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Various enzymes aid in mobilizing starch, hemicelluloses, proteins, and triacylglycerols (oils), wherein most of these are synthesized and transcribed. For example, both starch and proteins are translated to sugars and amino acids (Bewley et al., 2012).

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Mutant type (Taiz et al., 2015).

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In the process of embryogenesis, two-axis are formed, and this is highly important as it serves as a reference & pattern in the post-embryonic development (Moller & Weijers, 2009). These two-axis are:

Apical-basal: upper & lower

Radial: outer & inner

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© Cathlyn Melloan

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Phototropism in plants

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Radial and axial patterning (Gilbert, 2000)

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Seed dormancy (Byjus, 2020).

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© Andrew Minglana

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Given these factors, the concept of tropism provides directional growth responses through asymmetric growth of plant stem and root with regard to different external stimuli, and these directions can be positive or negative tropism. The hormone auxin plays a major role in the lateral distribution and apical growth (Taiz et al., 2015).

Gravitropism: response to gravity (allows the shoot to grow upward for photosynthesis and roots downward for nutrients)

Phototropism: response to sunlight, permitting and optimizing photosynthesis

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© Lorna Maza

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Abiotic factors (e.g., gravity, touch, and light) have a major influence on the initial development of a juvenile plant, and they respond to environmental stimuli by changing its growth patterns (Taiz et al., 2015)

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Germination-initiated interactions (Taiz et al., 2015).

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The phytohormone gibberellin is regarded as important as it secretes hydrolytic enzyme along with α-amylase to the endosperm in order to make the starches available for new cells (Taiz et al., 2015).

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After germination, mobilization of food reserves from the cotyledons and endosperm occurs as this provides necessary energy that enhances the growth of a seedling in order to become photoautrophic (Taiz et al., 2015; Pritchar et al., 2002)

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Total area: 1,917.85 km² (740.49 sq mi)

CALABARZON (Region IVA) Philippines

(Philippine Statistical Authority, 2021)

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Three phases (Taiz et al., 2015; Sen & Puthur, 2020)

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Three phases (Taiz et al., 2015; Sen & Puthur, 2020)

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1. Phase 1: the dry seed takes up water rapidly, as water flows from an area of higher to lower water potential. The water binds to solid surfaces (e.g., microcapillaries of cell walls, protein surface, and other macromolecules), resulting in the matric potential. The activation of respiration, transcription, and translation is due to the rehydration of the cellular macromolecules.

2. Phase 2: In this phase, it is observed to have a flat line, since the uptake slowed down due to water potential becoming less negative. However, the solute potential gradually becomes more negative since the breakdown of stored resources is observed which will increase the volume of seed, resulting to the breaking of the seed coat. This will start the radicle emergence.

3. Phase 3: water uptake rapidly increases, for cell wall relaxation and solute accumulation is observed.

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Three phases of seed imbibition (Taiz et al., 2015)

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(food reserves)

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This process occurs when dry seeds start to hydrate, which will enable the emergence of the embryonic axis, generally the radicle, from its tissues or seed coat (Srivastava, 2002; Taiz et al., 2015).

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(mechanism & pathway)

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Adams, V. M., Marsh, D. M., & Knox, J. S. (2005). Importance of the seed bank for population viability and population monitoring in a threatened wetland herb. Biological Conservation, ₁₂₄(3), 425-436.

Bethany, L. (2017). Seed Banking and its Benefits. Retrieved from https://www.permaculturenews.org/2017/02/28/seed-banking-benefits/
Bewley, J. D., Bradford, K. J., Hilhorst, H. W. M., & Nonogaki, H. (2012). Mobilization of Stored Reserves. Seeds, 183–246. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4693-4_5

Buijs, G. (2020). A Perspective on Secondary Seed Dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants, 9(6), 749.

Castillo, M. L., Castillo, L. A., Canceran, M. S., Gonzalvo, K. J. P., Barua, L. D., Alegre, A. C., ... & Bantayan, N. C. (2018). Distribution, diversity and spatial analysis of tree species in a long-term ecological research plot in Molawin-Dampalit Watershed, Mount Makiling Forest Reserve. Asian Journal of Biodiversity, 9(1).

Chahtane, H., Kim, W., & Lopez-Molina, L. (2016). Primary seed dormancy: a temporally multilayered riddle waiting to be unlocked. Journal of Experimental Botany, erw377. doi:10.1093/jxb/erw377

Chua, P. (2020). Inside Svalbard, the Doomsday Vault That Will Save Humanity From an Apocalypse. Retrieved from https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/lifestyle/svalbard-global-seed-vault-photos-a00297-20200729-lfrm

Cinco, M. (2021). Makiling wildlife takes a breather. Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1387478/makiling-wildlife-takes-a-breather

Dayan, M., Reaviles, R.S., & Bandian, D.B. (2006). Indigenous Forest Tree Species in Laguna Province. Retrieved from http://www.rainforestation.ph/resources/pdf/publications/Dayan_et_al_2006_Indigenous_Forest_Tree_Species_in_Laguna_Province.pdf

Dayan, M., Reaviles, R.S., & Bandian, D.B. (2007). Indigenous Forest Tree Species in Laguna Province. Retrieved from http://www.rainforestation.ph/resources/pdf/publications/Dayan_et_al_2007_Indigenous_Forest_Tree_Species_in_Laguna_Province.pdf

Frier, S. (2012). 32,000-Year-Old Plant Reborn from Ancient Fruit in Siberian Ice. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-02-20/32-000-year-old-plant-reborn-from-ancient-fruit-found-in-siberian-ice

Gilbert, S. F. (2000). An Introduction to Early Developmental Processes. In Developmental Biology. 6th edition. Sinauer Associates.
Gosling R. (2020). What is a seed bank, how does it work and why is it important?. Retrieved from

Grejalde, G.H. (2009). Pinoy honored in global seed vault anniversary celebration. Retrieved from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/content/150667/pinoy-honored-in-global-seed-vault-anniversary-celebration/story/

Harada, J. J., Belmonte, M. F., & Kwong, R. W. (2010). Plant Embryogenesis (Zygotic and Somatic). Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0002042.pub2

Home Guides (2020). Methods do Break Seed Dormancy. Retrieved from https://homeguides.sfgate.com/methods-break-seed-dormancy-73304.html

Hong, T. D., & Ellis, R. H. (1996). A protocol to determine seed storage behaviour (No. 1). Bioversity International.

International Rice Research Institute (2018). International Rice Genebank. Retrieved from https://www.irri.org/international-rice-genebank

Islas-Osuna, M. A., & Tiznado-Hernández, M. E. (2011). Biotechnology and molecular biology of tropical and subtropical fruits. In Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits (pp. 315-380). Woodhead Publishing.

Kew (2021). Millenium Seed Bank. Retrieved from https://www.kew.org/wakehurst/whats-at-wakehurst/millennium-seed-bank

Nadella, D., Gu, X., & Foley, M. E. (2003). SEED DORMANCY | Genetics of Dormancy. Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences, 1323–1333. doi:10.1016/b0-12-227050-9/00062-4

Nakabayashi, K., Graeber, K., & Leubner-Metzger, G. (2017). Genetics of Dormancy. Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences, 504–508. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394807-6.00210-0
Moller, B., & Weijers, D. (2009). Auxin Control of Embryo Patterning. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 1(5), a001545–a001545. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a001545

Papa, R. D. S., & Mamaril Sr, A. C. (2011). History of the biodiversity and limno-ecological studies on Lake Taal with notes on the current state of Philippine limnology. Philippine Science Letters, ₄(1), 1-10.

Rajasekharan, P. E. (2015). Gene banking for ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources. In Plant biology and biotechnology (pp. 445-459). Springer, New Delhi.

Saifi, S. K., Passricha, N., Tuteja, R., Kharb, P., & Tuteja, N. (2020). In planta transformation: A smart way of crop improvement. Advancement in Crop Improvement Techniques, 351–362.

Sen, A., & Puthur, J. T. (2020). Seed priming-induced physiochemical and molecular events in plants coupled to abiotic stress tolerance: An overview. Priming-Mediated Stress and Cross-Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants, 303–316. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817892-8.00018-0

Srivastava, L. M. (2002). Seed Germination, Mobilization of Food Reserves, and Seed Dormancy. Plant Growth and Development, 447–471. doi:10.1016/b978-012660570-9/50161-1

Yildiz, M., Beyaz, R., Gursoy, M., Aycan, M., Koc, Y., & Kayan, M. (2017). Seed Dormancy. Advances in Seed Biology. doi:10.5772/intechopen.70571

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Chemical, hot-water and mechanical scarification are some of the easy ways to break seed dormancy. Methods include rupturing seed coats by treating it with sulfuric acid, submerging it in boiled water, and scratching it through as sandpaper (Taiz et al., 2015; Yildiz et al., 2017; Home Guides, 2020)

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Dormancy in seeds (Nadella et al., 2003).

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To break seed dormancy, a metabolic state change is required in the see to allow the embryo to grow. This is achieved as plant species are capable of sensing favorable environmental conditions. Gibberellin in the ABA: GA ratio is hypothesized to be an environmental cue for the breakage of dormancy. External signals are:

Light: Allows the radicle of the embryo to push through the endosperm

Chilling (stratification): seeds in mounded soil & moistened sands

After-ripening: a period in dry storage at room temperature

Chemical compounds: can down-regulate ABA signaling & up-regulate gibberellin signaling (e.g., sulfhydryl compounds & nitrogenous compounds)

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Arabidopsis thaliana
According to Chahtane et al. (2017), seeds that were harvested immediately after maturation are used for breaking seed dormancy experiment, and the results indicates that dormancy depth of seeds varies as the after-ripening have a longer duration for some.

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Veronica hederofolia
In temperate regions, the summer temperature breaks the seed dormancy of a winter annual (Taiz et al., 2015)

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Stages of Plant Embryonic Development (Thackery, 2018)

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Difference between monocots and dicots (Byjus, 2020).

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According to Taiz et al. (2015), analyzing the mutants aid in determining different signaling processed that are regarded as important for embryo development. Understanding this helps in establishing the fundamental polarity of the embryo. These mutants are:

GURKE (GK) - no cotyledons & shoot apical meristem. Highlights the importance of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, for it is necessary for apical patterning.

FACKEL (FK) - short hypocotyl & root, abnormalities in cotyledons. Highlights the importance of sterol C-14 reductase.

GNOM (NM) - highlights the importance of guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) as it allows directional transport of the hormone auxin.

MONOPTEROS (MP) - highlights the importance of auxin response transcription factor (ARF) for basal elements formation

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Importance of Hormone in Embryo Patterning

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Importance of Hormone in Embryo Patterning

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According to Moller & Weijers (2009), the growth hormone, Auxin, responsible mainly for apical dominance and cell elongation has surprisingly a major role in embryo development as the patterns for its development depended mainly on the biosynthesis, transport, and response of auxin activity.

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According to Taiz et al. (2015), the stages of the embryonic development of a plant are linked to the shape of the embryo. There are five widely recognized stages which are:

1. Zygotic Stage - A single-celled zygote undergoes growth and division to give rise to a small apical and ovoid basal cell

2. Globular Stage - More divisions take place in the apical cell which will eventually form the protoderm (fate: epidermis)

3. Heart Stage - Bilateral symmetry occurs from the formation of the two cotyledons

4. Torpedo Stage - Cell elongation and cellular differentiation takes place

5. Mature Stage - Seed enters dormancy as they become metabolically inactive

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ESTABLISHMENT OF APICAL-BASAL RADIAL AXIS 

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ESTABLISHMENT OF APICAL-BASAL RADIAL AXIS 

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How does a plant embryo develop?

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Monocot vs. Eudicot Embryonic Development

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Monocot vs. Eudicot Embryonic Development

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Obviously, patterns in embryonic development differ among plant classifications such as monocots and eudicots. For example, Arabidopsis (eudicot) and rice (monocots) have detailed differences but also share rudimentary characteristics (Taiz et al., 2015):
Differences:

1. Embryo size

2. Embryo shape

3. Cell number

4. Division patterns

Similarities:

1. Polarity - formation of an apical and basal axis

2. Radial axis - perpendicular to the apical-basal axis

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The ten native plant species in Laguna that need to be contributed in a seed bank were mainly chosen due to their IUCN conservation status. As you can see these plants status' ranged from near threatened vulnerable, endangered, and even to critically endangered species. This has been focused since one of the purposes of seed banks is to impede the decrease or loss of diversity of plants. However, there are still underlying reasons why they were chosen and we will tackle them by category. As you can see in the first row, these species are composed of famous flowering plant species. Firstly the two species of Rafflesia, Rafflessia manillana and Rafflesia magnifica, are both endemic species that can be found in the Laguna, more specifically on the forests of the Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve (Yahya et al., 2010).  Sadly, these plants have been poached due to their demand due to scarcity making them then critically endangered more than ever (Cinco, 2021). Next, we can see two orchid species namely the Phalaenopsis lindenni and Medinilla magnifica. Both of these including the Strongylodon macrobotrys are chosen due to their horticultural value. On the second row are endemic tree species found in the Laguna province. More specifically, Guioa bicolor, Litsea philippinensis, and Petersianthus quadrialatus are indigenous tree species (Dayan, Reaviles, & Bandian, 2007).  The mentioned species are harder to store due to their recalcitrant nature (Islas-Osuna & Tiznado-Hernández, 2011). Nevertheless, new ways have been researched on how to store it since it is still important for them to be in seed banks given their vulnerability (Saifi et al., 2020).

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1. Primary Dormancy -  these are new and mature seeds established and dispersed from a mother plant, which has failed to germinate in regular conditions. It is usually induced by abscisic acid (ABA) while the seed maturation process is occurring (Taiz et al., 2015; Bujis, 2020).

2. Secondary Dormancy - these are induced in seeds that are incompletely or completely after ripened. Continuous and prolonged exposure of a non-dormant seed (e.g., A. thaliana) to unfavorable conditions will inhibit its capability for germination. Its key difference to the primary dormancy is that secondary dormancy is induced in imbibed mature seeds. For example, Phacelia dubia can acquire this when the unfavorable low temperature for germination occurs (Taiz et al., 2015; Bujis, 2020).

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© Maria Dayan

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WHY WERE THEY CHOSEN?

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Dimple Dumaguit

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Kamille Poblete

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Kibatlia gitingensis

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© Arle Valin

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Petersianthus quadrialatus

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©  Maria Dayan

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© Alex Manuel

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Litsea philippinensis

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Guioa bicolor

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Medinilla magnifica

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© Laya Clode

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Common Name: Laneteng-Gubat
IUCN Status: Near Threathened

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Common Name: Toog
IUCN Status: Near Threathened

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Common Name: Bakan
IUCN Status: Near Threatened

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Common Name: Kaningning
IUCN Status: Vulnerable

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Common Name: Almaciga
IUCN Status: Vulnerable

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Agathis philippinensis

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© Piete Pelser

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Common Name: Jade Vine
IUCN Status: Vulnerable

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Common Name: Showy Medinilla
IUCN Status: Vulnerable

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© Eric Hunt

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Strongylodon macrobotrys

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A viable seed may have appropriate environmental requirements to develop, yet it still temporarily inhibits its capability to germinate. Possible reasons for this phenomenon could be seed coat impermeability, underdeveloped embryo, low-temperature requirements, and has significant levels of inhibition (e.g., ABA). Moreover, this phenomenon provides more time for seeds to disperse across longer distances, and it maximizes the seed’s survival until a favorable growth season arrives. It is controlled by both environmental cues and genetic factors (Taiz et al., 2015; Nakabayashi et al., 2017).

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Polarized through apical-basal axis & radial axis (Taiz et al., 2015)

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Common Name: Linden's Phalaenopsis
IUCN Status: Endangered

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© David Clode

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Phalaenopsis lindenni

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Common Name: Corpse Flower
IUCN Status: Critically Endangered

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Common Name: Corpse Flower
IUCN Status: Critically Endangered

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Rafflssia magnifica

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Rafflesia manillana

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© Domingo Madulid

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Showcases flora and fauna biodiversity as it is the home of the Laguna Lake and the Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve (Papa & Mamaril, 2007; Castillo et al., 2018).