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Literature Searches and Project Proposals

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Literature Searches and Project Proposals

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IRIS

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Potato osmosis lab and other data sets for statistical analysis. Requires registration.

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In this activity, we are going to explore osmosis by looking at a dataset produced with a classic classroom experiment. The experiment uses pieces of potato that are placed in six different solutions of water each with a different solute concentration. The solute is sucrose and the concentrations are measured in units of molarity. The solutions range from no solute to a high concentration of solute and are 0.0 (distilled water), 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 molar sucrose.

Pieces of potato are cut to similar sizes, weighed, and then placed in one of the six solutions overnight. The next day, the potato pieces are removed from the solutions, blotted dry, and their final masses are recorded.

Each row in this tidy datasetcontains an observation for a single potato piece. Each column in the dataset is a variable and the cells in that column are the values of that variable. The variables recorded for each potato piece are Lab Group Name, Sucrose Concentration (Molarity), Initial Mass (g), Final Mass (g), and Mass Change (%).

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Molecules are constantly in motion as a result of a cell's stored kinetic energy, which causes them to bump into each other and move in random new directions.

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Classroom Resources | Simulations | AACT

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AACT is a professional community by and for K-12 teachers of chemistry

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Kialo educators

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Kialo Edu is a custom version of Kialo ( kialo.com), the world's largest argument mapping and debate site, specifically designed for classroom use. Its clear, visually compelling format makes it easy to follow the logical structure of a discussion and facilitates thoughtful collaboration. Kialo's mission is to promote well-reasoned discussion online, and to that end, Kialo is free for educators to use.

To put their knowledge into action To sharpen their critical reasoning skills To demonstrate their understanding To engage constructively with each other
Take your classroom discussions online, break down complex subjects for students, and shake it up with new types of assignments.

Try Kialo in Your Classroom

What can you use Kialo for?

Create discussions for your students, where they can put their knowledge into practice, develop their own views on classroom content, and consolidate what they've learned. In a Kialo discussion, every student has a voice - there's no talking over each other, and students have the space to explore arguments at their own pace. Kialo's collaborative platform encourages students to work together to find the best way to express each idea.

Assign students to write a Kialo discussion instead of an essay - or use Kialo discussions to outline larger writing projects. Kialo's argument-tree structure leads students to consider counter-arguments, develop a logical outline of their argument, and visualize how their ideas fit together.

Write a discussion for your students to explore, and set out content in a clear and easy format. Link to additional sources and reading, challenge students to add arguments or question concepts.

How does Kialo work?

With Kialo, discussions and debates are clearly visualized as an interactive tree of pro and con arguments. At the top of every discussion is the thesis, which is supported or challenged by pro and con claims. Each one of these claims can in turn branch into subsequent claims that support or challenge them.

All discussions are private and can only be seen by those you choose to share them with. To start a discussion with your students, simply write a brief description and a thesis (or theses). Share the discussion with your whole class, or divide students into smaller groups.

Each claim has a comment section underneath that allows you to give students feedback, suggest improvements, and ask questions without cluttering the surface of the discussion. Similarly, students can easily collaborate with each other to improve their arguments, examples, and phrasing.

You can set up teams for each of your classes to easily share and organize the content you want your students to see. All content on Kialo-Edu.com is private, accessible only to the people you share it with.

These features are just a small fraction of what you can do with Kialo.
Find the application that works best with your teaching style.

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Kialo Edu - The tool to teach critical thinking and rational debate

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Kialo is a free tool used by educators world-wide to teach critical thinking, facilitate rational classroom debate and explain controversial issues.

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Ecology and environmental projects

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Rare Higgs boson events allow researchers to probe deeper mysteries of physics

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Physics | Academo.org - Free, interactive, education.

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From sub atomic particles to clusters of galaxies-and everything in between-Physics is the study of energy and matter through time and space.

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IRIS

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How does your eye work? You see the world because light gets into your eyes. Your eye uses that light to make an image of the world inside your eye-just as a camera uses light to make a photograph. At the Exploratorium, we dissect cow eyes to show people how an eye functions, and look at the parts that make up an eye.
This video shows and explains a dissection with one of our staff Explainers.

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How does your eye work? You see the world because light gets into your eyes. Your eye uses that light to make an image of the world inside your eye-just as a camera uses light to make a photograph.

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Our objective is to separate and study plant pigments by paper chromatography.

Before going into detail, let's understand the role of pigments in plants.

Photosynthetic plants convert light energy from the sun to chemical food energy. During photosynthesis, molecules referred to as pigments are used to capture light energy. Pigments are chemical compounds which reflect only certain wavelengths of visible light. Plant leaves contain four primary pigments: chlorophyll a (dark green), chlorophyll b (yellowish-green), xanthophylls (yellow) and carotenoids (orange).

To separate and visualize the four primary pigments of green plants, we can use a simple technique called chromatography.

Chromatography is a technique used to separate molecules on the basis of differences in size, shape, mass, charge, solubility and adsorption properties. The term chromatography is derived from Greek words Chroma-colour and Graphe-write. There are many types of chromatography: paper chromatography, column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and partition chromatography. These techniques involve the interaction between three components: the mixture to be separated, a solid phase and a solvent.

In paper chromatography, the mixture is spotted onto the paper, dried and the solvent is allowed to flow along the sheet by capillary attraction. As the solvent slowly moves through the paper, the different compounds of the mixture separate into different coloured spots. The paper is dried and the position of different compounds is visualized. The principle behind the paper chromatography is that the most soluble substances move further on the filter paper than the least soluble substances. Different plant pigments can be separated by using the technique of paper chromatography.

Retention factor or R_f value is applied in chromatography to make the technique more scientific than a mere analysis. The retention factor or Rf is defined as the distance travelled by the compound divided by the distance traveled by the solvent.
R_f=(Distance travelled by the compound)/(Distance travelled by the solvent)

Diagrammatic example that demonstrates Rf value:

Students will understand the principle behind chromatography techniques.

Students will learn about different types of pigments occurring in a plant leaves.

Students will learn how to calculate the Retention factor.

Students will be able to do the experiment more accurately in the real lab once they understand the steps through the animation and simulation.

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Our objective is to separate and study plant pigments by paper chromatography. Before going into detail, let's understand the role of pigments in plants. Photosynthetic plants convert light energy from the sun to chemical food energy. During photosynthesis, molecules referred to as pigments are used to capture light energy.

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HHMI Interactive

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In this activity, students evaluate a science news article to determine whether it is a trustworthy source of information.

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For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. They will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.

Media

If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media.

Text

Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service.

Interactives

Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. You cannot download interactives.

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For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. They will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.

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OpenScience Lab Pesticide analysis with GC-MS

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OpenScience Lab Pesticide analysis with GC-MS

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Pesticide analysis with GC-MS

Finding environmental pesticides by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Background and nature of the task
This investigation considers the presence in water of pesticides. The term 'pesticide' encompasses a wide range of organic compounds used to control weeds (herbicide), fungi and moulds (fungicide), insects (insecticide) and pests (pesticide). Traces of these compounds may enter rivers and surface water as run-off from agricultural land (where they are used to protect crops) or via non-agricultural use (for example, the use of herbicides to control weeds along motorway verges). They may also percolate through soil into ground water.

Pesticides, in addition to their inherent toxicity to many species, also include a class of chemicals known as endocrine disruptors. Endocrine disruptors, or hormone mimics, may play a role in a range of health problems from reproductive abnormalities to defects of the nervous system and cancer.

The EU directive on drinking water has set a standard of 1 μg l −1 for individual pesticides and 5 μg l −1 for the total pesticides present. There are stricter standards for the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane (DDT), which are now banned in many countries. This class of pesticides is very persistent, remaining active in the environment for a long time after initial contamination. Such chemicals may still be observed in samples many years after they have been banned. The use of OCPs has been widespread in the lower- and middle-income countries owing to their high efficiency and low cost. As well as their role in agriculture, a number of pesticides (including DDT) have also been used to control mosquitoes and other parasitic insects prevalent in many of these countries.

In this investigation you will use the technique of gas chromatography together with mass spectrometry (a combination also known as 'GC-MS') to evaluate the environmental contamination of a tidal bay in China by this class of persistent organochlorine pesticide.

You will first develop a hypothesis and sampling plan, choosing which sites to sample in the bay. You will then use GC-MS qualitatively to identify any pesticides present in your samples and quantitatively to determine the concentrations of any pesticides you have found.
Duration and pattern of use

1 hour preparation for experiment; hypothesis, sampling plan

70 mins online experiment

30 mins analysis, interpretation

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The Open Science Laboratory: Pesticide analysis with GC-MS

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Finding environmental pesticides by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Background and nature of the task This investigation considers the presence in water of pesticides. The term 'pesticide' encompasses a wide range of organic compounds used to control weeds (herbicide), fungi and moulds (fungicide), insects (insecticide) and pests (pesticide).

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IRIS guide to wiritng a reserach question.

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Variety of experiments. Needs Flash so will only run on Internet Explorer on my system.

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A collection of virtual labs created by glencoe. Many of these allow students to manipulate variables and conduct tests that might be too dangerous or expensive to perform in class.

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Haber-Bosch Ammonia Plant. Thanks to "citc" @CogSciSci

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Interactive: Control a Haber-Bosch Ammonia Plant - Annenberg Learner

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This introduction to chemistry, from a practical discipline in ancient times to the science it is today, touches on both major advances and discarded theories. The contributions to atomic theory of Dalton, Proust, Lavoisier, as well as those of the Arabic scientist, Jābir ibn Ḥayyān, who died in 803 AD, are discussed.

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TED-Ed lesson

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Not all scientific studies are created equal - David H. Schwartz

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Every day, we are bombarded by attention grabbing headlines that promise miracle cures to all of our ailments -- often backed up by a "scientific study." But what are these studies, and how do we know if they are reliable? David H.

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Answering the big science questions around climate change and the diversity of life requires lots of data, and our researchers can't gather this alone. You can help.

Our citizen science projects invite you to actively contribute to the Museum's science research. By recording observations of wildlife, collecting samples, or transcribing handwritten records, you can unlock the potential of our collections and gather vital data for our scientists, helping them to better understand the natural world.

Anyone can take part - you don't need special skills or training as we tell you everything you need to know to get involved. It's a fun, free way to enjoy nature while doing a little bit of good in the world.

Thousands of people across the country take part in our citizen science research and crowdsourcing projects. Why not join in?

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Citizen science | Natural History Museum

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Answering the big science questions around climate change and the diversity of life requires lots of data, and our researchers can't gather this alone. You can help. Our citizen science projects invite you to actively contribute to the Museum's science research.

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Chemistry Simulations | CK-12 Foundation

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Discover a new way of learning Chemistry using Real World Simulations

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University of Kansas Medical Center

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The Virtual Lab is an online simulation of a chemistry lab. It is designed to help students link chemical computations with authentic laboratory chemistry. The lab allows students to select from hundreds of standard reagents (aqueous) and manipulate them in a manner resembling a real lab. More information and offline downloads. Please scroll below to find our collection of pre-written problems, they have been organized by concept and ranked by difficulty.

Stoichiometry

The Mole, Molarity, and Density

Reaction Stoichiometry and Limiting Reagents

Thermochemistry

Equilibrium

LeChatlier's Principle

Equilibrium Calculations

Acid-Base Chemistry

Strong Acids and Bases

Weak Acids and Bases

Buffer Solutions

Acid/Base Titrations

Solubility

Oxidation/Reduction and Electrochemistry

Standard Reduction Potentials

Analytical Chemistry/Lab Techniques

Acid/Base Titrations

Gravimetric Analysis

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The Virtual Lab is an online simulation of a chemistry lab. It is designed to help students link chemical computations with authentic laboratory chemistry. The lab allows students to select from hundreds of standard reagents (aqueous) and manipulate them in a manner resembling a real lab. More information and offline downloads.

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NASA's citizen science projects are collaborations between scientists and interested members of the public. Through these collaborations, volunteers (known as citizen scientists) have helped make thousands of important scientific discoveries. More than 410 NASA citizen scientists have been named as co-authors on refereed scientific publications. Want to work on some real NASA science?

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So many useful resources here including virtual tours of the synchroton.

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Diamond is the UK's national synchrotron science facility. It's shaped like a huge ring, and is a bit like a giant microscope. Diamond speeds up electrons to near light speeds, producing a light 10 billion times brighter than the sun. These bright beams are then directed off into laboratories known as 'beamlines'; here scientists use the light to study everything from viruses and vaccines to fossils and jet engines.

On this page you can explore how Diamond works, find videos and simulations to explain our science, how you can come and visit us and even links to how you can come and work with our amazing team.

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Public - Education - Diamond Light Source

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Diamond is the UK's national synchrotron science facility. It's shaped like a huge ring, and is a bit like a giant microscope. Diamond speeds up electrons to near light speeds, producing a light 10 billion times brighter than the sun.

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Whenever we measure something, we rarely get it absolutely correct. The more scattered our measurements are, the more uncertain we are about the true value. All we know is that it is contained within a range which is sometimes called the "margin of error". This makes it harder to draw firm conclusions.

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State of the art Bioscience interactives.

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From Imperial, teaching interdiscplinary practical skills using ktichen chemistry.

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Imperial College London aims to offer all its students a world-leading, rigorous, evidence-based, inclusive educational experience embedded in a vibrant rese...

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Rob Dunn Lab

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About Us We are a group of scholars from diverse disciplines who work to make new discoveries about daily life, while engaging as many people as possible in the process of discovery. The Public Science Lab is not so much a single lab as it is a window into

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Fowler's Physics Applets- University of Virginia

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Fowler's Physics Applets- University of Virginia

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Interactive Java Tutorials

This site is designed as a convenient location for visitors to view the various Java tutorials that have been constructed to aid in the understanding of concepts in light and color.

Electron Excitation and Emission - Electrons can absorb energy from external sources, such as lasers, arc-discharge lamps, and tungsten-halogen bulbs, and be promoted to higher energy levels. This tutorial explores how photon energy is absorbed by an electron to elevate it into a higher energy level and how the energy can subsequently be released, in the form of a lower energy photon, when the electron falls back to the original ground state.

Jablonski Diagram - Fluorescence activity can be schematically illustrated with the classical Jablonski diagram, first proposed by Professor Alexander Jablonski in 1935 to describe absorption and emission of light. This tutorial explores how electrons in fluorophores are excited from the ground state into higher electronic energy states and the events that occur as these excited molecules emit photons and fall back into lower energy states.

Color Temperature - Investigate the apparent "color" of a virtual radiator (in this case, a black metal pot) as it is slowly heated through a wide temperature range by external energy. The concept of color temperature is based on the relationship between the temperature and radiation emitted by a theoretical standardized material, termed a black body radiator, cooled down to a state in which all molecular motion has ceased. Hypothetically, at cessation of all molecular motion, the temperature is described as being at absolute zero or 0 Kelvin, which is equal to -273 degrees Celsius.

Lasers - This tutorial simulates the discharge of a ruby laser with a xenon flash tube. Chromium atoms in the laser crystal are excited by a flash tube and emit photons that are reflected back and forth between two mirrors at the ends of the laser crystal. As the photons traverse the crystal, they stimulate the emission of additional photons until enough energy is available for a pulse of photons to break through the thinly mirrored end on the right of the laser crystal.

Reflection of Light - Reflection of light (and other forms of electromagnetic radiation) occurs when the waves encounter a surface or other boundary that does not absorb the energy of the radiation and bounces the waves away from the surface. This tutorial explores the incident and reflected angles of a single light wave impacting on a smooth surface.

Specular and Diffuse Reflection - The amount of light reflected by an object, and how it is reflected, is highly dependent upon the smoothness or texture of the surface. When surface imperfections are smaller than the wavelength of the incident light (as in the case of a mirror), virtually all of the light is reflected equally. However, in the real world most objects have convoluted surfaces that exhibit a diffuse reflection, with the incident light being reflected in all directions. This interactive tutorial explores how light waves are reflected by smooth and rough surfaces.

Concave Mirrors - Real Images - The concave mirror tutorial demonstrates reflection patterns generated by mirrors with concave surfaces. The size of the real image produced by the mirror alters with changes in the distance between the object and the mirror.

Concave Mirrors - Virtual Images - This concave mirror tutorial demonstrates virtual images generated by mirrors with concave surfaces. Changes in the distance between the object and the mirror results in an alteration of the size of the virtual image that is generated.

Convex Mirrors - The convex mirror applet demonstrates reflection patterns generated by this type of mirror. The visitor can adjust the position of the object with respect to the mirror to see how it affects the resulting image.

Magnification with a Bi-Convex Lens - Single lenses capable of forming images (like the bi-convex lens) are useful in tools designed for simple magnification applications, such as magnifying glasses, eyeglasses, single-lens cameras, loupes, viewfinders, and contact lenses. This interactive tutorial explores how a simple bi-convex lens can be used to magnify an image.

Prism Refraction - This tutorial explores the effect of prism-induced refraction on visible light according to Snell's law. Both incident angle and beam thickness can be adjusted to observe their effect on the resultant refracted light.

Diffraction of Light - Several of the classical and most fundamental experiments that help explain diffraction of light were first conducted between the late seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries by Italian scientist Francesco Grimaldi, French scientist Augustin Fresnel, English physicist Thomas Young, and several other investigators. These experiments involve propagation of light waves though a very small slit (aperture), and demonstrate that when light passes through the slit, the physical size of the slit determines how the slit interacts with the light. This interactive tutorial explores the diffraction of a monochromatic light beam through a slit of variable aperture.

Polarization of Light - When light travels through a linear polarizing material, a selected vibration plane is passed by the polarizer, while electric field vectors vibrating in all other orientations are blocked. Linearly polarized light transmitted through a polarizer can be either passed or absorbed by a second polarizer, depending upon the electric vector transmission azimuth orientation of the second polarizing material. This tutorial explores the effect of rotating two polarizers on an incident beam of white light.

Wave Interactions in Optical Interference - The classical method of describing interference includes presentations that depict the graphical recombination of two or more sinusoidal light waves in a plot of amplitude, wavelength, and relative phase displacement. In effect, when two waves are added together, the resulting wave has an amplitude value that is either increased through constructive interference, or diminished through destructive interference. This interactive tutorial illustrates the effect by considering a pair of light waves from the same source that are traveling together in parallel, but can be adjusted with respect to coherency (phase relationship), amplitude, and wavelength.

Thomas Young's Double Slit Experiment - In 1801, an English physicist named Thomas Young performed an experiment that strongly inferred the wave-like nature of light. Because he believed that light was composed of waves, Young reasoned that some type of interaction would occur when two light waves met. This interactive tutorial explores how coherent light waves interact when passed through two closely spaced slits.

Birefringent Crystals in Polarized Light - In order to examine how birefringent anisotropic crystals interact with polarized light in an optical microscope, the properties of an individual, isolated crystal can be considered. The specimen material in this tutorial is a hypothetical tetragonal birefringent crystal having an optical axis oriented in a direction that is parallel to the long axis of the crystal. Light entering the crystal from the polarizer will be traveling perpendicular to the optical axis of the crystal, regardless of the crystal orientation with respect to the polarizer and analyzer transmission axes. The virtual microscope viewport presents the crystal as it would appear in the eyepieces of a microscope under crossed-polarized illumination as it is rotated around the microscope optical axis.

Color Filters - Examine how color filters operate to alter the apparent color of objects visualized under white light and monochromatic illumination. The tutorial enables visitors to drag and drop red, green, and blue virtual color filters over objects illuminated with either white light or light that has been previously filtered with one of the primary additive colors.

Color Separation - Pigments and dyes are responsible for most of the color that humans see in the real world. Books, magazines, signs, and billboards are printed with colored inks that create colors through the process of color subtraction. This interactive tutorial explores how individual subtractive primary colors can be separated from a full-color photograph, and then how they can be reassembled to create the original scene.

Absorption Filters - Absorption filters, commonly manufactured from dyed glass or pigmented gelatin resins, are one of the most widely used types of filter for brightfield and fluorescence microscopy. These filters operate by attenuation of light through absorption of specific wavelengths, so that spectral performance is a function of the physical thickness of the filter and the amount of dye present in the glass or gelatin matrix. This interactive tutorial explores how absorption filters pass certain wavelengths of light while blocking others.

Human Vision - The human vision interactive Java tutorial explores what happens in the human eye when an image is focused on the retina. The tutorial allows visitors to adjust the distance of an object from the eye to vary the size of the image.

Lens Shape - This tutorial explores the effect of lens shape on the interaction of a lens with light. The lens may be adjusted to produce a concave or convex surface, and the concepts of refraction, convergence, and divergence of light are considered.
Contributing Authors
Mortimer Abramowitz - Olympus America, Inc., Two Corporate Center Drive., Melville, New York, 11747.

Shannon H. Neaves, Brian O. Flynn, Kirill I. Tchourioukanov, and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.

BACK TO LIGHT AND COLOR
Questions or comments? Send us an email.

© 1998-2019 byMichael W. Davidson and The Florida State University.All Rights Reserved. No images, graphics, scripts, or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders. Use of this website means you agree to all of the Legal Terms and Conditions set forth by the owners.

Last modification: Friday, Nov 13, 2015 at 02:18 PM

Access Count Since March 10, 2003: 218209

Visit the websites of our partners in education:

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Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics, and You: Light and Color - Interactive Java Tutorials

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Interactive Java Tutorials This site is designed as a convenient location for visitors to view the various Java tutorials that have been constructed to aid in the understanding of concepts in light and color. Electron Excitation and Emission - Electrons can absorb energy from external sources, such as lasers, arc-discharge lamps, and tungsten-halogen bulbs, and be promoted to higher energy levels.

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Exemplar

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Let’s Dissect - University of Bristol

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We are currently in the process of updating our online educational resources to use HTML5 in place of Flash Player. We apologise for any inconvenience this may cause and aim to have them back online as soon as possible.

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We are currently in the process of updating our online educational resources to use HTML5 in place of Flash Player. We apologise for any inconvenience this may cause and aim to have them back online as soon as possible.

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Drawing software- biology version in beta mode also available

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Chemix is a free online editor for drawing lab diagrams. Simple and intuitive, it is designed for students and pupils to help them draw diagrams of common laboratory equipment and lab setup of science experiments.

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Open Your Camera and Start Seeking!

Found a mushroom, flower, or bug, and not sure what it is? Open up the Seek camera to see if it knows!

Drawing from millions of wildlife observations on iNaturalist, Seek shows you lists of commonly recorded insects, birds, plants, amphibians, and more in your area. Scan the environment with the Seek Camera to identify organisms using the tree of life. Add different species to your observations and learn all about them in the process! The more observations you make, the more badges you'll earn!

Kid-Safe and Fun for Families

No registration is involved, and no user data is collected.

Seek will ask permission to turn on location services, but your location is obscured to respect your privacy while still allowing species suggestions from your general area. Your precise location is never stored in the app or sent to iNaturalist.

Our image recognition technology is based on observations submitted to iNaturalist.org and partner sites, and identified by the iNaturalist community.

This is a great app for families who want to spend more time exploring nature together.

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Found a mushroom, flower, or bug, and not sure what it is? Open up the Seek camera to see if it knows! Drawing from millions of wildlife observations on iNaturalist, Seek shows you lists of commonly recorded insects, birds, plants, amphibians, and more in your area.

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Astronomy

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Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Electron Microscopy Interactive Tutorials - Virtual Scanning Electron Microscopy

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This interactive tutorial explores imaging of a variety of specimens in a Scanning Electron Microscope.

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Chemistry Simulations | CK-12 Foundation

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Discover a new way of learning Chemistry using Real World Simulations

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Plethora of citizen science experiments to carry out.

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The Zooniverse is the world's largest and most popular platform for people-powered research.

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Light & Optics -Florida State University 

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Light & Optics -Florida State University 

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Interactive Java Tutorials

This site is designed as a convenient location for visitors to view the various Java tutorials that have been constructed to aid in the understanding of concepts in light and color.

Electron Excitation and Emission - Electrons can absorb energy from external sources, such as lasers, arc-discharge lamps, and tungsten-halogen bulbs, and be promoted to higher energy levels. This tutorial explores how photon energy is absorbed by an electron to elevate it into a higher energy level and how the energy can subsequently be released, in the form of a lower energy photon, when the electron falls back to the original ground state.

Jablonski Diagram - Fluorescence activity can be schematically illustrated with the classical Jablonski diagram, first proposed by Professor Alexander Jablonski in 1935 to describe absorption and emission of light. This tutorial explores how electrons in fluorophores are excited from the ground state into higher electronic energy states and the events that occur as these excited molecules emit photons and fall back into lower energy states.

Color Temperature - Investigate the apparent "color" of a virtual radiator (in this case, a black metal pot) as it is slowly heated through a wide temperature range by external energy. The concept of color temperature is based on the relationship between the temperature and radiation emitted by a theoretical standardized material, termed a black body radiator, cooled down to a state in which all molecular motion has ceased. Hypothetically, at cessation of all molecular motion, the temperature is described as being at absolute zero or 0 Kelvin, which is equal to -273 degrees Celsius.

Lasers - This tutorial simulates the discharge of a ruby laser with a xenon flash tube. Chromium atoms in the laser crystal are excited by a flash tube and emit photons that are reflected back and forth between two mirrors at the ends of the laser crystal. As the photons traverse the crystal, they stimulate the emission of additional photons until enough energy is available for a pulse of photons to break through the thinly mirrored end on the right of the laser crystal.

Reflection of Light - Reflection of light (and other forms of electromagnetic radiation) occurs when the waves encounter a surface or other boundary that does not absorb the energy of the radiation and bounces the waves away from the surface. This tutorial explores the incident and reflected angles of a single light wave impacting on a smooth surface.

Specular and Diffuse Reflection - The amount of light reflected by an object, and how it is reflected, is highly dependent upon the smoothness or texture of the surface. When surface imperfections are smaller than the wavelength of the incident light (as in the case of a mirror), virtually all of the light is reflected equally. However, in the real world most objects have convoluted surfaces that exhibit a diffuse reflection, with the incident light being reflected in all directions. This interactive tutorial explores how light waves are reflected by smooth and rough surfaces.

Concave Mirrors - Real Images - The concave mirror tutorial demonstrates reflection patterns generated by mirrors with concave surfaces. The size of the real image produced by the mirror alters with changes in the distance between the object and the mirror.

Concave Mirrors - Virtual Images - This concave mirror tutorial demonstrates virtual images generated by mirrors with concave surfaces. Changes in the distance between the object and the mirror results in an alteration of the size of the virtual image that is generated.

Convex Mirrors - The convex mirror applet demonstrates reflection patterns generated by this type of mirror. The visitor can adjust the position of the object with respect to the mirror to see how it affects the resulting image.

Magnification with a Bi-Convex Lens - Single lenses capable of forming images (like the bi-convex lens) are useful in tools designed for simple magnification applications, such as magnifying glasses, eyeglasses, single-lens cameras, loupes, viewfinders, and contact lenses. This interactive tutorial explores how a simple bi-convex lens can be used to magnify an image.

Prism Refraction - This tutorial explores the effect of prism-induced refraction on visible light according to Snell's law. Both incident angle and beam thickness can be adjusted to observe their effect on the resultant refracted light.

Diffraction of Light - Several of the classical and most fundamental experiments that help explain diffraction of light were first conducted between the late seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries by Italian scientist Francesco Grimaldi, French scientist Augustin Fresnel, English physicist Thomas Young, and several other investigators. These experiments involve propagation of light waves though a very small slit (aperture), and demonstrate that when light passes through the slit, the physical size of the slit determines how the slit interacts with the light. This interactive tutorial explores the diffraction of a monochromatic light beam through a slit of variable aperture.

Polarization of Light - When light travels through a linear polarizing material, a selected vibration plane is passed by the polarizer, while electric field vectors vibrating in all other orientations are blocked. Linearly polarized light transmitted through a polarizer can be either passed or absorbed by a second polarizer, depending upon the electric vector transmission azimuth orientation of the second polarizing material. This tutorial explores the effect of rotating two polarizers on an incident beam of white light.

Wave Interactions in Optical Interference - The classical method of describing interference includes presentations that depict the graphical recombination of two or more sinusoidal light waves in a plot of amplitude, wavelength, and relative phase displacement. In effect, when two waves are added together, the resulting wave has an amplitude value that is either increased through constructive interference, or diminished through destructive interference. This interactive tutorial illustrates the effect by considering a pair of light waves from the same source that are traveling together in parallel, but can be adjusted with respect to coherency (phase relationship), amplitude, and wavelength.

Thomas Young's Double Slit Experiment - In 1801, an English physicist named Thomas Young performed an experiment that strongly inferred the wave-like nature of light. Because he believed that light was composed of waves, Young reasoned that some type of interaction would occur when two light waves met. This interactive tutorial explores how coherent light waves interact when passed through two closely spaced slits.

Birefringent Crystals in Polarized Light - In order to examine how birefringent anisotropic crystals interact with polarized light in an optical microscope, the properties of an individual, isolated crystal can be considered. The specimen material in this tutorial is a hypothetical tetragonal birefringent crystal having an optical axis oriented in a direction that is parallel to the long axis of the crystal. Light entering the crystal from the polarizer will be traveling perpendicular to the optical axis of the crystal, regardless of the crystal orientation with respect to the polarizer and analyzer transmission axes. The virtual microscope viewport presents the crystal as it would appear in the eyepieces of a microscope under crossed-polarized illumination as it is rotated around the microscope optical axis.

Color Filters - Examine how color filters operate to alter the apparent color of objects visualized under white light and monochromatic illumination. The tutorial enables visitors to drag and drop red, green, and blue virtual color filters over objects illuminated with either white light or light that has been previously filtered with one of the primary additive colors.

Color Separation - Pigments and dyes are responsible for most of the color that humans see in the real world. Books, magazines, signs, and billboards are printed with colored inks that create colors through the process of color subtraction. This interactive tutorial explores how individual subtractive primary colors can be separated from a full-color photograph, and then how they can be reassembled to create the original scene.

Absorption Filters - Absorption filters, commonly manufactured from dyed glass or pigmented gelatin resins, are one of the most widely used types of filter for brightfield and fluorescence microscopy. These filters operate by attenuation of light through absorption of specific wavelengths, so that spectral performance is a function of the physical thickness of the filter and the amount of dye present in the glass or gelatin matrix. This interactive tutorial explores how absorption filters pass certain wavelengths of light while blocking others.

Human Vision - The human vision interactive Java tutorial explores what happens in the human eye when an image is focused on the retina. The tutorial allows visitors to adjust the distance of an object from the eye to vary the size of the image.

Lens Shape - This tutorial explores the effect of lens shape on the interaction of a lens with light. The lens may be adjusted to produce a concave or convex surface, and the concepts of refraction, convergence, and divergence of light are considered.
Contributing Authors
Mortimer Abramowitz - Olympus America, Inc., Two Corporate Center Drive., Melville, New York, 11747.

Shannon H. Neaves, Brian O. Flynn, Kirill I. Tchourioukanov, and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.

BACK TO LIGHT AND COLOR
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Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics, and You: Light and Color - Interactive Java Tutorials

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Interactive Java Tutorials This site is designed as a convenient location for visitors to view the various Java tutorials that have been constructed to aid in the understanding of concepts in light and color. Electron Excitation and Emission - Electrons can absorb energy from external sources, such as lasers, arc-discharge lamps, and tungsten-halogen bulbs, and be promoted to higher energy levels.

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MyScope Explore virtual electron microscope simulator 

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MyScope Explore virtual electron microscope simulator 

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australian microscopy & microanalysis research facility

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scanning electron microscope practical uses

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MyScope Explore is a free, online tool designed to make microscopy education and outreach accessible to a global user community, regardless of age, educational background, or socio-economic history. It specifically targets school-age (K-12) children and their associated science education programs.

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Well known source with a large choice of experiments to run.

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By converting our sims to HTML5, we make them seamlessly available across platforms and devices. Whether you have laptops, iPads, chromebooks, or BYOD, your favorite PhET sims are always right at your fingertips.Become part of our mission today, and transform the learning experiences of students everywhere!

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OpenScience Lab -O.U & the Wolfson Foundation

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OpenScience Lab -O.U & the Wolfson Foundation

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This online laboratory brings interactive practical science to students anywhere and anytime the internet is available. The laboratory features investigations based on on-screen instruments, remote access experiments and virtual scenarios using real data. Several activities are available to all, while others are available only to registered users.

Come in and look around.

If you close this box, you can still see it at any time by clicking About from the main header above.

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This online laboratory brings interactive practical science to students anywhere and anytime the internet is available. The laboratory features investigations based on on-screen instruments, remote access experiments and virtual scenarios using real data. Several activities are available to all, while others are available only to registered users. Come in and look around.

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Looking for Prentice Hall and PHSchool.com?

Prentice Hall is part of Savvas Learning Company - a leading provider of K-12 education curriculum and digital learning solutions for students and educators.

Due to Adobe's decision to stop supporting and updating Flash® in 2020, this site has been retired.

We invite you to explore our featured secondary programs.

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The Savvas experts will guide you through our blended solutions, digital textbooks and printed materials. We'll also assist you throughout the entirety of the process.

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Prentice Hall, PHSchool, PHSchool.com was retired due to Adobe's decision to stop supporting Flash in 2020. Please contact Savvas for product support.

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Add a Material to MERLOT Create Materials with Content Builder Create a Course ePortfolio

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University of Manchester EPQ resources: choosing a topic, smart reading, plagiarism, report writing and effective presentation

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Experienced researchers at Manchester have designed a series of bespoke workshops specifically to support students studying for the Extended Project Qualification (EPQ), or undertaking an Extended Project as part of a diploma. These sessions can be used by teachers delivering the taught element of the EPQ to provide students with an excellent grounding in the academic and intellectual skills required. Our EPQ support and resources are also of relevance to students undertaking other research projects or qualifications, such as: HPQs; Welsh Baccalaureates; international EPQs; and extended A-level essays.

Powerpoint presentations for the seven workshops are available to download below, along with accompanying teaching notes, activities and worksheets. They are accessible, adaptable and designed to encourage students to develop as reflective learners, preparing them for the evaluative element of the Extended Project.

Most workshops are suitable for all project types and are appropriate to all exam board specifications. They can also be used to support the teaching of research modules in other A-Level and BTEC qualifications.

All resources are free of charge.

We welcome your feedback on our workshops and resources. Whether you are a teacher or a student, we would like to know how useful you found our presentations and handouts, and any suggestions for future developments. The form will only take you a couple of minute to complete.

1. Making a Start

This session provides some basic pointers that will help students identify a suitable topic and question for their Extended Project. For those students who already have a topic in mind, the session will offer tools to refine and focus their thoughts. It may also lead students to develop ideas they had not previously considered.

2. Smart Reading

Most Extended Projects - whether they involve production of a dissertation, investigation, artefact or performance - will require students to digest and respond to a considerable amount of written information.

This session introduces students to 'active' research. It provides strategies for reading sources and taking notes effectively, and also helps students with the reflective aspects of the Extended Project.

3. Engaging with Visual Culture

This workshop aims to develop students' understanding of how visual culture, including imagery, objects and architecture, can be used within the Extended Project, emphasising the interdisciplinary nature of visual culture. By the end of this workshop, students will understand the differences between different types of media; be able to apply questions to images within any given context; understand the role of codes and signifiers; and respond with confidence to visual material.

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture presentation (PowerPoint file, 1.31MB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture handout 1 (PDF document, 152KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture activity 2 worksheet (PDF document, 229KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture activity 3 worksheet (PDF document, 252KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture activity 4 worksheet (PDF document, 143KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture activity 5 worksheet (PDF document, 144KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture extension activity (PDF document, 149KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture further reading (PDF document, 150KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture notes for teachers (PDF document, 127KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture key themes (Word document, 27KB)

4. Referencing, Not Plagiarising

Referencing properly is an important aspect of all research, and this workshop provides students with guidance on how to reference correctly in order to avoid plagiarism. It looks at when and how to cite sources and introduces students to the Harvard style of referencing.

Download our Referencing, Not Plagiarising presentation (PowerPoint file, 1MB)

Download our Referencing, Not Plagiarising activity 2 answers (PDF document, 31KB)

Download our Referencing, Not Plagiarising activity 3 worksheet (PDF document, 160KB)

Download our Referencing, Not Plagiarising activity 3 answers (PDF document, 47KB)

Download our Referencing, Not Plagiarising Frequently Asked Questions handout (PDF document, 34KB)

Download our Referencing, Not Plagiarising notes for teachers (PDF document, 42KB)

5. Report-Writing

The Extended Project covers many different formats of projects, for example, a dissertation, performance or field study. Although this session is aimed at students undertaking the dissertation project (5,000 words), it will be useful for all types of project, as the same principles apply to writing shorter reports. The session encourages students to think about the structure and writing of their report early on in their project planning, and provides tips on critical writing.

6. Effective Presentations

This workshop aims to prepare students for their end-of-project presentation. It focuses on structuring a presentation, using visual aids effectively and delivering a successful presentation.

7. Visualisation and Presentation of Data

This workshop provides advice and guidance on using and presenting data as part of an assignment. The session looks at different types of data and when and how to use such data in assignments and presentations.

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture presentation (PowerPoint file, 1.31MB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture handout 1 (PDF document, 152KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture activity 2 worksheet (PDF document, 229KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture activity 3 worksheet (PDF document, 252KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture activity 4 worksheet (PDF document, 143KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture activity 5 worksheet (PDF document, 144KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture extension activity (PDF document, 149KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture further reading (PDF document, 150KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture notes for teachers (PDF document, 127KB)

Download our Engaging with Visual Culture key themes (Word document, 27KB)

Download our Referencing, Not Plagiarising presentation (PowerPoint file, 1MB)

Download our Referencing, Not Plagiarising activity 2 answers (PDF document, 31KB)

Download our Referencing, Not Plagiarising activity 3 worksheet (PDF document, 160KB)

Download our Referencing, Not Plagiarising activity 3 answers (PDF document, 47KB)

Download our Referencing, Not Plagiarising Frequently Asked Questions handout (PDF document, 34KB)

Download our Referencing, Not Plagiarising notes for teachers (PDF document, 42KB)

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Resources for the Extended Project Qualification at The University of Manchester

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Experienced researchers at Manchester have designed a series of bespoke workshops specifically to support students studying for the Extended Project Qualification (EPQ), or undertaking an Extended Project as part of a diploma. These sessions can be used by teachers delivering the taught element of the EPQ to provide students with an excellent grounding in the academic and intellectual skills required.

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Well known source with a large choice of experiments to run.

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By converting our sims to HTML5, we make them seamlessly available across platforms and devices. Whether you have laptops, iPads, chromebooks, or BYOD, your favorite PhET sims are always right at your fingertips.Become part of our mission today, and transform the learning experiences of students everywhere!

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This activity is set in a research group that is developing an antivenom for spider bites. In the opening scene, Nelson Pogline, a talented graduate student, dies unexpectedly at a university reception. As a detective, you must use chemistry concepts to determine if this was murder and if so, solve the case. You can interview suspects using Quicktime movies, investigate the crime scene for clues with Quicktime Virtual Reality images, and analyze the evidence from the crime lab.

Note to instructors: This Flash-based software is suitable for chemistry students at the high school and college levels. Mixed Reception can be run from our website or downloaded to your computer for off-line use. It can be used as a homework assignment for individual students or as an in-class group activity. Solving the case takes between 40 and 50 minutes.

This is a free activity developed by the ChemCollective with students from the Departments of Chemistry and Drama at Carnegie Mellon University. Funding for this project was provided by the NSF and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. You may freely copy, install, and distribute this activity for educational purposes.

Please
email us for additional information, or just to tell us what you think.

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This activity is set in a research group that is developing an antivenom for spider bites. In the opening scene, Nelson Pogline, a talented graduate student, dies unexpectedly at a university reception. As a detective, you must use chemistry concepts to determine if this was murder and if so, solve the case.

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Dear www.simbucket.com and www.quizevolved.com users,

Last week I received an invoice from our web hosting company with a huge price increase for our servers. Up until this year, I have been able to pay for both sites with help from a few users, but with the price increase I can no longer afford the expense.

In order to ensure the financial stability of www.simbucket.com and www.quizevolved.com, we are planning an annual donation drive. So far, we have collected the following donations for 2018:
Donate Today!
In addition to the donation drive:

1. I have consolidated all of our web services down to just two: a cloud-based VPS provider and Amazon Web Services. We now have a single, modern, powerful VPS that can easily handle all of the load for several hundred dollars cheaper per year than before.

2. At the end of 2018, I will review our income and expenses to make sure the websites are still financially viable.

Please donate today! If you are willing to donate for SimBucket, ChemThink, or QuizEvolved, please click here to continue to the donation form. With your help, I hope we can keep these sites free forever.

Sincerely,
Chris Bruce
Physics Teacher, NBCT
Lead Developer,
www.simbucket.com
www.quizevolved.com
www.nerdislandstudios.com

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Scienitifc careers

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Diamond: The Game puts students directly in the role as a researcher at the Diamond Light Source, visiting different beamlines to make progress in a diverse range of scientific projects in Physics, Chemistry, Cultural Heritage, and more. As you travel around the synchrotron you will have to make the most of your experiments, as well as working with your fellow players, in order to be remembered as the most famous scientist!

Dr Mark Basham and Dr Claire Murray from Diamond Light Source and Dr Matthew Dunstan from the University of Cambridge created the game to showcase both the research performed at this world-leading facility, but also to give students first-hand experience of the different aspects of actually working in scientific research. Whether it is the variety of science that exists, the timely value of a vital collaboration, the disappointment of a failed experiment, or gratitude for the help from a friendly staff scientist, the game puts students directly in the action and to make their own choices about what type of scientist they want to be.

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Diamond: The Game puts students directly in the role as a researcher at the Diamond Light Source, visiting different beamlines to make progress in a diverse range of scientific projects in Physics, Chemistry, Cultural Heritage, and more.

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Original Sim and Translations

Topics

Description

"The thicker the glass, the darker the brew, the less the light that passes through." Make colorful concentrated and dilute solutions and explore how much light they absorb and transmit using a virtual spectrophotometer!

Sample Learning Goals

Describe the relationships between volume and amount of solute to solution concentration

Explain qualitatively the relationship between solution color and concentration

Predict and explain how solution concentration will change for adding or removing: water, solute, and/or solution

Calculate the concentration of solutions in units of molarity (mol/L)

Design a procedure for creating a solution of a given concentration

Identify when a solution is saturated and predict how concentration will change for adding or removing: water, solute, and/or solution

Describe the relationship between the solution concentration and the intensity of light that is absorbed/transmitted

Describe the relationship between absorbance, molar absorptivity, path length, and concentration in Beer's Law

Predict how the intensity of light absorbed/transmitted will change with changes in solution type, solution concentration, container width, or light source, and explain why

Teacher Tips

Overview of sim controls, model simplifications, and insights into student thinking ( PDF ).

Video Primer

Teacher-Submitted Activities

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Original Sim and Translations "The thicker the glass, the darker the brew, the less the light that passes through." Make colorful concentrated and dilute solutions and explore how much light they absorb and transmit using a virtual spectrophotometer!

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Calorimetry

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Physics

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Return to main menu

HTML5 Simulations

Updated 4/3/2019 - 206 simulations of mine plus 4 others

Beyond physics

Climate Change

Vector Addition

Motion in 1 dimension

Motion in 2 dimensions

Forces

Circular motion

Momentum and Energy

Gravitation

Rotation

Harmonic Motion

Fluids

Heat and Thermodynamics

Waves

Electric charge and electric field

Electric circuits

Magnetism

Electromagnetic induction

AC Circuits

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Geometrical Optics - Reflection and mirrors

Geometrical Optics - Refraction and lenses

Interference and Diffraction

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Advanced (or other) topics

External links

The counter has been running on this page since 8-8-2018. The number of people accessing the page since then is:

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Return to main menu HTML5 Simulations Updated 4/3/2019 - 206 simulations of mine plus 4 others Beyond physics Climate Change Vector Addition Motion in 1 dimension Motion in 2 dimensions Forces Circular motion Momentum and Energy Gravitation Rotation Harmonic Motion Fluids Heat and Thermodynamics Waves Electric charge and electric field Electric circuits Magnetism Electromagnetic induction AC Circuits Electromagnetic waves Geometrical Optics - Reflection and mirrors Geometrical Optics - Refraction and lenses Interference and Diffraction Quantum and Nuclear physics Advanced (or other) topics External links The counter has been running on this page since 8-8-2018.

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Protein Data Bank in Europe teaching resources

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Protein Data Bank in Europe teaching resources

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Database experiments.

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PDBe training > Teaching materials

Teaching materials

A-Level and early years undergraduate teaching resources

Developed with Newcastle University School of Chemistry, these resources support the teaching and learning of protein structure, function and application for either student self-study or teacher support.
Explore the resources

Fold-a-virus activity

Create your own three-dimensional model of a common cold virus from a paper template.
Download template

Fold-a-protein activity

Create your own three-dimensional model of a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel from an A4 paper template.
Download template

Zika virus folding activity

Create your own three-dimensional model of Zika virus from a paper template.
Download template

Protein colouring book

Get a really basic introduction to protein structure with this protein colouring book
Download PDF

Protein Malbuch

Unser Protein-Malbuch ist jetzt mit einer deutschen Übersetzung erhältlich
Herunterladen PDF

Livre de Protéines à Colorier

Notre livre de protéines à colorier est maintenant disponible avec une traduction française
Télécharger le PDF

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Teaching materials < Overview < EMBL-EBI

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PDBe training > Teaching materials Developed with Newcastle University School of Chemistry, these resources support the teaching and learning of protein structure, function and application for either student self-study or teacher support. Explore the resources Create your own three-dimensional model of a common cold virus from a paper template.

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Interactive computational experiments.

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Molecular Workbench is one of the most versatile ways to experience the science of atoms and molecules, and now it works in web browsers.

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Thank you to Tom Wheeler @CogSciSci

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The Virtual Physical Laboratory is a suite of 370 interactive physics simulations. The resource is versatile and flexible, evidenced by the fact that it is being used in over 15 countries across 5 continents. It is being implemented in top class international institutes as well as in poorly resourced schools in third world countries.

VPLab Endorsements

VPLab is officially endorsed by The National Physical Laboratory, The Institute of Physics and Cambridge International Examinations. Read more...

VPLab is packed full of physics simulations covering a broad range of topics. There are 370 simulations in the library which is still growing. Read more...

Download a free sample of the VPLab with a selection of simulations to get a feel for what it includes and how it all works. Read more...

There are several different licences avaliable for teachers and students. Find out about how to get hold of the right license of VPLab for you. Read more...

VPLab has been successfully used in schools from countries all over the world. See below a map highlighting countries with schools who make use of VPLab in their classrooms.

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The Virtual Physical Laboratory is a suite of 370 interactive physics simulations. The resource is versatile and flexible, evidenced by the fact that it is being used in over 15 countries across 5 continents. It is being implemented in top class international institutes as well as in poorly resourced schools in third world countries.

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First of a set of ecology practicals.

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Why not try the updated version of this resource, which looks at the difference between two differently managed grasslands at the Waun Las National Nature Reserve?
This online ecology practical exercise uses random sampling to measure the abundance of various different species on an area of grassland.

The resources are intended to help students develop skills and plant identification techniques before going out into the field, rather than to replace fieldwork.
Objectives
To give students practice at:

using random sampling to measure the abundance of various different species on an area of grassland.

To give an opportunity to explore two different measures of abundance:

density: the number of individual plants per quadrat or per unit area

frequency: the proportion of quadrats each species occurs in

The site chosen
The grassland contains a small number of easily identifiable species. The sampling area is relatively small, making it possible to take a reasonable sample using 25cm x 25 cm quadrats (i.e. at sampling at least 2% of the total area). The small quadrat enables us to provide a close up image of the whole quadrat allowing identification of individual species.
Resources
1. 'Lawn survey - area being sampled'- an aerial view of the piece of grassland being sampled in this exercise. This is 5 m x 5 m. Tapes have been laid along two edges divided into 0.25 m intervals which are the length of one side of the quadrat being used. Follow the link to view this.

10 pairs of random intervals are placed alongside this.

2. 'Lawn quadrats' - 10 quadrats each supplied as a separate image. Each is hot linked to one of the pairs of coordinates given above.

3. 'ID and recording tables' - Tables supplied for recording results (either as density, or as frequency) together with images and names of each of the species likely to be seen. No attempt has been made to separate the grass species but Perennial rye-grass Lolium perenne is the most common species. Download these from the links on the right.
Suggestions for carrying out the exercise Introduction
Explore the students' ideas about how they would go about measuring the abundance of different species in an area of grassland.

What they would measure
How they would sample

Explain the principle of random sampling and how it is done in practice. Relate this to how it is going to be done in this exercise. Explain how the sampling interval is related to the quadrat size.
Practical
1. Allocate each pair or small group of students a pair of random intervals and ask them to find their quadrat. Give them a species identification (density) results table.

Ask them to try and measure density i.e. the number of plants of one or two species e.g. the number of clover plants, the number of daisy plants, in their quadrat. (You may want to put in a bit of time to practise identification).

2. They will soon see that this is difficult. In addition you can show them how many leaves like white clover, are linked by horizontal creeping stems. It is difficult to define what an individual plant is and this measure, density, gives you no indication of the size of the plants.

A better measure is frequency (the number of quadrats which each species occurs in.) This is related both to the number of plants and their size and therefore is ecologically more meaningful.

3. To measure frequency, ask them to record the presence or absence of each species in their quadrat. Using a species identification (frequency) results table. Collate results for the 10 quadrats (using a simple spreadsheet) and calculate the percentage frequency for each species - the number of times present out of 10 x 100.

4. You may wish to discuss the measurement of cover (the area of ground covered by each species). This can be measured using point quadrats or is often estimated visually. Measuring frequency usually gives a more reliable result than visual estimation of cover.
Footnote
Random sampling is a way of eliminating personal choice in the selection of a sample. Every part of your sample area should have an equal chance of being sampled every time you go to take a sample. For this reason the sampling interval should be the same size as the quadrat. For example in this exercise the quadrat is 25 cm x 25 cm and the tapes along the two sides of the plot are therefore divided into 25 cm intervals.

The co-ordinates of pairs of randomly selected intervals determine the quadrat positions.

To create random intervals the simplest way is to write the 0.25 intervals from 0-10 on pieces of paper and draw them out of a hat. Note replace each piece of paper before drawing out the next.

In practice particularly when working under difficult conditions (torrential rain!!) or with younger students one concentrates on eliminating personal choice. In this case the surveyors find their co-ordinates by walking along the tapes the number of paces indicated by the random numbers rather than measuring intervals along the tape.

Note throwing quadrats is not random sampling and at best eliminates a certain amount of personal choice!

For more information about quadrats and sampling see 'Questions about quadrats' OSMOSIS 25 Spring 2004

For practical fieldwork ideas and information look at the Online Resources on the Field Studies Council website - http://www.field-studies-council.org/resources/

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Ecology Practical 1 - Measuring abundance and random sampling

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A simple onine ecology practical exercise, giving students an opportunity to practice random sampling to measure the abundance of various different species on an area of grassland, before they carry out practical fieldwork. Students will look at images of quadrats, identify the plants and measure the abundance.

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Kinetic model of gases

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Chemistry Simulations : Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

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Molecular modelling using the RCSB database.

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This practical activity aims to develop students' understanding of primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins through computer protein modelling. Computer modelling can create 3D interactive images to support the student to visualize different interactions between amino acids within a molecule.

This resource can be used towards competency in computer modelling for the new practical skills endorsement for A level Biology (2015 specifications).

The learning outcomes of this activity are: 1) Recall the levels of protein structure including primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure with emphasis on RuBisCO protein; 2) Understand the 3D structural difference between fibrous and globular proteins and 3) Achieve practical competency in using computer molecular modelling.
This resource was developed by Carla Jones-Bell of Hitchin Girls School.

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A-level practical skills - Molecular Modelling

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This practical activity aims to develop students' understanding of primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins through computer protein modelling. Computer modelling can create 3D interactive images to support the student to visualize different interactions between amino acids within a molecule.

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Well known source with a large choice of experiments to run.

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By converting our sims to HTML5, we make them seamlessly available across platforms and devices. Whether you have laptops, iPads, chromebooks, or BYOD, your favorite PhET sims are always right at your fingertips.Become part of our mission today, and transform the learning experiences of students everywhere!

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Pearson, as an active contributor to the biology learning community, is pleased to provide free access to the Classic edition of The Biology Place to all educators and their students.

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Using smartphones to analyse TLCs. Conference poster here https://vicephec.org/2020/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/VICEPHEC20-Poster-SGuldin.pdf

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SAPS

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A-level core practicals: Thin layer chromatography

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Biosciences

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Protein sequence database

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RSC Titration Primer

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Give students the opportunity to conduct their own titration experiment on a computer or tablet. This resource also includes a redox titration experiment.

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Dear www.simbucket.com and www.quizevolved.com users,

Last week I received an invoice from our web hosting company with a huge price increase for our servers. Up until this year, I have been able to pay for both sites with help from a few users, but with the price increase I can no longer afford the expense.

In order to ensure the financial stability of www.simbucket.com and www.quizevolved.com, we are planning an annual donation drive. So far, we have collected the following donations for 2018:
Donate Today!
In addition to the donation drive:

1. I have consolidated all of our web services down to just two: a cloud-based VPS provider and Amazon Web Services. We now have a single, modern, powerful VPS that can easily handle all of the load for several hundred dollars cheaper per year than before.

2. At the end of 2018, I will review our income and expenses to make sure the websites are still financially viable.

Please donate today! If you are willing to donate for SimBucket, ChemThink, or QuizEvolved, please click here to continue to the donation form. With your help, I hope we can keep these sites free forever.

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Physics Teacher, NBCT
Lead Developer,
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www.nerdislandstudios.com

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A Virtual Pond Dip

Take a dip in the jar to learn about some common types of smaller pond life,
with links toMicscape Magazine resources.

T he tiny organisms found in pond water are fascinating subjects to study under the microscope, and can captivate both beginners and experienced microscopists for a lifetime!

T his virtual pond dip introduces some of the commoner types and hopefully encourages an exploration of the incredible 'world within a world' of a real pond.

C lick the mouse over each organism to display its factfile, which also gives links to more detailed articles. Each organism's relative size is to scale in the image; actual sizes are given in the factfiles.

A more extensive guide to major groups of pond life can be found on the Pond Life Identification Kit pages.

. Y ou don't need any special equipment to begin studying pond life. For simple tips, see how to collect microscopic pond life Notes on the factfiles this jar links to and sources of information are here .

Image © Wim van Egmond
Notes on the factfiles.

Name : Size : Typical ranges of European species are given, either in mm and/or µm (µm = micrometer i.e. 1/1000th of a millimeter).Where to find them : Typical habitats of the organism, but not necessarily all. Notes : A few points of interest. Of organism(s); can be a major group like a phylum or smaller group like a genus.
Classification : Which of the five kingdoms and phylum of that kingdom it belongs to.

Return to jar of pond water
References (The following were used, but any errors are the current author's!)
1) 'Five Kingdoms: An illustrated guide to the phyla of life on earth' . By L Margulis and K V Schwartz, 3rd edition, W H Freeman, New York, 1998. Classification of some freshwater micro-organisms always seem to be in a state of flux! For consistency the classification in this reference was used.

2) 'Collins field guide to freshwater life' by R Fitter and R Manuel, Collins, London, 1986.

3) 'A beginner's guide to freshwater algae' by H Belcher and E Swale. Published by the Institute of Terrestial Ecology, London, 1976.

4) 'A beginner's guide to the collection, isolation, cultivation and identification of freshwater protozoa' by B J Finlay, A Rogerson and A J Cowling. Published by the Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, Freshwater Biological Association , UK.

Acknowledgements: Many thanks to all the Micscape contributors whose articles this virtual pond dip links to. For clarity their names are omitted in the links.

Image mapping using MapEdit version 2.6.3 by Boutell.Com Inc.

Comments to the compilers Wim van Egmond (images) and Dave Walker (text) (who are amateur naturalists) are welcomed.

© Microscopy UK or their contributors.

Published in Micscape Magazine February 2001.

Please report any Web problems or offer general comments to the , Micscape Editor
via the contact on current Micscape Index.

Micscape is the on-line monthly magazine of the Microscopy UK web site at Microscopy-UK
If your web browser incorrectly returns you to this page bottom,
clickhere to redisplay the jar of pond water.
© Onview.net Ltd, Microscopy-UK, and all contributors 1995 onwards. All rights reserved. Main site is at www.microscopy-uk.org.uk

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A Virtual Pond Dip Take a dip in the jar to learn about some common types of smaller pond life, with links toMicscape Magazine resources. T he tiny organisms found in pond water are fascinating subjects to study under the microscope, and can captivate both beginners and experienced microscopists for a lifetime!

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University of Oxford

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Michigan State University

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility

There are several factors to consider in choosing an appropriate antibiotic for treatment of a bacterial infection. The most basic of these is whether the causative organism is susceptible to a particular antibiotic, and how much of that antibiotic will be necessary to inhibit or kill the organism. While we do know a great deal about what antibiotics are effective against which microbes in general, the widespread problem of antibiotic resistance makes it essential to determine the susceptibility of a given bacterial isolate to multiple antibiotics in a short time to determine the most effective treatment.

Several standard methods have been developed to measure susceptibility of bacterial isolates to antibiotics, and the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method is one that is commonly used in clinical microbiology laboratories and has been standardized in the US by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The Kirby-Bauer method is convenient in that the susceptibility of bacterial pathogens to multiple antimicrobial agents can be determined in a single assay. The results do not give actual MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values, but are interpreted as either susceptible, intermediate, or resistant based on comparison of zones of inhibition to a standardized table. In the virtual Kirby-Bauer exercise, one of three randomized Kirby-Bauer assay plates are presented, containing Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa that have been tested for susceptibility to 13 different antibiotics.

Using the virtual ruler (the mouse), the diameter of each zone of inhibition can be measured. These values are then compared to a standard chart of interpretive standards to the right of the plate, which provides a result of resistant, susceptible, or intermediate for each antibiotic. The box corresponding to each result is live and can be clicked on using the mouse. A correct result will turn the box green, and the box will remain green throughout the exercise (ie. measuring all zones of inhibition). Clicking on the incorrect result will cause a red X to appear in the box, which will disappear after a second or so. A different box can then be clicked until the correct answer is identified.

- Click to open the module
- Module instructions Kirby-Bauer method

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility There are several factors to consider in choosing an appropriate antibiotic for treatment of a bacterial infection. The most basic of these is whether the causative organism is susceptible to a particular antibiotic, and how much of that antibiotic will be necessary to inhibit or kill the organism.

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Activity:

1) Use the "Make a graph" feature to make a Categorical Bubble chart to show the difference between the rate of post-exposure infection in the group who received the drug versus the group who received the placebo. Choose the graph icon that looks like a scatter plot and then Show "Treatment" on the X-axis and "Incidence of Illness" on the Y-axis. The size of the bubbles will show how many people ended up being counted in each of the four possible combinations of treatment and outcome.

2) Based on the graph you just created, can hydroxychloroquine be considered an effective prophylaxis (preventative treatment)?

3) The effectiveness of a drug must always be balanced with the likelihood of side effects. Make another graph, but this time use a bar graph to compare the incidence of side effects in the two groups. Choose the Histogram/Frequency icon, place "Treatment" on X and show "Side effect reported" on Z. Do you see a noticeable difference in side effects between the treatment groups?

4) Pretend that you are the governor of your state or the mayor of your city. Based on the data here, would you use your platform to recommend that citizens take hydroxychloroquine to help stop the spread of a pandemic? Why or why not? What are some of the challenges in using data to inform your decision? What are some of the risks in making your recommendation?

For more information...

The data were derived by using the sample size and proportions reported in the New England Journal of Medicine. As with the testing of all drugs, the implications of the finding can be enormous. For more information on how the study was conducted, check out this article for the many considerations researchers had to make while designing and carrying out the study.

The CDC website continues to be an excellent resource for up to date information on the outbreak.

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It can be important to be precise! Data can help cut through misinformation, but only if we are careful with our language and our numbers.

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High school biology

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Chat with us, powered by LiveChat

System Modeler Library Store

HighSchoolBiology
Wolfram

The HighSchoolBiology library contains interactive biology labs for high-school students. After completing the labs, you will be able to understand how osmosis works in the movement of water in and out of a red blood cell (RBC), why epidemiology is important in creating a healthy society, and how the food you consume affects the body. The library also contains many exercises related to cell transport phenomena, population models and food metabolism.

Features

Dynamic simulation of biological processes

Exercises with real-life scenarios

Compare scenarios by varying parameter values

Interactive notebooks powered by system models

Full access to all system models

Open Educational Resource (OER)

Allows the combination of components from the HighSchoolBiology library and components from the Modelica Standard Library

HighSchoolBiology Wolfram

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Chat with us, powered by LiveChat System Modeler Library Store Wolfram The HighSchoolBiology library contains interactive biology labs for high-school students. After completing the labs, you will be able to understand how osmosis works in the movement of water in and out of a red blood cell (RBC), why epidemiology is important in creating a healthy society, and how the food you consume affects the body.

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This interactive, modular lab explores the tools that doctors use to examine and diagnose patients with heart conditions.

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Design of the Experiment I

In paper chromatography the pigments are dissolved in a solvent that carries them up the paper. In the ink example, the solvent is water. To separate the pigments of the chloroplasts, you must use an organic solvent.

In the following activity, you will separate plant pigments using an organic solvent such as a mixture of ether and acetone. Be sure to keep the bottle tightly closed except when you are using it because the solvent is very volatile and produces fumes you should not breathe.

The next screen shows you the separation of plant pigments.

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In paper chromatography the pigments are dissolved in a solvent that carries them up the paper. In the ink example, the solvent is water. To separate the pigments of the chloroplasts, you must use an organic solvent. In the following activity, you will separate plant pigments using an organic solvent such as a mixture of ether and acetone.

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1. Learn to take pulse and blood pressure in a human subject and gather data for a fitness index
2. Measure the effect of temperature on the heart rate of a small invertebrate, Daphnia magna

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Pearson, as an active contributor to the biology learning community, is pleased to provide free access to the Classic edition of The Biology Place to all educators and their students.

The purpose of the activities is to help you review material you have already studied in class or have read in your text. Some of the material will extend your knowledge beyond your classwork or textbook reading. At the end of each activity, you can assess your progress through a Self-Quiz.

To begin, click on an activity title.

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Pearson, as an active contributor to the biology learning community, is pleased to provide free access to the Classic edition of The Biology Place to all educators and their students. The purpose of the activities is to help you review material you have already studied in class or have read in your text.

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1. Observe evidence for respiration in pea seeds
2. Investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration.

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Pearson, as an active contributor to the biology learning community, is pleased to provide free access to the Classic edition of The Biology Place to all educators and their students.

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University of Reading virtual experiment (run in IE)

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Conference poster

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Decode DNA sequences and discover the proteins they code for using online scientific databases.

This activity demonstrates the concept of how genes encode proteins. You use a codon wheel to translate DNA sequences into amino acid chains. Using this information, you then search for the proteins that contain those sequences using the UNIPROT database and find out what the proteins do.

DNA sequence is converted into a string of amino acids that form the functional protein. There are 20 different amino acids and the order and combinations of amino acids that make up a protein determine the protein’s unique function in the body. The human genome contains over 20,000 protein-coding genes.

A PowerPoint presentation is provided for teachers who may wish to do this activity with a class. This presentation provides an outline of how to run the activity and details of each of the proteins featured in the activity. Files are also provided so you can view the 3D structure of the proteins using the protein modelling software Rasmol.

This page was last updated on 2019-06-18

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Decode DNA sequences and discover the proteins they code for using online scientific databases. 