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Brusk Serhat Solgun, Ekin Öksüz, Melis Sude Bul, Rabia Yalçınkaya, Ozan Kaymak

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https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/first-past-the-post/

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Sevilay Aydoğdu, Mehmet Can Türkeş, Abdullah Zengin, Rana Kayacan

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First Past The Post is a “plurality” voting system: the candidate who wins the most votes in each constituency is elected.
In theory, a candidate could be elected with two votes, if every other candidate only secured a single vote.

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Do voters  asked to choose between candidates or between parties?

Do Voters  select a single candidate, or vote preferentially, ranking the candidates they wish to support in order.

Does  the electorate  grouped into electoral units or constituencies.

(Constituencies may return a single member or a number of members.)

The level of support? ( needed to elect a candidate varies from a plurality to an overall or ‘absolute’ majority, or a quota of some kind)

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USA,Canada,UK,India,Nigeria,Ethiopia
(Over 50 countries,some only use FPTP for a single parliment in a bicameral system)

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This tends to generate two large parties, this has tendency to deliver a significant number of safe seats, the winning candidate needs only to achieve a plurality of votes, voters select a single candidate, the country is divided into single-member constituencies, usually of equal size

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Arguments for SMP:
1- Clarity:
a) Provides voters with strong constituency representation because each voter has a single, easily identifiable, district representative
b) Offers a clear choice of potential parties of government
c) Allows governments to be formed that have a clear mandate from the electorate, often on the basis of plurality support
2- Accountability/Stability:
a) Maximizes accountability because a single representative can be held responsible and can be re-elected or defeated in the next election
b) Makes for strong and efficient government since usually a single party has majority control of the assembly
c) Produces strong government, governments rarely collapse as a resuly of disunity and internal friction

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https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/party-list-pr/

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Edanur Torun, Mehmet Reşat Ufuk, Muhammet Batuhan İlhan, Sera Citciyan, Bahadır Gezer

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Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of voting systems emphasizing  proportional representation in elections in which multiple candidates are elected through allocations to an electoral list. They can also be used as part of mixed additional member systems.

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Over 80 countries such as Israel, and in countries throughout Europe, including Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland, and the European Parliament.

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It's almost like the FPTP system, the difference is that this system is more proportional, thus better at distributing seats.

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partylist.png

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This is the only potentially pure system of proportional representation, and is therefore fair to all parties.

The system promotes unity by encouraging electors to identify with their nation or region, rather than with a constituency.

The system makes it easier for women and minority candidates to be elected, provided, of course, they feature on the party list.

The representation of a large number of small parties ensures that there is an emphasis upon
negotiation, bargaining and consensus.

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The existence of many small parties can lead to weak and unstable government.

The link between representatives and constituencies is entirely broken.

Unpopular candidates who are well-placed on a party list cannot be removed from office.

Parties become heavily centralized, because leaders
draw up party lists, and junior members have an incentive to be loyal in the hope of moving up the
list.

You don't get to choose your own representative.

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https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/additional-member-system/

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Each voter has two votes. One to decide the representative for their single-seat constituency, and one for a political party. Sİmilarly, some of the seats in assembly are reserved to single-member constituencies, and others are reserved for party lists.

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Germany, Italy, New Zealand, the UK, South Korea, Bolivia, Thailand, Ethiopia

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A proportion of seats are filled by the SMP system using single-member constituencies.
The remaining seats are filled using the party-list system.
Electors cast two votes: one for a candidate in the constituency election, and one the other for a party.

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The party-list process ensures that the whole assembly is proportionally representative.
It keeps alive the possibility of single-party government.

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Two classes of representatives are created, each burdened with different tasks. Constituency representatives are responsible for more population compared to SMP system, which decreases representativeness.
It can sometimes give rise to what are called " strategic voting" anomalies. In New Zealand in 1996, in the constituency of Wellington Central, some National Party strategists urged voters not to vote for the National Party candidate, because they had calculated that under MMP his election would not give the National Party another seat in parliament, but simply replace another MP from their party list.

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There are several reasons why people are against FPPS:
Minority Rule - Since FPPS disregards the vote share, the winner of the election genetally does not reflect the choice of the majority.
Two-Party System - Candidates drop out with every election to let their supporters vote for other choices and the system transforms into a two-party system. The voices do not change but first choices do not work in the system.
Gerrymandering - Strategically votes are shared but the democracy does not seem to work since people (have to) vote for their second or other choices.
The Spoiler Effect - Another candidate might drop in again as thinking to get voted more by others' voters as well with the hope of winning. But it does not work either and their least wanted choice might be elected.