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I don't think the appearance of the planet from space will change a whole lot in the future, although I could be wrong. I think, if current trends continue, that life for a lot of people on earth will get a lot more difficult in the coming years. Especially for those in poorer countries, not that rich countries wont be affected, but I don't think the average person in those countries will be hit as hard as the average person in a poor country. I honestly don't know exactly what things would look like and I find it difficult to imagine it without feeling like I'm underestimating the severity of the affects or overestimating them. Regardless, I think it's incredibly important to understand that the lives of a lot of people will change for the worse if current trends continue.

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Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that can be found naturally in cacao plants and in products like tea, coffee, chocolate, most soft drinks, etc. It is also considered the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world, and can have multiple different affects on the human body. While Caffeine's affects are not as extreme as other widely used plant based products, it is by far the most commonly found of them, especially in America.

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Caffeine is a psychoactive substance that occurs naturally in coffee. Manufacturers also include it in many sodas and energy drinks. While it is a socially acceptable substance, research is conflicting about its safety and long term impact.

A 2019 study of university students found that people who consume caffeine have a mean intake of around 173 milligrams per day (mg/day).

This is moderate caffeine intake. According to many studies, moderate intake can promote a variety of health benefits, including a lower risk of certain cancers, brain conditions, and liver problems.

However, caffeine consumptions carries several risks. Drinking too much can also lead to adverse effects.

In this article, we analyze the potential health benefits and adverse side effects of caffeine consumption.

The main psychoactive ingredient in coffee is caffeine. This is a compound that naturally derives from over 60 different plant sources, including coffee beans, tea leaves, cacao seeds, and cola nut seeds.

Caffeine acts as a stimulant by activating the central nervous system (CNS). It can counteract tiredness and improve concentration and focus.

Outside of coffee, people commonly consume caffeine through tea, soft drinks - particularly energy drinks - and chocolate. It is also an ingredient in some prescription and non-prescription drugs, such as cold, allergy, and pain medication.

As well as its stimulating effects, caffeine may provide several health benefits.

A 2019 review of existing literature found that consuming a moderate amount of caffeine has a protective effect against liver cancer.

In the same year, a different review of 40 studies found that drinking 2-4 cups of coffee every day had links to a reduced risk of death from all causes.

Some studies have associated caffeine consumption with positive effects on the brain.

In 2013, a study published in World Journal of Biological Psychiatry suggested that drinking between 2-4 cups of coffee a day may reduce suicide risk in adults.

More recent research in Nature journal found that consuming caffeine may boost long term memory.

Other studies have also suggested that caffeine intake may protect against type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.

However, Steven E. Meredith, a postdoctoral research fellow at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, told Medical News Today that many people forget that caffeine is a psychoactive substance. This may be due to widespread consumption.

Caffeine crosses the blood-brain barrier to stimulate the CNS.

He said:

"Unlike most other psychoactive substances, caffeine use is socially acceptable, and the drug is widely used. In fact, caffeine is the most commonly used psychoactive substance in the world.

Moreover, the vast majority of caffeine consumers use the substance regularly without apparent harm. These factors likely contribute to the perspective that caffeine is a benign substance that everyone can use without suffering any negative consequences."
Here, learn more about the benefits of coffee.
However, ingesting caffeine in high doses may lead to more harmful effects on health.

A 2015 review identified several unwanted side effects of consuming more than 400 mg of caffeine per day, including:

a fast heartbeat

These effects can also present when people experience caffeine withdrawal.

However, previous research has linked even moderate amounts of caffeine to adverse effects on health.

In 2013, the results of a large prospective study suggested that consuming 300 mg of caffeine a day during pregnancy may increase the risk of having a baby with low birth weight.

A more recent meta-analysis of 17 studies that involved 233,617 participants suggested that drinking 3-4 cups of coffee every day may increase the risk of a heart attack in men but not in women.

More research is necessary to confirm whether long term caffeine consumption is safe and whether it provides benefits or increases the risk of health problems.
Read more on caffeine overdose here.
However, Meredith told MNT that the effects of caffeine can vary in each individual. This may explain the mixed outcomes of research on the impact of caffeine in the body.

For example, he advised that individuals with anxiety disorders are more susceptible to the anxiety-increasing effects of caffeine.

"Caffeine can also metabolize at different rates among individuals for various reasons. For example, cigarette smokers metabolize caffeine twice as fast as nonsmokers," he added.

"However, caffeine metabolism is slower among infants, pregnant women, and individuals with liver disease. In addition, some medications slow caffeine metabolism, which may increase the risk of caffeine intoxication. But the effects of caffeine also vary simply because we're all different."

Rob M. Van Dam, adjunct associate professor of the Department of Nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health, told MNT that the effects of caffeine depend on individual genetic characteristics and other lifestyle factors.

"Some people may have difficulty sleeping or experience tremors or stress with relatively low caffeine intakes, and it is useful to be aware of these symptoms and reduce caffeine intake if these occur."

Given the positive effects that caffeine can have as a stimulant, Meredith told MNT that this could result in caffeine addiction for some people:

"Caffeine activates many of the same behavioral and neuropharmacological mechanisms that are activated by other reinforcers, including other drugs of abuse.

And, like many other reinforcers, caffeine is associated with various positive subjective effects like increased well-being, sociability, and feelings of energy and alertness. For this reason and others, a small percentage of the population develops caffeine use disorder."

Some people could become physically dependent on caffeine. The absence or reduction of coffee consumption in these individuals resulting in caffeine withdrawal.

This can trigger a range of symptoms, such as:

tiredness

reduced energy and alertness

sleepiness

low mood

concentration problems

irritability

"Dependence can become so strong for some individuals that they're unable to reduce consumption despite knowledge of recurrent physical or psychological problems associated with continued use," Meredith added.
Read more on the symptoms of caffeine withdrawal here.
Meredith suggested that doctors should be discussing caffeine use with their patients to determine whether they are consuming safe levels of the stimulant.

He warned that this is particularly important for children and adolescents.

The majority of pediatricians recommend that young people should avoid caffeine consumption, as researchers do not fully understand its effects on the developing brain. Meredith explains this in the following terms:

"Notably, caffeine interferes with sleep, and sleep plays a critical role in learning. Some laboratory research suggests that caffeine interferes with sleep and learning among adolescent rodents, which, in turn, hinders normal neurological development that is noticeable into adulthood."

"Some psychologists are also concerned that a pattern of caffeine use or abuse among young people may lead to subsequent problematic drug and alcohol use."

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that people talk to a pediatrician before introducing caffeine into a young person's diet.

Michael R. Taylor, the deputy commissioner for foods and veterinary medicine at the FDA, said:

"We're particularly concerned about children and adolescents, and the responsibility FDA and the food industry have to protect public health and respect social norms that suggest we shouldn't be marketing stimulants, such as caffeine, to our children."

Many food and drink products now contain added caffeine to enhance their stimulating effects, such as jellybeans, waffles, syrup, and chewing gum.

Studies into the effects of caffeine have produced mixed results.

While moderate consumption of caffeine is unlikely to produce harmful effects in most people, reactions to the stimulant depend on highly individual factors, such as genetics and accompanying lifestyle choices.

People should be mindful that they are consuming a psychoactive substance when they use caffeine.

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Caffeine is a psychoactive substance that occurs naturally in coffee. Manufacturers also include it in many sodas and energy drinks. While it is a socially acceptable substance, research is conflicting about its safety and long term impact. A 2019 study of university students found that people who consume caffeine have a mean intake of around 173 milligrams per day (mg/day).

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The invention from the third agricultural revolution that I chose to focus on is large scale irrigation. Larger irrigation systems are a means of providing water too greater amounts of land, making it less work for farmers to water all of their crops and they can increase crop yields. It can also have downsides, mainly being more expensive and inaccessible to smaller or poorer farmers. I chose this one because it is an example of the industrialization of agriculture that came with the third agricultural revolution and because it has both benefits and downsides.

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One of the factors of the Neolithic Revolution highlighted in this diagram is how domestication of plants and animals led to a food surplus. This meant that those in a community didn't necessarily need to devote all of their time and effort to gathering food and could create new technologies or learn a craft. Food Storage also made it more difficult for communities to migrate to different areas if it was deemed necessary and the surplus itself became something that needed protection.

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As a result of climate change, arctic regions like the tundra may be susceptible to significant change in the future due to the increase in greenhouse gases in recent years. Interestingly, one of the largest reserves of greenhouse gases Methane, is contained in the matter frozen in permafrost. Air pollution, oil, and mining industries can also affect the tundra, drilling can thaw permafrost and heavy, industrial vehicles can harm soil.

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Aaron's Rod or Thermopsis Villosa, is a fern (pteridophyte) found in the southern Appalachian mountains. In Georgia, Thermopsis Villosa can be found in mesic forests, floodplains, and roadsides, mostly in sandy soils. It is a perrenial herb that can grow up to 6.5 feet tall with several unbranched stems rising from a rootstock. Thermopsis villosa is ranked S1 by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources.

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I think this video best summarizes the process in about 10 minutes with explanations and visuals of the process. The video covers the importance of the process itself and how it provides for humans and the environment. The video emphasizes the importance of light as well as showing the reactants and products of photosynthesis. It also covers the chemical processes that take place in photosynthesis such as the light-dependent processes and the Calvin Cycle.

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I think this image best demonstrates the effect plants have on society and the environment. Plants provide humans with a food source and oxygen. In addition to that, they provide animals and other parts of the environment with the same resources they do us. By keeping wildlife healthy they provide many people with an additional food source which has helped us survive to this day and age.