# data[].attributes.body
Harada, J.J., Belmonte, M.F. & Kwong, R.W. (2010). Plant Embryogenesis (Zygotic and Somatic). Online Wiley library. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0002042.pub2

Su, Y.H. et al. (2015). Establishment of embryonic shoot-root axis is involved in auxin and cytokinin response during Arabidopsis somatic embryogenesis. Front. Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.201400792

# data[].attributes.body
Balala, C. E. (2020). 'Plant, Plant, Plant' program boosts agri commodities in Bicol. Retrieved from https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1052414

Brion, A. C. (2012). Bicol: A haven for the Queen. Retrieved from https://www.bar.gov.ph/index.php/digest-home/digest-archives/367-2012-3rd-quarter/4416-julsep2012-bicol-queen-pineapple#:~:text=A%20thriving%20variety%20in%20the,is%20commonly%20used%20for%20canning.

Guiriba, Glenton O. (2019). OCUMENTATION OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE ON PRODUCTION AND POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF SWEET POTATO IN THE BICOL REGION, PHILIPPINES. Journal of Asian Rural Studies, 3(1):93. DOI:10.20956/jars.v3i1.1719

Imperial, R. M. (n.d.). PILI (Canarium ovatum Engl.) A Promising Indigenous Crop of the Bicol Region in the Philippines for Food and Nutrition. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/rap/files/meetings/2012/120531_iib3.pdf

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2012). Census of Agriculture and Fisheries 2012, Bicol Region. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/CAF2012Agri_Reg5.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Ali, A.S. & Elozeiri, A.A. (2017). Metabolic Processes During Seed Germination, Advances in Seed Biology, Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez, IntechOpen, doi: 10.5772/intechopen.70653. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-seed-biology/metabolic-processes-during-seed-germination

# data[].attributes.body
"Put your seed in the soil, no matter the dormancy period, with faith, there surely be germination"
- Ernest Agyemang Yeboah

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Seed Bank and its importance to Humanity

# data[].attributes.body
"One of the most memorable voices" during the first global seed vault seminar, representative for Philippines
- Eulogio "Tay Gipo" Sasi Jr.
- requested to join a research institute to learn rice breeding and improved the "Bordagol" rice variety he discovered

# data[].attributes.body
Zygotic embryogenesis

This occurs when a zygotic embryo is formed following double fertilization of the ovule.

This, then, give rise to the plant embryo and the endosperm which together go on to develop in the seed.

Stages of Embryonic Development

A. Eudicot

After fertilization, zygote of a eudicot plant divides to form two cells, the apical cell (upper) and basal cell (lower).

The division of basal cell gives rise to the suspensor while the division of apical cell gives rise to the proembryo.

As the proembryo continues to divide, it forms a spherical and is called the globular stage (considered embryo proper).

This embryo proper, then, gives rise to the cotyledon forming the heart stage.

As the cotyledon continues to elongate, the base of the embryo thickens which results to a torpedo stage (where most of the suspensor deteriorates).

Finally, the final stage of embryogenesis results in the mature embryo wherein it includes a radicle (embryonic root).

Note: After the final stage, embryo becomes dormant and growth resumes when the seed germinates and develops into a seedling.

B. Monocot

Process of embryogenesis is similar with eudicot but differs in a way that there is no heart stage since there is only one cotyledon.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Water Imbibition (1st step of germination)
Definition:

uptake of water by dry seeds leads to swelling and breaking of the seed coat

Mechanism:

accomplished due to the rehydration of structural and storage macromolecules (storage polysaccharides and proteins)

This step stimulates the embryo, with the help of reserve substances, to produce phytohormones such as gibberellic acid (GA)

The GA can diffuse to aleurone  layer and initiate a signaling cascade which then result in the synthesis of α-amylases and other hydrolytic enzymes.

As water is imbibed by seeds, metabolic processes initiate with an increase in respiration rate.

2. Mobilization of food reserve and protein synthesis

Mechanism:

Food reserve (such as starch and proteins) is hydrolyzed when hydrolytic enzymes produced during water imbibition secretes into the endosperm.

Food reserves may be stored in the endosperm (monocotyledon such as cereal grains and castor) or the cotyledon (dicotyledon such as peas and beans), depending on the nature of seed.

3. Formation of Root and Shoot

radicle protrusion

plumule develops into shoot

3. Formation of Seedling

completion of germination

first embryonic leaf or cotyledon appears

# data[].attributes.body
SEED BANK

Charles, D. (2006). SPECIES CONSERVATION: A “Forever” Seed Bank Takes Root in the Arctic. Science, 312(5781), 1730b–1731b. doi:10.1126/science.312.5781.1730b

Kiss, R., Tothmeresz, B. & Torok, P. In: Seed Banks: Types, Roles and Research (2017). Seed Bank Research in Central-European Grasslands- An Overview- Chapter 1. Nova Science Publishers Inc. ISBN: 978-1-53610-388-5

SEED BANK CONTRIBUTION

http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/104729349!.pdf

https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/content/150667/pinoy-honored-in-global-seed-vault-anniversary-celebration/story/

# data[].attributes.body
"An infinity of forest lies dormant within the dreams on one acorn"
- Wayne Dyer

# data[].attributes.body
Bentsink, L., & Koornneef, M. (2008). Seed dormancy and germination. The arabidopsis book, 6, e0119. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0119

Yildiz, M. et al. ( 2017). Seed Dormancy, Advances in Seed Biology, Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez, IntechOpen. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.70571. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-seed-biology/seed-dormancy

# data[].attributes.body
Seeds require darkness to germinate but sometimes it also requires light.

A. Phototropism

directional response that enables plants to bend or grow  towards a light source.

Photoblastic

- seed which respond to light for their germination are named as photoblastic.

3 categories of Photoblastic

1. Positive photoblastic

(lettuce, tobacco, mistletoe, etc.) do not germinate in darkness but require exposure to sunlight (may be for a brief period) for germination.

2. Negative Photoblastic

(onion, lily, Amaranthus, Nigella, etc.) do not germinate if exposed to sunlight.

3. Non-photoblastic

germinate irrespective of the presence (exposure) or absence (non-exposure) of light.

Note: In light sensitive seeds, the most effective visible spectrum for germination is the red region since the far-red region reverses the effect of red light which makes the seed dormant. These sensitivity of the seed is due to the presence of phytochrome, a blue-coloured photoreceptor pigment. It is a phycobiloprotein and is widely distributed in plants.

B. Gravitropism/Geotropism

response to gravity

C. Hydrotropism

response to water

D. Thigmotropism

response to mechanical stimulation

E. Chemotropism

response to a chemical stimulus