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Monacan

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217 S Monte Vista St, La Habra CA 90632

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2577 Corteland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

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2577 Corteland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

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2577 Corteland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

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Sita Edwards

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Kiara Toscano

This land belonged to Goshute and Ute tribes. They weren't subject to invaders until the mormon pioneers in the 18450's. They now have a reservation in western utah,  Ibapah, and it's home to about 200 tribal members

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Abril Fonseca

This land historically belongs to Ohlone, Muwekma and Chochenyo.

Fun fact: Over thousands of years, Ohlone people left tangible signs across their homelands through artifacts, buried features, and changes to the land itself. Stanford cares for many such sites and, with the tribe’s help, is seeking to grow in understanding this history.

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Home of the Munsee Lenape(Wappinger)

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Molly Kleinstein

Originally constituting one of the three great divisions of that nation and dwelling along the upper portion of the Delaware River, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. They spoke the language of Algonquian

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Ben Mencer-
This area belonged to the Skaruhreh/Tuscarora. In the late 17th century European colonists reported two main branches of the Skaruhreh/Tuscarora and estimated there to be approx. 2000 of them in the area that is now Raleigh

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Shannon Crowley
This land belongs to the Massa-adchu-es-et tribe.

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Munsee Lenape
Wappinger

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Linnaea Petterson
This land historically belongs to the Núu-agha-tʉvʉ-pʉ̱ (Ute) nation.

The Ute nation spoke the language Shoshonean.

They spread across most of the western United States including Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona.

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Grace
Home of the Lenni-Lenape tribe
Fought with colonists in the Revolutionary War

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Owen Bish

Lenni-Lenape

Lenape preceded the late 17th century European settlement of Pennsylvania by centuries. They were both hunters and agriculturalists and resided in bands along various rivers and streams.

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- The Kumeyaay are a tribe of Indigenous peoples
- They are the original native inhabitants of San Diego County
- were the only Yuman group in the area
- greeted the Spanish when they first sailed into San Diego Harbor with the Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo expedition of 1542

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Luiseno Tribe
Fact: They moved around Southern California as hunters and gatherers for hundreds of years and were confined to the area after the missions came to the land.
-Alexis Saldana

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Oona Moorhead
My hometown was originally the lands of the Wappinger Nation. A Eastern Algonquian speaking tribe, who's totem depicted above is the enchanted wolf, which was  shared with their allies the Machian Nation to the north.

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The Lenni-Lenape people are indigenous to the land my hometown is built on.

The history of the Lenni-Lenape goes back for more than 10,000 years.

The first and only Indian Reservation in New Jersey, the Brotherton Reservation in Burlington County (1758-1802),  was intended to be a safe haven, but was not. All of these reservations failed to protect them and were disbanded, leaving the people to struggle to maintain what bits of their homeland that they could.

The first treaty that was signed by the United States government, after its Declaration of Independence, was with the Lenni-Lenape (also called "Delawares") in 1778 during the Revolutionary War.

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This lands historically belongs to the Mvskoke/Muscogee (Creek) Nation, which has origins in the Southeast since before 1500 AD.

- Muscogee Nation was made up of a collection of several tribal towns, one of the largest unions
- Through the Indian Removal Act and Civil War, colonists continuously attacked the Muscogee nation
- In 1866, the Muscogee people were forced to cede 3.2 million acres.
- Since then, they negotiated the allotment of tribal land to individual citizens in the early 20th century, and maintained Principal Chiefs
- In 1980s, the Supreme Court affirmed the Nation's right so sovereignty, their own court system, and their ability to levy taxes.
- They now work to continuously asserts their sovereign rights, and promote historical and cultural education of the nation.

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Origins

The Muscogee (Creek) people are descendants of a remarkable culture that, before 1500 AD, spanned the entire region known today as the Southeastern United States. Early ancestors of the Muscogee constructed magnificent earthen pyramids along the rivers of this region as part of their elaborate ceremonial complexes. The historic Muscogee, known as Mound builders, later built expansive towns within these same broad river valleys in the present states of Alabama, Georgia, Florida and South Carolina.

The Confederacy

The Muscogee were not one tribe but a union of several. This union evolved into a confederacy that, in the Euro-American described "historic period," was the most sophisticated political organization north of Mexico. Member tribes were called tribal towns. Within this political structure, each tribal town maintained political autonomy and distinct land holdings.

The confederacy was dynamic in its capacity to expand. New tribal towns were born of "Mother towns" as populations increased. The confederacy also grew through the addition of tribes conquered by tribal towns. In time, the confederacy expanded further by taking in tribes and fragments of tribes devastated by the European imperial powers. Within this confederacy, the language and the culture of the founding tribal towns became dominant.

Throughout the period of European contact, most of the Muscogee population was concentrated into two geographical areas. The English called the Muscogee peoples occupying the towns on the Coosa and the Tallapoosa rivers, Upper Creeks, and those to the southeast, on the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, the Lower Creeks.

The distinction was purely geographical. Partially due to the Lower towns close proximity to the English; they were substantially effected by intermarriage and its consequent impact on their political and social order. The Upper towns remained less effected by European influences and continued to maintain distinctly traditional political and social institutions.

The Indian Removal Act

During the early 19th century, the United States Indian policy focused on the removal of the Muscogee and the other Southeastern tribes to areas beyond the Mississippi River. In the removal treaty of 1832, Muscogee leadership exchanged the last of the cherished Muscogee ancestral homelands for new lands in Indian Territory (Oklahoma).

Many of the Lower Muscogee (Creek) had settled in the new homeland after the treaty of Washington in 1827. For the majority of Muscogee people the process of severing ties to a land they felt so much a part of proved impossible. The U.S. Army enforced the removal of more than 20,000 Muscogee (Creeks) to Indian Territory in 1836 and 37.

Within the new nation the Lower Muscogees located their farms and plantations on the Arkansas and Verdigris rivers. The Upper Muscogees re-established their ancient towns on the Canadian River and its northern branches. The tribal towns of both groups continued to send representatives to the National Council that met near High Springs. The Muscogee Nation as a whole began to experience a new prosperity.

Civil War

The American Civil War was disastrous for the Muscogee people. The first three battles in Indian Territory occurred when Confederate forces attacked a large group of neutral Muscogee (Creeks) led by Opothle Yahola. The majority of Muscogee people wanted neutrality, which proved to be impossible. Eventually, Muscogee citizens fought on both the Union and Confederate sides. After the end of the Civil War, the reconstruction treaty of 1866 required the cession of 3.2 million acres - approximately half of the Muscogee domain.

The Constitution

In 1867, the Muscogee people adopted a written constitution that provided for a Principal Chief and a Second Chief, a judicial branch and a bicameral legislature composed of a House of Kings and a House of Warriors. Tribal towns determined representation in both houses of this Legislative assembly.

This "constitutional" period lasted for the remainder of the 19th century. A new capital was established in 1867 on the Deep Fork of the Canadian at Okmulgee. In 1878, the Nation constructed a familiar native stone Council House, which remains at the center of the modern city of Okmulgee.

Allotment

During the late 1800s, the Dawes Commission began negotiating with the Muscogee Nation for the allotment of the national domain. In 1898, the United States Congress passed the Curtis Act, which made the dismantling of the National governments of the Five Civilized Tribes and the allotment of collectively held tribal domains inevitable.

In 1890, the noted statesman Chitto Harjo helped lead organized opposition against the dissolution of Muscogee National government and allotment of collectively held lands. In his efforts he epitomized the view of all Muscogee people that they possessed an inherent right to self-government. For individuals like Chitto Harjo, it was unimaginable that the Nation could be dissolved by the action of a foreign government. This perception proved to be correct.

The end of the Muscogee Nation as envisioned those within the United States Congress did not occur. In the early 20th century, the process of allotment of the tribal land to individual citizens was completed; however, the perceived dismantling of the Muscogee government was never fully executed. The Nation maintained a Principal Chief throughout this stormy period.

Indian Self-Determination

In 1971, the Muscogee people, for the first time since the partial dismantling of their National government, freely elected a Principal Chief without Presidential approval. In the decade of the 1970s the leadership of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation drafted and adopted a new constitution, revitalized the National Council and began the challenging process of political and economic development.

In the 1980s United States Supreme Court decisions affirmed the Nation's sovereign rights to maintain a national court system and levy taxes. The federal courts have also consistently re-affirmed the Muscogee Nation's freedom from state jurisdiction.

Present day

The Mound building located at the Tribal headquarters, houses the National Council Offices and Judicial Offices. Over 100 years after the dark days of the allotment era, the Muscogee (Creek) people are actively engaged in the process of accepting and asserting the rights and responsibilities of a sovereign nation. As a culturally distinct people, the Muscogee are also aware of the necessity for knowing and understanding their extraordinary historical and cultural inheritance.

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Culture/History - Muscogee (Creek) Nation

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Origins The Muscogee (Creek) people are descendants of a remarkable culture that, before 1500 AD, spanned the entire region known today as the Southeastern United States. Early ancestors of the Muscogee constructed magnificent earthen pyramids along the rivers of this region as part of their elaborate ceremonial complexes.