# data[].attributes.body
In the landmark 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling itself, the Supreme Court accepted the research of the black sociologist Kenneth Clark that segregation placed the stamp of inferiority on black children. Clark’s study had been commissioned by the American Jewish Committee, and it appeared in the amicus curiae brief the Committee submitted to the court. The Anti-Defamation League and the American Jewish Congress also submitted amicus curiae briefs in behalf of the cause. Once the judgment was issued, these Jewish defense organizations continued to file legal briefs in civil rights cases dealing with housing, employment, education, and public accommodation. Many local and state desegregation regulations actually were drafted in the offices of the Jewish agencies.

# data[].attributes.body
A 1960 Supreme Court decision ruled segregated seating in transportation facilities as unconstitutional. The freedom riders put these decisions to test by riding buses from Washington D.C to the Deep South. The buses were met by angry whites in many cities, and police often would give the mobs 10-15 minutes to beat the activists before putting a stop to the violence. In their fight for freedom, the freedom riders had allies. Their allies were the American Jews; they constituted almost 50% of all freedom riders.

# data[].attributes.headline
Artifact: Freedom Riders arrested in Jackson, Mississippi summer of 1961. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Artifact: Freedom Riders arrested in Jackson, Mississippi summer of 1961. 

# data[].attributes.body
These mugshots of arrested Freedom Riders were taken in the summer of 1961 when they were arrested for protesting and riding in segregated interstate buses to the South. The Freedom Riders,  consisting of both Black and Jewish communities was crucial during the Civil Rights Movement because it was a time of collaboration and union between the oppressed, despite their religious differences. This union in rebellion and protest is represented through this photo because they chose to accept their imprisonment together. Both communities of American Jews and Blacks signified their loyalty to one another and represented their support to each other through these events.
(Adam Jones, Penn Today)
https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/black-jewish-relations-civil-rights-movement

# data[].attributes.headline
Artifact: Left to right: Joseph L. Rauh, vice chairman for Civil Rights-Civil Liberties, ADA; Clarence Mitchell, director, Washington chapter, NAACP; and Roy Wilkins, executive secretary, NAACP, attend the NAACP Legislative Strategy Conference on Civil Rights in Washington, D.C

# data[].attributes.subject
Artifact: Left to right: Joseph L. Rauh, vice chairman for Civil Rights-Civil Liberties, ADA; Clarence Mitchell, director, Washington chapter, NAACP; and Roy Wilkins, executive secretary, NAACP, attend the NAACP Legislative Strategy Conference on Civil Rights in Washington, D.C

# data[].attributes.body
This artifact is a photograph taken of Joseph L. Rauh, vice chairman for Civil Rights-Civil Liberties, ADA; Clarence Mitchell, director, Washington chapter, NAACP; and Roy Wilkins, executive secretary, NAACP, at the NAACP Legislative Strategy Conference on Civil Rights(LCCR) in Washington D.C on August 6th, 1963. At the conference, these three men became central roles in guiding the invigorated conference and deciding that the LCCR will become the organizing hub for lobbying for an even stronger bill. All three of these men were Jewish and represented their community by playing a crucial role in the eventual enactment of the landmark bill, in which would outlaw discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, and later sexual orientation and gender identity. (AP)https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/1964-civil-rights-act

# data[].attributes.headline
Artifact: Members of the American Jewish Congress on the chartered bus on their way to March on Washington in 1963

# data[].attributes.subject
Artifact: Members of the American Jewish Congress on the chartered bus on their way to March on Washington in 1963

# data[].attributes.body
This artifact of a photograph taken of members of the American Jewish Congress Chartered bus, where they are on their way to the March on Washington on August 28th, 1963. The American Jewish Congress played a significant role during the Civil Rights as they served as an ecumenical partner to Martin Luther King in the struggle for civil rights and provide support to other Black leaders. They provided support by attending various movements and involved in hundreds of civil rights and religious freedoms cases before local and federal courts and the United States Supreme Court. Their support at the March played an effective role in soon helping pass the Civil Right Act of 1964.

(American Jewish Historical Society, American Jewish Congress records, undated, 1916-2006, Call #I-77, Box 743, Folder 26) https://blog.cjh.org/index.php/2017/07/26/creating-the-promised-land-american-jewish-voices/

# data[].attributes.headline
Artifact: Central Conference of American Rabbis at the March on Washington, August 28, 1963

# data[].attributes.subject
Artifact: Central Conference of American Rabbis at the March on Washington, August 28, 1963

# data[].attributes.body
This is a photograph of the Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR) participating in the March on Washington, a massive protest march that occurred in August 1963.  The event aimed to draw attention to the continuing social and economic challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans. Having the presence of the CCAR, the protest solidifies the alliance between the two groups and showed the CCAR's support for the movement. There was also heavy media coverage, symbolizing the event and the people present.

(Image features a crowd at the March on Washington. 1963. The American Jewish Archives, https://jwa.org/media/central-conference-of-american-rabbis-at-march-on-washington )

# data[].attributes.body
In the United States, Joachim Prinz dedicated much of his life to the Civil Rights movement. In the sense of his own history under Hitler, he saw the same suffering on African Americans and other minority groups. While serving as President of the American Jewish Congress, he represented the Jewish community as an organizer of the August  28, 1963 March on Washington. Prinz was active in enabling the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which declared, "Hatred and racism are not the most pressing issues. Silence is the most pressing, disgraceful, shameful, and tragic problem." Moments later, Martin Luther King spoke his famous speech "I have a dream".

# data[].attributes.headline
Artifact: Rabbi Dr. Joachim Prinz giving a speech at the March on Washington, August 1963, directly prior to the King's "I Have a Dream" speech

# data[].attributes.subject
Artifact: Rabbi Dr. Joachim Prinz giving a speech at the March on Washington, August 1963, directly prior to the King's "I Have a Dream" speech

# data[].attributes.body
This photograph depicts Rabbi Dr. Joachim Prinz, who speaks to the crowd gathered at the National Mall in Washington D.C. His speech related Jewish suffering to the U.S. civil rights movement. He reminds his listeners that silence is deadly and when injustice is witnessed, people should speak up. Prinz warned America not to let what happened in Nazi Germany happen here. He did not say that his own heritage enabled him to understand the challenge facing black America, but that his own experience had taught him what was necessary to solve the challenge. Nazism succeeded, Prinz believed, because many good Germans kept silent. Racism would succeed in America, Prinz believed, if the many good Americans continued to keep silent.

http://huc.edu/news/2020/01/15/martin-luther-king-jr-day-rabbi-joachim-prinz-and-“-most-tragic-problem-silence”

# data[].attributes.body
The Mississippi Summer Project was a volunteer campaign launched by Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) in June 1964 with the goal of registering as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi. The Commission on Religion and Race (CORR) brought Christian and Jewish clergy and divinity students to Mississippi to support the work of the Summer Project, and Jews made up roughly half of the white northern and western volunteers. However, volunteers were attacked almost as soon as the campaign started. Two Jewish activists, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner, and one black activist, James Chaney, were abducted and murdered while working in the Freedom Summer campaign.

# data[].attributes.headline
1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests in St. Augustine, Florida

# data[].attributes.subject
1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests in St. Augustine, Florida

# data[].attributes.body
The St. Augustine Protest took place on June 17th, 1964. In the Monson Motor Lodge, King and many others attempted to desegregate the lodge. 16 rabbis were arrested, which marks it as largest mass arrest of rabbis in history. Rabbis Eugene Borowitz, Balfour Brickner, Sy Dresner, Daniel Fogel, Jerrold Goldstein, Joel Goor, Joseph Herzog, Norman Hirsch, Leon Jick, Richard Levy, Eugene Lipman, Michael Robinson, B.T. Rubenstein, Murray Saltzman, Allen Secher, and Clyde T. Sills were all arrested while protesting along with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The 16 rabbis were directly invited by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr to take part in the movement and stage a public protest. On June 18th, the rabbis were imprisoned overnight while writing a joint manifesto called Why We Went.

# data[].attributes.headline
Artifact: Demonstrators pray during a Civil Rights Protest

# data[].attributes.subject
Artifact: Demonstrators pray during a Civil Rights Protest

# data[].attributes.body
This photograph is taken at noon of June 18, 1964 by Getty Images of civil rights demonstrators and rabbis, along with civil rights activist Fred Shuttlesworth, praying in the parking lot of  Monson Motor Lodge in St. Augustine, Florida. Shuttlesworth and the rabbis formed a large circle prayer circle out side on Monson's restaurant. James Brock, the motel's manager and a deacon in the local Baptist church, angered by the rabbis’ religious demonstration, shouted for them to leave, and demanded Shuttlesworth’s arrest. When a state trooper shoved Shuttlesworth, Rabbi Robinson stepped forward to block him. “Shall we continue our service?” he posed, inciting Brock to physically assault him and thrust him in the direction of four waiting police cars. As he did so, another rabbi took his place, until each had been detained.

https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/the-st-augustine-17

# data[].attributes.body
The Selma to Montgomery marches, organized by nonviolent activists, were three protest marches held in March of 1965. It went from the 54-mile highway from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery. The historic march raised awareness of the difficulties faced by Black voters, and the need for a national Voting Rights Act. Rabbis Abraham Joshua Heschel, a writer, rabbi, and professor of theology at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York, marched arm-in-arm with Martin Luther King Jr.

# data[].attributes.headline
Artifact: American Jewish Congress members at the March from Selma to Montgomery in Alabama 1965

# data[].attributes.subject
Artifact: American Jewish Congress members at the March from Selma to Montgomery in Alabama 1965

# data[].attributes.body
This is a photograph of American Jewish Congress members holding signs at the March from Selma to Montgomery, taken in Alabama 1965. On February 18, white segregationists attacked a group of peaceful demonstrators and Jimmie Lee Jackson, a young African American demonstrator, was killed. In response to Jackson's death, a massive march was organized. However, the marchers were brutally attacked by Alabama state troopers, angering many Americans and drawing civil rights and religious leaders of all faiths to Selma in protest. This march was credited to the passage of a new voting rights bill, The Voting Rights Act of 1965.

(American Jewish Congress. American Jewish Congress members holding signs at the March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. 1965. American Jewish Historical Society, https://ajhs.org/activism)

# data[].attributes.headline
Artifact: Marchers at the Selma to Montgomery March in Alabama 1965

# data[].attributes.subject
Artifact: Marchers at the Selma to Montgomery March in Alabama 1965

# data[].attributes.body
This photograph originates from the March from Selma to Montgomery in Alabama 1965. In this picture, a black man is holding a poster that writes "We march together Catholic Jews Protestant". This showcases the mutual unification between Catholic and Protestant Christians and Jews. This collaboration of interfaith represents how white American Jews and African American Christians were able to create and mend this allyship while fighting towards justice during the civil rights movement.
https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002707990/

# data[].attributes.body
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was drafted in part in the conference room of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, with the sponsorship of the  Leadership Conference on Civil Rights. This demonstrates the close ties that were present between jewish activism and the Civil Rights movement.

# data[].attributes.body
Between the years of 1966 to 1975, Kivie Kaplan served as the national president of the NAACP, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Before this Kaplan was a vice-chairman of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, which is now the Union for Reform Judaism. Kaplan was the son of Lithuanian Jewish immigrants. His involvement with the NAACP shows how he (and many other Jews) identified with the Civil Rights movement.

# data[].attributes.headline
Artifact: Bishop James Shannon, Rabbi Abraham Heschel, Dr. Martin Luther King and Rabbi Maurice Eisendrath at Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington Cemetery on February 6, 1968

# data[].attributes.subject
Artifact: Bishop James Shannon, Rabbi Abraham Heschel, Dr. Martin Luther King and Rabbi Maurice Eisendrath at Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington Cemetery on February 6, 1968

# data[].attributes.body
This photograph above depicts Dr. King and his Jewish and Christian allies. It reflects the coming together, and over coming their differences which united them in the fight for racial justice. Heschel and King had a close relationship, as they both acknowledged their shared responsibility to help notably with each other's liberation, but also further the fight for justice around the world.
https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/18/opinions/black-celebrities-anti-semitism-anti-racism-katz-lipstadt/index.html

# data[].attributes.headline
Artifact: First Night of Freedom Seder 1969  On the left there is Rev. Channing E. Phillips, the middle is Topper Carew, and pictured on the right is Rabbi Arthur Waskow, in Washington DC

# data[].attributes.subject
Artifact: First Night of Freedom Seder 1969  On the left there is Rev. Channing E. Phillips, the middle is Topper Carew, and pictured on the right is Rabbi Arthur Waskow, in Washington DC

# data[].attributes.body
The image above is from Washington DC in 1969, on the 1 year anniversary of Doctor Martin Luther King's death. On that night 800 people of all different backgrounds came together in the Basement of a black church, Lincon Temple. There using  Waskov's Haggadah, they held the first night of the Freedom Seder. On the night the Jewish, and African American communities came together and experienced their collective power of overcoming.
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/04/04/397323302/in-freedom-seder-jews-and-african-americans-built-a-tradition-together