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How did the production of abolitionist literature work to end slavery?

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In a time period with no digital media, news papers were the predominant source of media consumption. Local news papers were a cardinal aspect of abolitionist literature, as authors could publish an article, and share it with an entire city or town in mere days. There were various popular anti-slavery papers that played a massive role in the growth of the abolitionist demographic, and the expansion of the abolitionist movement. Abolitionist newspapers persuaded their vast audience through the usage of rhetorical appeals and the integration of religion. These newspapers capitalized on making the audience question their moral, and if slavery was truly ethical; converting many pro-slavers into abolitionist and completely altering societal norms. The influence that local newspapers had on the political scene is one of the many factors behind the passing and authorization of anti-slavery laws and governmental documents, and the eventual eradication of slavery.

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Popular Local Abolitionist Newspapers (Subtopic 1)

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Popular Local Abolitionist Newspapers (Subtopic 1)

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Being the prime source of media, abolitionist capitalized off of the publication of anti-slavery news papers. Some of these news papers grew in popularity and spread abolitionist ideals and beliefs through out the entire country

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The Liberator was an abolitionist news paper published weekly in Boston between 1831 and 1865. The newspaper was authored and published by William Llyod Garrison, whom was a white abolitionist who opposed the enslavement and false treatment of black people within the United States. Resolute to his beliefs, Garrison urged his audience to join the cause against slavery. His beliefs were radical at the time, as he prompted that all black citizens should be emancipated and introduced into society as American citizens with equal rights. Garrison felt that if the emancipation of slaves was not achieved soon, then abolitionist should resort to violence. Despite the opposition Garrison faced due to his beliefs, his papers were a success as he amounted a vast following that consisted of freed slaves and abolitionist alike.

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First published in Ohio, 1817, The Philanthropist was a weekly news paper that delineated the malfeasance of slavery. The paper was originated by a Quaker named Charles Osborn, whom utilized religion to reinforce his dissent towards slavery and the enslavement of black people. Osborn was not the only author behind the Philanthropist, as there were several abolitionist whom contributed articles as well. Despite the diversity of authors, the premise of the content remained tied to Osborn's religious ideals. The paper also opposed the American Colonization Society, which was an abolitionist group formed to send emancipated black slaves back to Africa. The authors of the Philanthropist openly detested this plan, as they believed emancipated slaves should be permitted equal rights as American citizens (similar to the Liberator). The Philanthropist flourished in Ohio and Philadelphia.

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One of the most famous pieces of abolitionist literature, the North Star originated as a local newspaper authored by Fredrick Douglass. Published in 1847, New York, the North Star was an abolitionist news paper with new issues published weekly. Douglass urged for the freedom of slaves and the equal rights of black people and women alike. He exposed the hypocrisy of being a Christian and a slave owner, and stressed the importance of education and knowledge. Early in the news papers publication, Douglass faced financial roadblocks. The newspaper was not selling well, so Douglass had to merge with Gerrit Smiths, Liberty Party Paper. This led to an increase in popularity, as more people began to read Douglass's paper and hear his story as a victim of slavery. Even after the paper ceased publication in 1851, the North Star quickly became one of the worlds most memorable pieces of abolitionist literature of all time as it taught the inhumanity and callousness of slavery.

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Abolitionist Newspapers Influence On Societal Norms (Subtopic 2)

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Abolitionist Newspapers Influence On Societal Norms (Subtopic 2)

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Abolitionist newspapers capitalized off of logical appeals and the integration of religion that ultimately swayed the audience into embracing the political ideals and beliefs shared by the author.

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As stated before, religion was utilized as a polemic against pro-slavers and slave owners. During a time period where religion (Christianity) was apart of every day life, abolitionist found it hypocritical to be a Christian slave owner. Quakers were the most boisterous within the abolitionist demographic, shaming those who claimed to be Christian yet still went against Gods will by holding slaves. Quakers resentment to those who went against God is evident in various abolitionist news papers, the most memorable of them all being the Philanthropist. Charles Osborn deemed the forced bondage of another human as 'unholy' and a 'disgrace to God'. Abolitionist papers such as Osborn's pushed an agenda that slowly made it unacceptable to be a religious slave holder, being that it opposed Gods teachings.

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Before the rise of abolitionist literature, the societal norm was that white men were to be the only demographic to receive an education. Local abolitionist newspapers challenged this norm, as abolitionist were often times  advocates for education for all. Frederick Douglass was one of most popular apostles for education, as he believed that education was the true key to freedom for enslaved blacks. In the early stages of his local news paper The North Star, Douglass prompted that 'you are subject to those whom acquire the knowledge that you lack'. Even if you become a free man; without an education you're prone to be manipulated, just as the slave master manipulates his slaves. Douglass and many other abolitionist authors began to highlight how important education was in their papers. So much so, that some slave owners (majority the small minority of Quakers who still owned slaves) began to teach their slaves how to read and write, while freed slaves took it upon themselves to learn as much as possible.

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Abolitionist publishers were often times in support of women's suffrage, as they urged women to educate themselves and fight against the system held in place that prevented them access to certain jobs and opportunities. Garrisons, The Liberator, is well known for his candor and support for women's rights. Garrison believed in a world where all American citizens were equal. Influenced by papers such as Garrisons: alongside slaves, women began to educate themselves, breaking the gender barriers set before them.  Not only did they catalyze the fight for women's rights, but women also began to support the abolitionist movement; writing and authoring books, poems, and even songs that opposed the enslavement of african americans.

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First Amendment: Frederic Douglass (Subtopic 3)

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First Amendment: Frederic Douglass (Subtopic 3)

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Frederick Douglass was an abolitionist of slavery that used newspapers as a way to spread word of issues that he believed, needed to be solved. Douglass believed that literacy was essential to the success of abolitionism and his path to freedom. He thought that the freedom of speech was a natural right and that those who wrote the US Constitution, believed that slavery was to be ended. Frederick Douglass strongly believed in liberty and freedom, but he noted that it all tied back to the first amendment; the freedom of speech. If one had liberty, they also needed to have the right to express anything. Without this, there is no liberty or freedom. One might as well be in a cage.

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The north Star was established in Rochester New York In 1847. Rochester was such an important city at the time because it was known to be opposed to slavery, which made it the perfect city for Douglass to use as the home of his newspaper. The North Star, payed homage to slaves that were trying to escape slavery, using the north star (Polaris) as a guide to safety and freedom. Douglass realized that other abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison, already has newspapers being printed about slavery. Douglass wanted a black author to show justice to slaves that were black. Garrison was a white abolitionist and as a result, Douglass felt that it was only fair that a black abolitionist be the one that addresses the injustice that black slaves are facing.

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“Right is of no sex—Truth is of no color—God is the Father of us all, and we are brethren,” 

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“Right is of no sex—Truth is of no color—God is the Father of us all, and we are brethren,” 

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This the North Star's motto and it refers to Douglass' views on slavery and women's rights. In the North Star, there was often a section devoted to commenting on discrimination, seen in America. One of the most notable examples is the discrimination against women in general. From the very beginning, Douglass devoted his newspaper to many, most of who have been suffering due to injustice. Douglass was a supporter of equal rights to all including women. He also supported education for all because he knew that literacy was the key to ending the tyranny that they were facing.

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- Williams, Yohuru. “Why Frederick Douglass Matters.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 10 Feb. 2018, www.history.com/news/frederick-douglass-bicentennial.

- “The North Star.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/topic/The-North-Star-American-newspaper.

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