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Understanding the social impacts of tourism is vital to ensuring the sustainable management of the tourism industry. There are positive social impacts of tourism, demonstrating benefits to both the local community and the tourists. There are also negative social impacts of tourism.

In this article I will explain what the most common social impacts of tourism are and how these are best managed. At the end of the post I have also included a handy reading list for anybody studying travel and tourism or for those who are interested in learning more about travel and tourism management.

The social impacts of tourism

Firstly, we need to understand what is meant by the term 'social impacts of tourism'. I have covered this in my YouTube video below!

To put it simply, social impacts of tourism are;
"The effects on host communities of direct and indirect relations with tourists, and of interaction with the tourism industry"
This is also often referred to as socio-cultural impacts.

Tourism is, at its core, an interactive service. This means that host-guest interaction is inevitable. This can have significant social/socio-cultural impacts.

These social impacts can be seen as benefits or costs (good or bad). I will explain these below.

Positive social impacts of tourism

There are many social benefits of tourism, demonstrating positive social impacts. These might include; preserving the local culture and heritage; strengthening communities; provision of social services; commercialisation of culture and art; revitalisation of customs and art forms and the preservation of heritage.

Preserving Local Culture

It is the local culture that the tourists are often coming to visit.

Tourists visit Beijing to learn more about the Chinese Dynasties. Tourists visit Thailand to taste authentic Thai food. Tourists travel to Brazil to go to the Rio Carnival, to mention a few...

Many destinations will make a conserved effort to preserve and protect the local culture. This often contributes to the conservation and sustainable management of natural resources, the protection of local heritage, and a renaissance of indigenous cultures, cultural arts and crafts.

In one way, this is great! Cultures are preserved and protected and globalisation is limited. BUT, I can't help but wonder if this is always natural? We don't walk around in Victorian corsets or smoke pipes anymore...

Our social settings have changed immensely over the years. And this is a normal part of evolution! So is it right that we should try to preserve the culture of an area for the purposes of tourism? Or should we let them grow and change, just as we do? Something to ponder on I guess...

Strengthening Communities

Tourism can be a catalyst for strengthening a local community.

Events and festivals of which local residents have been the primary participants and spectators are often rejuvenated and developed in response to tourist interest. I certainly felt this was the way when I went to the Running of the Bulls festival in Pamplona, Spain. The community atmosphere and vibe were just fantastic!

The jobs created by tourism can also be a great boost for the local community. Aside from the economic impacts created by enhanced employment prospects, people with jobs are happier and more social than those without a disposable income.

Local people can also increase their influence on tourism development, as well as improve their job and earnings prospects, through tourism-related professional training and development of business and organisational skills.

Provision of Social Services

The tourism industry requires many facilities/ infrastructure to meet the needs of the tourist. This often means that many developments in an area as a result of tourism will be available for use by the locals also.

Local people often gained new roads, new sewage systems, new playgrounds, bus services etc as a result of tourism. This can provide a great boost to their quality of life and is a great example of a positive social impact of tourism.

Commercialisation of Culture and Art

Tourism can see rise to many commercial business, which can be a positive social impact of tourism. This helps to enhance the community spirit as people tend to have more disposable income as a result.

These businesses may also promote the local cultures and arts. Museums, shows and galleries are fantastic way to showcase the local customs and traditions of a destination. This can help to promote/ preserve local traditions.

Revitalisation of Culture and Art

Some destinations will encourage local cultures and arts to be revitalised. This may be in the form of museum exhibitions, in the way that restaurants and shops are decorated and in the entertainment on offer, for example.

This may help promote traditions that may have become distant.

Preservation of Heritage

Many tourists will visit the destination especially to see its local heritage. It is for this reason that many destinations will make every effort to preserve its heritage.

This could include putting restrictions in place or limiting tourist numbers, if necessary. This is often an example of careful tourism planning and sustainable tourism management.

This text by Hyung You Park explains the principles of heritage tourism in more detail.

Negativesocial impacts of tourism

Unfortunately, there are a large number of socio-cultural costs on the host communities. These negative social impacts include; social change; changing values; increased crime and gambling; changes in moral behaviour; changes in family structure and roles; problems with the tourist-host relationship and the destruction of heritage.

Social Change

Social change is basically referring to changes in the way that society acts or behaves. Unfortunately, there are many changes that come about as a result of tourism that are not desirable.

There are many examples throughout the world where local populations have changed because of tourism.

Perhaps they have changed the way that they speak or the way that they dress. Perhaps they have been introduced to alcohol through the tourism industry or they have become resentful of rich tourists and turned to crime. These are just a few examples of the negative social impacts of tourism.

Globalisation and the Destruction of Preservation and Heritage

Globalisation is the way in which the world is becoming increasingly connected. We are losing our individuality and gaining a sense of 'global being', whereby we are more and more alike than ever before.

Globalisation is inevitable in the tourism industry because of the interaction between tourists and hosts, which typically come from different geographic and cultural backgrounds. It is this interaction that encourage us to become more alike.

Here are some examples:

1. When I went on the Jungle Book tour on my travels through Goa, the tourists were giving the Goan children who lived in the area sweets. These children would never have eaten such sweets should they not have come into contact with the tourists.

2. When I travelled to The Gambia I met a local worker (known as a 'bumster') who was wearing a Manchester United football top. When I asked him about it he told me that he was given the top by a tourist who visited last year. If it was not for said tourist, he would not have this top.

3. In Thailand, many workers have exchanged their traditional work of plowing the fields to work in the cities, in the tourism industry. They have learnt to speak English and to eat Western food. If it were not for the tourists they would have a different line of work, they would not speak English and they would not choose to eat burger and chips for their dinner!

Many people believe globalisation to be a bad thing. BUT, there are also some positives. Think about this...

Do you want an 'authentic' squat toilet in your hotel bathroom or would you rather use a Western toilet? Are you happy to eat rice and curry for breakfast as the locals would do or do you want your cornflakes? Do you want to struggle to get by when you don't speak the local language or are you pleased to find somebody who speaks English?

When we travel, most tourists do want a sense of 'familiar'. And globalisation helps us to get that!

Loss of Authenticity

Along similar lines to globalisation is the loss of authenticity that often results from tourism.

Authenticity is essentially something that is original or unchanged. It is not fake or reproduced in any way.

The Western world believe that a tourist destination is no longer authentic when their cultural values and traditions change. But I would argue is this not natural? Is culture suppose to stay the same or it suppose to evolve throughout each generation?

Take a look at the likes of the long neck tribe in Thailand or the Maasai Tribe in Africa. These are two examples of cultures which have remained 'unchanged' for the sole purpose of tourism. They appear not to have changed the way that they dress, they way that they speak or the way that they act in generations, all for the purpose of tourism.

To me, however, this begs the question- is it actually authentic? In fact, is this not the exact example of what is not authentic? The rest of the world have modern electricity and iPhones, they watch TV and buy their clothes in the nearest shopping mall. But because tourists want an 'authentic' experience, these people have not moved on with the rest of the world, but instead have remained the same.

I think there is also an ethical discussion to be had here, but I'll leave that for another day...

You can learn more about what is authenticity in tourism here or see some examples of staged authenticity in this post.

Standardisation and Commercialisation

Similarly, destinations risk standardisation in the process of satisfying tourists' desires for familiar facilities and experiences.

While landscape, accommodation, food and drinks, etc., must meet the tourists' desire for the new and unfamiliar, they must at the same time not be too new or strange because few tourists are actually looking for completely new things (think again about the toilet example I have previously).

Tourists often look for recognisable facilities in an unfamiliar environment, like well-known fast-food restaurants and hotel chains. Tourist like some things to be standardised (the toilet, their breakfast, their drinks, the language spoken etc), but others to be different (dinner options, music, weather, tourist attractions etc).

Do we want everything to become 'standardised' though? I know I miss seeing the little independent shops that used to fill the high streets in the UK. Now it's all chains and multinational corporations. Sure, I like Starbucks (my mug collection is coming on quite nicely!), but I also love the way that there are no Starbucks in Italy. There's something great about trying out a traditional, yet unfamiliar coffee shop, or any independant place for that matter.

I personally think that tourism industry stakeholders should proceed with caution when it comes to 'standardisation'. Sure, give the tourists that sense of familiar that they are looking for. But don't dilute the culture and traditions of the destination that they are coming to visit, because if it feels too much like home..... well, maybe they will just stay at home next time? Just a little something to think about...

Culture clashes

On a less philosophical note, another of the negative social impacts of tourism is that it can have significant consequences is culture clashes.

Because tourism involves movement of people to different geographical locations cultural clashes can take place as a result of differences in cultures, ethnic and religious groups, values, lifestyles, languages and levels of prosperity.

The attitude of local residents towards tourism development may unfold through the stages of euphoria, where visitors are very welcome, through apathy, irritation and potentially antagonism when anti-tourist attitudes begin to grow among local people. This is represented in Doxey's Irritation Index, as shown below.

Tourist-host relationships

Culture clashes can also be exasperated by the fundamental differences in culture between the hosts and the tourists.

There is likely to be economic inequality between locals and tourists who are spending more than they usually do at home. This can cause resentment from the hosts towards the tourists, particularly when they see them wearing expensive jewellery or using plush cameras etc that they know they can't afford themselves.

Further to this, tourists often, out of ignorance or carelessness, fail to respect local customs and moral values.

Think about it. Is it right to go topless on a beach if within the local culture it is unacceptable to show even your shoulders?

There are many examples of ways that tourists offend the local population, often unintentionally. Did you know that you should never put your back to a Buddha? Or show the sole of your feet to a Thai person? Or show romantic affection in public in the Middle East?

A little education in this respect could go a long way, but unfortunately, many travellers are completely unaware of the negative social impacts that their actions may have.

Increase in crime, gambling and moral behaviour

The last of the social impacts of tourism that I will discuss is crime, gambling and moral behaviour. Crime rates typically increase with the growth and urbanisation of an area and the growth of mass tourism is often accompanied by increased crime.

The presence of a large number of tourists with a lot of money to spend and often carrying valuables such as cameras and jewellery increases the attraction for criminals and brings with it activities like robbery and drug dealing.

Although tourism is not the cause of sexual exploitation, it provides easy access to it e.g. prostitution and sex tourism. Therefore, tourism can contribute to rises in the numbers of sex workers in a given area. I have seen this myself in many places including The Gambia and Thailand.

Lastly, gambling is a common occurrence as a result of tourism. Growth of casinos and other gambling facilities can encourage not only the tourists to part with their cash, but also the local population.

Social impacts of tourism: Conclusion

As I have demonstrated in this post, there are many social impacts of tourism. Whilst some impacts are positive, most unfortunately are negative impacts.

Hopefully this post on the social impacts of tourism has helped you to think carefully about the impacts that your actions may have on the local community that you are visiting. I also hope that it has encouraged some deeper thinking with regards to issues such as globalisation, authenticity and standardisation.

If you are interested in learning more about topics such as this subscribe to my newsletter! I send out travel tips, discount coupons and some material designed to get you thinking about the wider impacts of the tourism industry (like this post)- perfect for any tourism student or keen traveller!

Social impacts of tourism- further reading

As you can see, the social impacts of tourism are an important consideration for all industry stakeholders. Do you have any comments on the social impacts of tourism? Leave your comments below.

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The history of tourism is absolutely fascinating. Why do we go on holiday to the Caribbean? How was the cruise developed? Why did we start travelling by plane? This article answers all of these questions and more about the history of tourism.

The history of tourism

The history of tourism is a long one. Whilst we may not always have had high speed trains, aircraft and luxurious cruise ships, people have long had the desire to be tourists.

The history of tourism can largely be attributed to technological developments in transport. The more roads that are built, the more places people can drive. The more airports that open, the more places that people can fly to.

The history of tourism is also closely related to the global economic, social and political outlook. Someone with lots of money is more likely to travel somewhere for a holiday than someone who does not have much money, for example. Likewise, many tourists are not likely to travel to a destination that is suffering from political instability.

There are many ways that the tourism industry and grown and developed over the years. In this article I will explain some of the elements of the history of tourism.

Ancient times

When did the history of tourism really begin? We can't pinpoint it and, for obvious reasons, we can only really guess about tourism in ancient times. There are no selfies and no travel brochures to look back on, but we do know that people DID travel in ancient times. Historians have found records that provide an insight into the reasons that people travelled, and how this evolved into tourism.

We know that cultures and nations moved their armed forces around in order to conquer other areas, and to control trade routes and various resources. This created foundations for future travel. As the Egyptian, Roman and Eastern Mediterranean Empires emerged, necessary travel turned into tourism. The Phoenicians, for example, travelled not only to develop trade routes but also because of curiosity. They had a desire to discover what lay beyond that area of the Mediterranean.

And other peoples likely did the same. The Mayas in modern day Mexico, and members of the Shang Dynasty in modern day China, travelled to see what was beyond their own borders. They also wanted to spread their civilisations, of course. Historians have been able to find evidence of ancient travels - artefacts from other places turning up in excavations, that couldn't be there unless the ancient people had their own form of tourism.

The Empire Era

It is hard to know when simple travel turned into what we would define as tourism. As mentioned, the Empire Era (beginning with the Egyptians, including the Greeks and stretching unit the eventual form the Roman Empire) was influential in the development of travel and tourism. As time went on, people travelled more. They travelled for various reasons: commercial, educational, governmental and religious purposes. With consolidated governments in different central locations established as early as the Egyptian Kingdoms (4850-715 BC), travel was a necessity.

And because travel was a necessity, so too were basic necessities. Lodging and food needed to be provided to those visiting from other areas, which likely gave way to a realisation that you could travel to another place just because. This is especially true of the Greeks (900-200 BC). They wanted to find fun in new locations - they promoted the use of a common language, and their money became a form of common currency.

Places that were important in terms of government activities turned into what we might call tourist attractions. With shops, places to eat and drink, sports to watch, gaming and even theatre, there was plenty to do if you travelled to a different area. This only evolved further with the ancient Romans. During their empire (500 BC - 300 AD), good roads were developed and water routes improved. Inns were opened, around 30 miles apart from each other - a relatively easy days journey in between, so you always had a place to rest at night. Horses could even be hired here.

Roman roads expanded into a 50,000-mile system. With their currency now almost universally accepted, and common languages such as Greek and Latin being used, travel constantly became easier and less stressful. Then came the common legal system. This allowed for people to feel safer and more protected as they traveled - whether that be for pleasure, business or adventure. Cities throughout the Roman empire (such as Pompeii) became destinations for the middle and upper classes to explore during their downtime.

This can teach us something about the way we travel today. Tourism booms when people have more free time (such as during school holidays) and currencies are easily exchangeable. There are common languages, and the existence of law allows for a feeling of personal safety. If any of these factors were to be removed, people would be less inclined to travel. This was seen during the Middle Ages, when tourism was in decline.

The Middle Ages and the Renaissance Era

Throughout the Middle Ages (5-14th centuries AD) travel - and by extension tourism - was pretty much nonexistent. It became dangerous after the fall of the Roman Empire. While there had been a commonality among nations, there were now autonomous areas thanks to a feudal system. Transport was fragmented; so was language and currency. This made travelling to somewhere different much more difficult than it had been.

And when people did travel, it wasn't for leisure. With the Roman Catholic Church gaining power, there were nine crusades in attempt to retake the Holy Land between 1096 and 1291 AD. But they all failed, and left people with a desire to see the world outside of their own locality. People were keen to experience different civilisations.

Merchants - like Marco Polo - started to travel far and wide after the failed crusades. Polo's travels in particular (1295-1295 AD) were reported on, and people started to become more interested in travelling again.

So travel was reborn. During the Renaissance (14-16th centuries AD) more merchants travelled further afield. This was in part due to the church and royalty controlling larger geographic areas than they previously had done. Trade routes also started to reopen. Commercial activity grew, and people continued to venture out of their own towns and territories.

The first real tourist, according to historians, was Cyriacus of Ancona. He journeyed around the Mediterranean, eager to learn about Greek and Roman history. His desire to learn about what had come before - and to see what remained - encouraged others to think about how travel could benefit education. And so, the Grand Tour Era emerged...

The Grand Tour Era

The Grand Tour era is an important part of the history of tourism. The era of the Grand Tour (1613-1785) was when tourism as we know it really came into play. Starting with the most wealthy in society, people travelled to learn. It was fashionable, and soon became a status symbol in its own way.

Those who were 'coming of age' would travel throughout Europe to see art, architecture, science and more in countries other than their own. Generally the most visited places were France, Switzerland, Germany and Italy. Each 'Grand Tour' would last a couple of years. People would travel by carriage, and be accompanied by someone older to take care of them.

This changed slightly with the introduction of the industrial revolution in around 1750. Economic and social structures were changed forever. The revolution meant that lengthy journeys such as a Grand Tour trip were no longer particularly viable for many people. Factory life and business management, and indeed modern industrialism as a whole, led to people becoming more tied down.

Transport changed too - it became more efficient as economies grew and technology advanced. Markets stretched across borders and individuals had higher incomes; travel was now for business and leisure, but with less free time trips were shorted. The tourism industry had to develop rapidly to ensure they could meet the newfound needs of potential customers.

The Mobility Era

The next stage in the history of tourism is all about mobility. As time moved on, the economy (and personal wealth) continued to grow. Increased leisure time and more accessible travel meant that tourism boomed. Because less people were tied down to all-consuming jobs such as farm work and more had moved on to working in offices, jobs and factories, there was more free time available. The Mobility Era (1800-1944) was defined by an increase in travel to new locations both near and far.

With new roads, passenger trains, stagecoaches and sailing ships becoming more common, tourism continued to grow. France and Great Britain had fantastic road and railroad systems which made the idea of travel even more available to people.

Then along came Thomas Cook, who can definitely be credited with bringing travel and tourism to the general public- Thomas Cook is one of the most famous names in the history of tourism! He was the first to introduce a tour package - travel and accommodation, with food often included too. In 1841 he arranged for a tour of around 570 people to travel from Loughborough to Leicester. For a shilling the journey included food and entertainment. There was instant demand for more of the same, and so the full-time business of arranging and providing travel services was born!

The Mobility Era continued to make changes. Cars and air travel were introduced next; with Henry Ford's mass production for the Model T (1914), individuals had more freedom to travel. And thanks to Orville and Wilbur Wright's successful test of the aeroplane in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, commercial air travel was also introduced. This meant the time it took to travel long distance was much shorter, and thus people were more mobile.

The Modern Era

Another important time in the history of tourism is the modern era. The ability to move around and see new places was a start. Mass tourism continued to develop in the first half of the 20th century. George Westinghouse introduced the idea of paid leave from work, with a firm belief that allowing staff paid time off would be beneficial to productivity levels overall. This gave the working and middle classes in certain countries the time and money to fulfil their travel dreams - so the demand for tourism grew.

And as World War II came to an end in the 1940s, those who had been forced to travel during the war where keen to replicate this experience in a more positive way. They were now eager to travel for fun! They also wanted to share this with their loved ones, whether that be through travelling together or sharing stories that made these people want to travel too.

With gas/petrol no longer rationed, economies growing and cars once again being mass-produced, people travelled around in their cars - this was especially true in America, where the motel business really took off. This is similar, in a way, to the inns during the Empire Era.

Many factors contributed to the exponential growth of the travel industry. Hotels and motels took to the franchising model of business expansion, and jet travel was properly introduced in the 1950s, becoming popular throughout the 1960s.

Another fifties introduction helped: the credit card. Originally the Diners Club card, this provided travellers with the means to buy things wherever they were in the world without the hassle of currency exchange and carrying cash. To this day, credit cards are the preferred way to spend money when travelling.

So people had time, they had money - travel was safe and accessible. Tourism has simply continued to grow ever since. We now have mass tourism, and the people who engage in it can be split into two groups. These are 'organisation mass tourists' who make use of package deals and pre-prepared itineraries, and 'individual mass tourists'. The second group travel independently but do use mass tourism services (airlines, hotel companies etc) which have been promoted in the media.

The post-modern era

Travel is still ever-changing, though. People no longer necessarily travel just for the sake of travel - they want an immersive experience, adventure and the chance to give back to the local community. Tourism, and the travel companies with the industry, have to keep up with the different demands.

Throughout the 21st century, Internet access has become more common and new borders have opened. There is always increased wealth and mobility of citizens. As different countries become attractive to tourists, their economy grows - which, in turn, makes the destination more attractive. This is why tourism is SO important!

There are always peaks and troughs when it comes to tourism. Terrorism, health scares and political/economic instability often discourage travel. There are now increased security procedures at airports, borders and attractions which can be off-putting for some people. But, for the most part, people love to travel.

In the post-modern tourism era, consumers are more savvy, more fussy and more aware. Nowadays, people care more about environmental conservation, community impact, economic leakage and other such issues and are far more considerate when they plan and undertake their travels.

Also, people now search for experiences that are authentic and are looking to experience a range of different types of tourism. Organisations working within the sector can now offer far more smart tourism experiences, such as virtual tourism - which was widely used during the Coronavirus outbreak of 2020.

Similarly, consumers are more Internet savvy in the post-modern era, meaning that they are leaning towards independent research and dynamic packaging as opposed to using the traditional package tourism methods that were so popular for so many years. In fact, as a result of this change in buying behaviour, many tour operators and travel agents have gone out of business, including the famous Thomas Cook.

The history of aviation

An account of the history of tourism wouldn't be complete without discussing the integral role that aviation has played. So, lets dig a bit deeper into the history of aviation specifically...

What is the history of tourism involving aircraft?

What most people don't realise when considering the history of tourism is that aviation and flight has actually been around for thousands of years! Dating back to the ancient years in Greek mythology is the story of Icarus and Daedalus who attempted to create a pair of wings using wax and feathers.

While this invention sadly ended in tragedy, one thing it shows is that humans have been interested and intrigued by flight for centuries. It took us a bit of time to master the skies, however and it is thanks largely to the famous Wright Brothers and to various military developments that we have the aviation industry that we do today.

Early inventions impacting the history of tourism

The first aircraft known to be made by men was the kite. Created in China, the time is not known but many say it was sometime in the 5th Century, these kites are similar to the kites we still use today. Taking it a step further, the Chinese invented "man-lifting kites" which today are known as hot air balloons.

Aviation in the 1700's

By the 1700s, aviation as we know it today was in full swing and inventors were exploring different devices, inventions and failures. At this time, there were two main categories of aviation: lighter than air aviation and heavier than air. This was an important time in the history of tourism.

In 1783, the Montgolfier brothers revealed their hot air balloon which didn't need man to power it and the balloon flew over Annonay, France. This really started a wave of inventors who were interested in creating crafts that could fly without man powering it.

Later in that year, the brothers set up what is known as the first manned flight, with a tethered hot air balloon. A few weeks later, the brothers launched a manned flight with two astronauts onboard, that was untethered. Although the flight didn't last very long because the fire began to burn the fabric, this is the beginning of modern-day aviation.

December 17, 1903- a major day in the history of tourism

On this date, Orville and Wilbur Wright changed the face of aviation and what it is today, making this day as a pivotal moment in the history of tourism.

Successfully completing four flights in their "flyer", these brothers lasted mere seconds in the air in their aircraft and covered some 800 feet. Setting a new standard for aviation, these flights relied on power and control to work. This was brand new in the world of aviation and a very exciting achievement!

Because of the efforts of the Wright brothers, in 1914, the first passenger flight was used in the United States. Traveling from St. Petersburg and Tampa, Florida, these flights only lasted a few months but paved the way for what we know today as transcontinental aviation and marked an important development in the history of tourism.

The 1920's and 1930's were a time of major improvements and inventions in the aviation industry. Aircraft designs that were ahead of their time and influenced aircrafts that we see today, were being used to allow people to travel from one place to another comfortably.

Post World War II

During the time of World War II, many cities and countries had established their own airports and military aircrafts were being repurposed as commercial planes and personal planes. The War was a time of using these aircrafts to travel from one country to the next and the growth of international aviation during this time is monumental. This was a huge time in the history of tourism!

Not long after this time period, the Convention on International Civil Aviation was founded and still stands today. Also known as the Chicago Convention, this agency was established to regulate standards, safety and efficiency of all civil flights. Today, the agency has made significant improvements in the world of aviation and has allowed for safer and more economical airliners.

Aviation Today

After the post World War II era there were substantial developments to the history of tourism and aviation. In the 1970's, many aircraft became digitised and had computer systems built into the craft. Because of the creation of these systems, better aircraft have been made and the designs of airplanes have become sleeker, safer and more comfortable over the years.

Computer simulations of flights have also led to the design of lighter aircraft and airplanes that are stronger. Today's aviation industry offers one of the safest forms of transportation and has taken huge strides over the years.

The history of aviation aviation has been and continues to be a huge part of the economy for the entire world and has seen major improvements over the years. Without the discoveries from inventors that came before us, airplanes and travel may not be where they are today.

Recent years have seen the development of double decker aircraft, cleaner and greener aircraft and aircraft that can operate longer distances.... will be have supersonic aircraft in the future? Biofuels? Only time will tell- the history of tourism is not complete yet!

History of tourism- further reading

As you can see, the history of tourism is long and fruitful. While the industry has had its ups and downs, largely due to outside factors such as economic recession, war or a virus outbreak, it has continued to play an ever-important role in our lives. If you enjoyed this article on the history of tourism, I recommend that you take a look at these articles too-

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Блог Студланса о студлансе!

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Самый главный "секрет" эссе - это отсутствие каких-либо жестких правил. Но будет неплохо, если вы придумаете заголовок и постараетесь сохранить типичную структуру текста, предусмотрев введение, основную часть и заключение. При этом необязательно делать введение и заключение по каким-то формальным правилам. Эссе - не реферат и даже не статья, а потому не нуждается в таких типичных фразах, как:

"Эта статья посвящена..."

"Я хочу рассказать читателю о..."

"Цель этой работы - ..."

"Я пришел к таким выводам, как: ..."

Здесь не нужны "служебные" абзацы, фразы, слова, не несущие в себе какого-либо смысла. Не нужна здесь и четкая структура.

К сожалению некоторых студентов и к счастью будущих читателей, эссе все-таки не должно представлять собой несвязный набор слов и фраз. Отсутствие четких правил написания эссе и полная свобода действий вовсе не дают вам карт-бланш на плохой, неразборчивый, полный фактических, логических и орфографических ошибок текст. Поэтому лучше придерживаться каких-то рамок.

Несколько рекомендаций начинающему эссеисту или правила написания эссе:

1. Помните о теме и цели эссе. Ваш текст должен отвечать заголовку и той теме, которую вы поднимаете. Не растекайтесь мысью по древу, если этого не требует ваша идея. Излишне подробные описания, даже художественные, могут сослужить вам плохую службу.

2. Уточните приблизительный объем работы у преподавателя или работодателя и придерживайтесь его. Не думайте, что ваше рвение оценят, если вы напишете двухтомник по теме "Как я пришел к профессии врача" или "Что значит для меня высшее образование". Конечно, если вы будущий Чак Паланик или наследник Ницше и умеете завлечь читателя идеями или повествованием, можете рискнуть и написать 20-30 страниц вместо двух-трех. Считаете себя талантливым автором? Приходите в библиотеку, открывайте любое эссе известного писателя или философа, читайте. Не уснули на первой странице? Сравнивайте свой стиль со стилем автора. Ваш откровенно не тянет? Пишите коротко - преподаватели тоже люди! Двух-трех страниц обычно вполне достаточно, чтобы полностью раскрыть тему.

3. Делите текст на абзацы, разбавляйте подзаголовками, если это нужно, используйте средства визуального форматирования. Время читать полотна текста прошло еще в позапрошлом веке. Ваше умение сохранять мысль в абзаце на целую страницу никого не интересует - такой абзац просто не дочитают. Сделайте свой текст удобным для читателя. Даже если этот читатель один.

4. Обойдитесь без долгого вступления. Вы пишете для подготовленного читателя (вероятно, только того, кто задал вам тему для эссе). Не нужно рассказывать об актуальности проблемы, важности ее решения для современного человека, не нужно перечислять цели и задачи эссе, как вы делали это в реферате или курсовой. Начинайте сразу. То же касается и заключения. Не тратьте время читателя.

5. В вашем тексте должна быть структура. Хоть какая-то. Введение и заключение должны быть по умолчанию, даже если они на одну-две строки. Важно структурировать и основную часть. Определитесь, где вы выставите проблему, где ее аргументируете или опишете. Проблема и ее аргументация должны быть в той или иной форме. Вы можете сформулировать проблему как во введении, так и в заключении. Или в середине текста. Главное - сохранять логику и структуру.

6. Избегайте воды. Бывает вода "техническая" и смысловая. "Технической" называют все слова-паразиты, обилие вводных фраз и слов - словом, все то, что делает текст сложным для прочтения. Смысловая вода - все то, что не несет смысла, не отвечает поставленной теме и вообще не требуется в тексте. "Отжать" текст бывает непросто, поэтому пишите сразу по теме.

7. Не пишите от руки. Конечно, бывает всякое. Вас могут попросить набросать небольшое эссе на собеседовании или во время пары. В такой ситуации деваться некуда - придется брать чистый лист бумаги и отрабатывать каллиграфию. Если эссе можно написать дома, не сдавайте рукописный текст. Отговорки типа "у меня нет компьютера" не сработают. Ноутбук или, как минимум, планшет (а на планшете тоже можно написать что-то) есть у 90% студентов. Если вы, действительно, приехали из глубинки, держите в руках старую "Нокию" вместо "Андроида" и привыкли писать рефераты от руки еще со школы, выход все-таки есть. Передайте рукопись владельцу компьютера - за небольшое вознаграждение ваш текст перепечатают. Можете сами позаимствовать ноутбук у знакомого или зайти в ближайшее интернет-кафе. Нет ни денег, ни времени? Попросите распечатать эссе в деканате или на кафедре - бедному студенту с печальным взором и без гроша в кармане помогут.

8. Пользуйтесь графическим редактором и орфографической проверкой. Word - друг любого студента. Сделайте отступы, выделите заголовки, поставьте тот межстрочный интервал, который сделает текст читаемым. Убедитесь, что ваше эссе приятно читать. Ну и обратите внимание на проверку орфографии и пунктуации. По части пунктуации Word - не всегда верный помощник, да и некоторые грамматические ошибки можно допустить даже с автопроверкой. Поэтому перед тем, как сдавать эссе, дайте его почитать грамотному человеку. Можно сокурснику, можно профессиональному корректору или редактору. Можете воспользоваться "Орфограммкой".

9. Перечитайте текст перед отправкой. О том, как "тестировать" готовое эссе и что нужно проверять, мы расскажем позже. А пока, как минимум, удалите все опечатки и описки. Опечатки портят текст и впечатление от него. Некоторые преподаватели готовы простить даже море ошибок (да, не всегда студенты имеют безупречную грамотность), но невнимание к тексту, которое как раз и характеризуется обилием опечаток, он не простит никогда.

Как видите, эссе не имеет каких-то специфичных правил написания. Но некоторых рекомендаций все-таки стоит придерживаться. По крайней мере, если вы не хотите заказывать эссе у профессионалов.

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Самый главный "секрет" эссе - это отсутствие каких-либо жестких правил. Но будет неплохо, если вы придумаете заголовок и постараетесь сохранить типичную структуру текста, предусмотрев введение, основную часть и заключение. При этом необязательно делать введение и заключение по каким-то формальным правилам. Эссе - не реферат и даже не статья, а потому не нуждается в таких типичных фразах, как: "Эта статья посвящена..."

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