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Graphic design is a type of design, a modernized form of drawing and printing applied graphics (typography) using new industrial technologies (computer graphics, web design), replication and implementation of a design product in the visual communication environment. Modern graphic design is considered a type of communication design.

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Graphic designers create and combine symbols, images, and text to form visual representations of ideas and messages. They use typography, fine art, and computer layout techniques to create visual compositions. The pragmatics of graphic design defines its technical and communication varieties: corporate advertising design (advertising, logos and branding, product packaging, "outdoor advertising"), editorial and publishing design (design of books, magazines, Newspapers, booklets, flyers)

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David Hockney (born 9 July 1937, Bradford) is an English artist, graphic artist and photographer who spent a significant part of his life in the United States.
Hockney is the main character of the art year. California pools, landscapes, portraits, optical experiments-more than 160 works are shown at the Pompidou Center in Paris. Prior to this, an extensive retrospective was prepared by Tate Britain, and RA (the Royal Academy of arts in London) organized an exhibition of his portraits. He is called the most influential British artist (20 thousand tickets for the Hockney exhibition at the Tate were sold out before the opening — a record figure for the gallery).

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In 1963, Hockney moved from the UK to the US, Los Angeles for a more liberal political climate. A notable representative of pop art in the 1960s, he is considered one of the most influential artists of the XX century. One of the 45 Honorees. Since 1968, Hockney began working in a photorealistic style of painting and developed a subtle manner of drawing. But after his passion for stage design, David began working with Polaroids in 1982. In the next 2 years, Hockney created many images, in some cases large — format Polaroid images and photo collages, although this method was created by him a year earlier and named "Joiners".
In April 2008, David Hockney gave the Tate gallery in London his largest painting - "Tall trees near Warter" (the size of the canvas — 4.6 by 12 meters). The painting was first exhibited in 2007 at the Royal Academy of art.
In November 2018, David Hockney became the most expensive artist alive. His painting entitled "Pool with two figures" sold at the auction of post-war and modern art "Christie" in new York for a record amount-90 million 300 thousand dollars.

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Together with physicist Charles M. Falcone, he developed a thesis on the influence of optical devices (camera obscura, camera Lucida, curved mirrors) on the realistic image technique in classical European art. The research was published in 2001 (the book Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters) and sparked a debate in art criticism circles.

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"Boris" Hockney is the son of a Bradford accountant. My father took evening classes at a local art school in his spare time and, as a Communist sympathizer, dressed in the spirit of Cuban leader Fidel Castro. Imitating his father, David bought things in the same second-hand store "under the Russian peasant", for which he received the nickname "Boris". "My father taught me not to pay attention to what the neighbors say." Mother-Laura Hockney - was a vegetarian (rare at the time) and Methodist, raised children in a religious spirit.

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Eight times at the Picasso exhibition in the 80's, David Hockney made photo collages, which he called joiners. «joiners»). The artist cut many Polaroid images of the same object into pieces and recreated the original image in the form of a collage. Sometimes photos could be taken at different times or from different angles, which created a sense of"dynamics of change". Hockney's work, made in the technique of photomontage, is compared to cubism, given the artist's interest in this direction: in 1960, Hockney, according to his own memories, visited the Picasso exhibition at the Tate gallery eight times. In 1985, David Hockney collaborated with Vogue and even made a portrait of Celia Birtwell in the collage technique for the magazine's cover. Hockney argues that cubism never developed properly, since the vast majority perceive it as a style, nothing more.

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Bridget Louise Riley( April 24, 1931, Norwood, London, United Kingdom) is an English artist, one of the most prominent representatives of the op art style.

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Bridget's father was a printer, and she was interested in fine art from childhood. Riley received her professional education at the Royal College of art in London. Even then, she preferred monochrome images. After graduation, Bridget had to devote two years to caring for her father, who was seriously injured in a car accident. After his death, she began working as an Illustrator for an advertising Agency. At the same time, the artist began to paint in a technique similar to the work of pointillists. Around 1960, Riley returned to monochrome paintings, but now they consisted of geometric patterns that created the illusion of movement. For several years, she taught painting and design at various educational institutions in the UK. Bridget Riley became widely known for her black-and-white work, but as early as 1967, she began to explore color effects. The artist's work was influenced by a trip to Africa in the early 80's, after which she came up with her own "Egyptian palette" to convey the spirit of this country in her paintings. Throughout her career, Riley has created several murals for major art institutions, including the Tate gallery and the National gallery in London.

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British artist Bridget Riley broke into the "swinging" 1960s with compositions that made the audience's eyes ripple, dizzy, and even slightly nauseated – like when rolling on the sea. Some claimed that they experienced sensations similar to those experienced during a skydive.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=7&v=NiMpRgDMLRA&feature=emb_logo

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Bridget Riley - Бриджет Райли - Подборка картин под музыку (RUS/ENG)

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Margaret Vivienne Calvert OBE RDI (born 1936) is a British typographer and graphic designer who, with colleague Jock Kinneir, designed many of the road signs used throughout the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies, and British overseas territories, as well as the Transport font used on road signs, the Rail Alphabet font used on the British railway system, and an early version of the signs used in airports. The typeface developed by Kinneir and Calvert was further developed into New Transport and used for the single domain GOV.UK website in the United Kingdom.

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Born in South Africa, Calvert moved to England in 1950, where she studied at St Paul's Girls' School and at the Chelsea College of Art. Kinneir, her tutor there, asked her to help him design the signs for Gatwick Airport. They chose the black on yellow scheme for the signs after researching the most effective combination.

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In 1957, Kinneir was appointed head of signs for Britain's roads. He then hired Calvert to redesign the road sign system and she came up with simple, easy-to-understand pictograms, including the signs for 'men at work' (a man digging), 'farm animals' (based on a cow named Patience that lived on a farm near to where she grew up), and 'schoolchildren nearby' (a girl leading a boy by the hand), using the European protocol of triangular signs for warnings and circles for mandatory restrictions.The Worboys Committee was formed by the British government in July 1963 to review signage on all British roads.
In addition to her road signs, Calvert has designed commercial fonts for Monotype, including the eponymous Calvert font, a slab serif design which she created in 1980 for use on the Tyne and Wear Metro.

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She was awarded an honorary degree by the University of the Arts London.
She appeared on Top Gear on 3 January 2010, talking about the design process of the UK road signs. James May interviewed her in a 2009 Vauxhall Insignia.
She was made a Royal Designer for Industry for Graphic Design in 2011. In 2015, Calvert was presented with the D&AD.
Calvert was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to typography and road safety.
In June 2018 Calvert was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by Arts University Bournemouth alongside dancer Darcey Bussell, costume designer Jenny Beavan OBE and director and screenwriter Edgar Wright.