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1 .The Portuguese explorers took numerous expeditions along the western coast of Africa, aimed at spreading Christianity and making Portugal rich with profits from gold, spices and slaves.
The Spanish explorers wanted to spread Catholicism, to increase their amount of wealth by finding gold, and expand their empire. The similarities between them are that they both wanted to spread their religion and to increase their wealth using gold. Their differences are that the Portuguese wanted to use spices and slaves to increase their wealth while the Spanish wanted to expand their empire.

2. Europeans made few inroads into Africa, though, until the 1800s, due to the strong African states they encountered, tropical diseases, and a relative lack of interest. Europeans instead grew rich trading gold, gum, ivory, and enslaved people with coastal merchants.
The prices of Asian goods like spices and fabrics dropped, and more people in Europe could afford to buy them. Not only did Portuguese sailors bring back spices and goods from the Indian Ocean (cinnamon, pepper, porcelain, jewels and silk) but they also brought slavery to their colony of Brazil. European exploration in Africa greatly benefited them, as did their exploration in Asia.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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6. The Ottomans, who were rather tolerant of non-muslims, treated them similarly to muslim subjects. People who were not muslim were, along with muslims, guaranteed protection under the Ottomans. This acceptance of non-muslims showed a beginning of a separation between religion and the state. While the Ottomans were still a muslim empire, its population was given more religious freedom than large empires previously did.
7. Much of the Mughal empire’s expansion during that period was attributable to India’s growing commercial and cultural contact with the outside world. The 16th and 17th centuries brought the establishment and expansion of European and non-European trading organizations in the subcontinent, principally for the procurement of Indian goods in demand abroad. Indian regions drew close to each other by means of an enhanced overland and coastal trading network, significantly augmenting the internal surplus of precious metals. With expanded connections to the wider world came also new ideologies and technologies to challenge and enrich the imperial edifice.
8. Ottoman empire was one of the largest and the longest ruling empire in history. Known for their many contributions to the world of arts and culture. They turned the ancient city of Constantinople (which they renamed to Istanbul after capturing it) into a cultural hub filled with some of the world’s greatest paintings, poetry, textiles, and music. The Ottomans were also noted for their interest in the sciences. Many citizens would go through a rigorous education in astronomy, physics, chemistry, and mathematics. And the Ottoman Empire is responsible for giving the world catheters, scalpels, forceps, and more.

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3. Trade flourished under the Mongols. Genghis Khan offered protection to merchants who began to come from the east and west. He also offered a higher status for merchants than that allowed by the Chinese or Persians who despised trade and traders. During the Mongol Empire, merchants found protection, status, tax exemption, loans, and consistent aid from the Khans.

4. Europe went exploring first because they wanted more wealth and power, and Asia only wanted to expand their territory. This means that Asia would have spent more time preparing to possibly wage war and settle the land that they found or took, while the Europeans were more inclined to take what they wanted from the settlements they came across and left earlier to help fund the rapidly expanding European nation.

5. "Timur’s objective in Anatolia had been not conquest but rather a secure western flank that would enable him to make further conquests in the east. He thus followed his victory by retiring from Anatolia after restoring to power the Turkmen princes who had joined him;". This quote shows that from 1450 to well after 1650 that they stopped conquesting and instead focused on strengthening the economy and power of the hastily conquered territories.

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Discussion: Exploration and Worlds Colliding

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Discussion: Exploration and Worlds Colliding

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1.Compare and contrast the goals and experiences of two of the following: Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and English explorers.

2.Compare/contrast the impacts of European exploration on parts of Africa and Asia.

3.Why was the Mongol Empire and Ottoman Empires important for the development of the Columbian Exchange?

4.Despite having technological advantages, why were Europeans, and not Asians, the ones to embark on ‘world-wide’ voyages of discovery?

5.What caused the Ottoman Empire to increase its power between c. 1250- c. 1650?

6.In ways did the Ottomans treatment of non-Muslims show continuity and change?

7.What caused the Mughal Empire to increase its power between c. 1250- c. 1650?

8.Which Islamic Civilization was the greatest / most successful and why?

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1. Founded by Babur, a Muslim prince from Central Asia. Invaded mnimore and more areas of Northern India until Empire was started.

2. A significant ruler was Akbar, the third ruler of the Maghuls. His strategies in warfare and relations with other countries helped stretch the empire as far west as Afghanistan by his death, while also conquering more of India. Thus, a lot of the Empire's growth came in between the mid 16th century and early 17th century.

3. Spread Islam in South Asia, and Persian culture, language and arts were also spread throughout this region. Since a large population of the Empire remained Hindu, religion was mixed and there was a lot of mixing and cultural amalgamation.
4. The Mughal Empire began to fall when the British came, but they were already weak at that time. This decline in dominance or power was a result of stricter religious policy which made the Hindu policy unhappy, weak rulers who ruled for short periods of time, and the decrease in a working class and consequently, population in military.

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1. During the fifth century, there were many tribal movements in Central Asia. These resulted in Hephthalite Huns creating an extensive empire centered on Afghanistan known as the Sasanian Empire.

2. Under the leadership of Ardashīr (who reigned as “king of kings” 224–241), the Sasanians overthrew the Parthians to create an empire. However, the empire was constantly changing in size as it reacted to Rome and Byzantium to the west and to the Kushans and Hephthalites to the east.

3.  An example of the influence of Zoroastrian eschatological beliefs on Islam (Zoroastrianism is Sassananian, it's all I could find) is the Zoroastrian idea that all human beings, whether righteous or wicked, should cross a bridge entitled chinvat before arriving in paradise or hell.

4. It is now widely believed that the annexation of the Lakhmid kingdom was one of the main factors behind the fall of the Sasanian Empire and the subsequent Islamic conquest of Persia, as the Lakhmids agreed to act as spies for the Muslims after being defeated in the Battle of Hira by Khalid ibn al-Walid.

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1. Umayyad caliphate was the first great Muslim dynasty to rule. After Muhammud died, there was an opening for someone to come to power, so the Umayyad dynasty came to power. It was the second caliphate to rule after he died.
2. Umayyad caliphate's power in the military made expansion possible. It oversaw a rapid expansion of territory, extending as far west as Spain and as far east as India, allowing both Islam and the Arabic language to spread over a vast area.
3. 661, Muawiya establishes the Umayyad dynasty. 712, Military conquests as far as the Beas river in parts of modern-day Pakistan by the Umayyad forces under the control of Muhammud ibn Qasim. 713, Successful annexation of modern-day Transoxiana by Qutayba ibn Muslim. 717, there was an unsuccessful attempt to take over Constantinople.
4. Umayyad caliphate collapsed because it became overextended. By 717, the Umayyads were having trouble defending frontiers and preventing insurrections, and the financial situation of the empire had become untenable, despite attempts by the caliph ʿUmar II to stave off disintegration.

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1. Describe the historical circumstances / context that led to it.
2. Describe its expansion.
3. Describe its impacts on Islam.
4. Explain why it collapsed.