual motion water pump powered by water.

- Jesuit missionary Ferdinand Verbiest, illustrates and provides calculations for a human-powered water pump.

- The manuscript also includes diagrams and partial calculations for building two of his own perpetual-motion machines combining waterwheels and pumps, including one using an Archimedes screw.

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A clock that designed to measure time according to the traditional Japanese system of unequal hours.

- Christian missionaries were among the first to introduce Japan to Western-styled clocks.

- First mechanical clocks in Japan imported from Europe.

- Mechanical clock had abandoned by the European for one in which an hour was always the same length whether it was day or night.

- Europe trying to make it easier to synchronise the entire society.

- Both the Chinese emperors and the Japanese ruler Ieyasu, the first Tokugawa shôgun, had collections of Western clocks.

- The rulers in both countries treated those clocks as high-priced.

- The easiest way to adapt Western clocks to the system of unequal hours was to substitute different clock faces with varying intervals between the hours as the year progressed.

- Japan became the first and only country in the world to develop and make wide use of mechanical clocks that could tell time according to an unequal-hour system.

-The myraid year clock, has six faces that feature a western clock, a lunar phase indicator, the oriental zodiac, a Japanese temporal clock, the ancient Japanese 24-phase division indicator, and a day of the week indicator

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- Some air rifles was little use in a country at peace.

- In order for the rifle to propel a bullet, it was necessary to compress air into an airbag in the gunstock.

- How the weight of the gun changed depending on how much air was pumped in.

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Grave

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- Magical Lanterns
It became very popular attractions in multiple forms in 18th-century Japan.

The mechanism of a magic lantern is called "shadow picture glasses"
~ Magical lanterns are used because during the early Edo period, Tanabata or also known as "Star Festival" gained widespread popularity among the general public.

-Microscope
Refracting Telescope were widely used by the populace during the Edo Period for both pleasure and for the observation of the stars.

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Paintings
(painting of 47 ronin character) http://www.bushidoboutique.net/prints%2047%20ronin.html

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Statue/ Architecture

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Graves of the Forty-seven Ronin at Sengaku-ji

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The ronin attack the principal gate of Kira's mansion

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Genbun Era (1736-1741)

1745

Yoshimune retired, leaving his public office to his eldest son Tokugawa Ieshige, although he maintained some influence in the affairs of state.

Horeki Era (1751-1764)

1754
The 1754 Horeki River Improvement Incident was an incident in which the Tokugawa Shogunate maliciously ordered the
Satsuma han to carry out difficult river improvement works. This order ultimately resulted in 51 Satsuma samurai committing suicide, 33 persons dying from disease and the responsible karo, Hirata Yukie, committing seppuku. The river improvement project was finally completed in the Meiji era.

1760
Ieshige retired, leaving his office to his eldest son Tokugawa Ieharu.

Meiwa Era (1764-1772)

April 24, 1771
Great Yaeyama Tsunami.

Tenmei Era (1781-1789)

1782
The Great Tenmei famine was a famine which affected Japan during the Edo period.

Kansei Era (1789-1801)

1789
Menashi-Kunashir Rebellion on Hokkaido.

1790
Kansei Reforms, including Kansei Edict, tighten the isolation of Japan.May 21, 1792

Unzen earthquake and tsunami.

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The timeline for this movie was around the 18th century, also called as the Edo period  between 1603 and 1868. 47 Ronin happened during the Genroku Era.

1701

1st June: Asano Naganori of Ako, enraged by continued derogatory comments, attacks and injures Kiro Yoshinaka, the corrupt Kozuke-no-suke of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi's shogunate; since violence of any kind is forbidden within the walls of Edo Castle, Asano is sentenced to commit seppuku that same day. (Edo Castle, Japan)

1702

13th December: In defiance of the Shogunate, 47 loyal Ako vassals led by Oishi, former Asano chamberlain, take revenge on Kiro Yoshinaka by attacking his residence and murdering him; in honorable fashion, they surrender themselves to Lord Hosokawa and await judgement. (Edo, Japan)

1703

3rd February: After 50 days in custody, the 47 Ronin are sentenced to commit seppuku for the murder of Kira Yoshinaka. (Lord Hosakawa's mansion, Japan)

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In the movie "47 Ronin", the main actor, Keanu Reeves plays a half-blood (Half-human, Half-demon) Japanese outsider named Kai enlisted by a band of leaderless samurai to avenge their master's (Lord Asano) death in 47 Ronin. The best part of the movie is how they respected the Japanese culture and undoubtedly the level of accuracy in the design and architecture of ancient Japan. However, the pace of the movie was all over the place and it was almost too tedious to watch. The CGI in this movie is very intriguing and is definitely something to talk about too as the scene which Kai saves a resentful samurai by slaying a blurry CGI creature with 6 eyes and pointy antlers in the beginning could not have looked any more computer generated.

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Genroku Era (1688-1704)
1700
Exchange rate of silver coins established.

1703
Ako domain incident involving the 47 ronin.

1703
Oishi Yoshio commits seppuku.

December 31, 1703
The Great Genroku Earthquke shook Edo
and parts of the shogun's castle collapsed. The following day, a vast fire spread throughout the city. Parts of Honshū's coast were battered by tsunami, and 200,000 people were either killed or injured.

Hōei Era (1704-1711)

October 28, 1707
1707 Hoei Earthquake and tsunami, followed by Hoei eruption of Mount Fuji.

February 19, 1709
Tsunayoshi died. His nephew Tokugawa Lenobu succeeded him as shogun.

Shotoku Era (1711-1716)
1712
Wakan Sansai Zue, the first Japanese encyclopaedia, was published.
November 12, 1712
Ienobu died and was succeeded by his five-year-old son, Tokugawa Ietsugu, under the regency of the shogun's adviser Arai Hakuseki.

April 24, 1714
The currency system and trade rules were reformed.

June 19, 1716
Ietsugu died. Tokugawa Yoshimune, a great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu, became shogun.

Kyoho Era (1716-1736)
1720
The foreign books restrictions are reduced, starting a Rangaku practice.

1730
Kyōhō Reforms aimed for monetization of economy and broader import of European knowledge have started.

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There are three types of religions that shaped the Edo period (1603- 1868). Three of the religions are known as Buddhism, Shintoism and Neo-confucianism. Beginning of Edo period, Buddhism consists to be one of the major beliefs and it brought many drastic changes during the Edo period. During the 18th century, Buddhism was forced upon the people of Edo in the beginning and hence became the main religion. Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Korea in the sixth century as part of a diplomatic mission that included gifts such as an image of Shakyamuni Buddha and several volumes of Buddhist text. It mostly brought new theories on government and advanced new methods for building and casting in bronze which was why considered as drastic change during that period of time. The new introduction of Buddhism helped on the development of the country after Japan being isolated from the outside world too long. Soon after, Neo-Confucianism was introduced during Edo Period. Neo- Confucianism was more of a philosophy that more focused on cosmology, humanistic ethics and political ideals that would stabilize the country with the four major classes system (Scholar-Officials/Samurai, Peasants, Craftsmen, and Merchants). Politics of Japanese were ruled under the teaching of Neo-Confucianism which is the 5 major relationship between man: ruler and subject; parents and children; husband and wife; elder and younger brother; friend and friend.

Gradually, Shintoism start to gain its popularity. Shintoism was the original religions of Japan. It has no founder or like official sacred texts and no formalized system of belief. For example, shinto has been formative in developing uniquely japanese attitudes and sensivities, creating a distinct japanese consciousness. The term Shinto itself means ‘the way of the gods’ and it is based on the worship of nature and the gods. Also, on myths that were passed on verbally. The Shinto religion teaches that ‘Kami’ (guardian gods and spirits) are everywhere and anywhere in mountains, trees and rice fields, in the home, in human beings and that all natural objects should be respected. Followers of Shinto worship kami by living in harmony with their environment. Despite that, they also emphasize on simple rituals which cleanse people and their belongings of any kind of impurities. In this religion, there’s no such thing as ‘Sin’. However, they used the concept of impurities where it comes from things such as mourning or being ill. Most of the rituals that are parts of the religion came about as a way of asking for protection, help or to offer thanks.

However, when Buddhist and Neo-Confucianism were introduced to Japan, these 3 religions combined together forming one religion that everyone follow. The moral of that was mentioned in Shinto was partly based on the teaching of Neo-Confucianism. 17th century onwards, the influence of Buddhism progressively declined and was dominated by the rise of the rival religious and political philosophies of Confucianism and Shinto. Later on in the period, roles for Buddhism, Shintoism and Neo-Confucianism were completely separated. For instance, Buddhism functioned in the sphere of religion, Confucianism in the moral, and Shinto in state politics. The idea of separation of these roles was consciously or unconsciously implanted in the minds of the Japanese and has been continuously held by them up to the present time.

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In the 18th Century

Agriculture Technology
- Large scale water project
To control flood and use rivers for irrigation.
- New inventions of farming tools
-Many guidebooks were published to teach farmers how to produce crops more effectively and efficiently.

Electrical Science
- Invention of Elekiteru which is also known as " Larden Jar"
Static Electricity was produced by the friction of a glass tube with a gold-plated stick, creating electrical effects.

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1800's

FOOD
There were simple ways to cook food in the 1800's such as a wide variety of vegetarian food. There was no meat used as increase in the adaptation of Buddhism culture led to the banning of meat in food. Food was also served in small portions.

There was a cooking system that the Japanese used in this time

- The food was separated into 5 groups of colours which were:
Red
Yellow
White
Green
Blackish purple

Also the food was grouped into 6 different tastes:
Bitter
Sour
Sweet
Hot
Salty
Delicate

In 1868 during the beginning of the Meiji period, beef was reintroduced in the country and used again for consumption.

Tradition

During the Meiji period, there was a tradition where the Japanese women in particular dyed their teeth black. This was known as Ohaguro, where it was implemented among mostly married Japanese women and at times men. They dyed their teeth black to prevent their teeth from decaying and it was seen as a sign of beauty for the people there.

Samurai

One of the main cultures during the Edo Period was the reality and life of a Samurai. During the Edo period the Shogun attempted to unify Japan and towards the end of this peaceful time, the role of the samurai changed from that of warrior to courtier, bureaucrat and administrator. Although they were allowed by the authority to carry their swords, these swords were now more a symbol of power, rather than a means of defence. With this, the samurai gradually lost their military function. The way that samurais made their income traditionally were from landowners. As their income declined, many lower-level samurai were frustrated by their inability to improve their situation. As these samurai became more and more peaceful over time, a growing problem was raised. This problem was that there were a large population of warriors with nothing to do. The official class system sanctioned by the bakufu (a military government owned by the shogun) placed the samurais at the top of the system then followed by artisans and farmers leaving the merchants at the bottom of the system. However, the actual social reality contradicted this said hierarchy. With the ever growing boredom and shrinking stipends, lower-ranking samurai often found themselves borrowing money from wealthy merchants. Although the idea of the great samurai status was still being held, the actual balance of power was beginning to shift.Japan's feudal era eventually came to an end in 1868, and the samurai class was abolished a few years afterwards.

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The Tokugawa shogunate
The shoguns of the 17th century introduce a system of social control which is ruthlessly effective and yet does not depend on terror. It is a form of feudalism, in that the nobles (ordaimyo) hold land as fiefs from the shogun, and parcel it out to their own vassals - with the vassals accepting similar obligations to the daimyo as the daimyoowe to the shogun.

The distinguishing feature of this Japanese feudalism :
- Nobles are required to spend every other year in Edo.
- Nobles can return to their estates in alternate years, their families and heirs     remain in the capital - in effect becoming hostages of the shogun.

The stark reality of the situation is softened by the ceremony and luxury of life in the capital. But the expense of maintaining establishments in the country and in town, and of travelling between them in grand state, means that the daimyo are frequently in debt to merchants and moneylenders - reducing yet further their ability to resist the shogun.

# data[].attributes.body
Koey Lee Wen (0327036)
Lee Ning (0326852)
Nur Aiesya bt. Azaman (0327130)
Azreen bt. Md Razali (0326683)
Hairun Nina Asyura bt. Hairuddin (0323727)
Lee Kean Han (0327147)
Kuek An Nie (0327186)
John Paul  (0326554)
Christian Elliot Joseph (0327093)
Gillian Phua Jing Xian (0326746)