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Miyamoto et al. (2005) used balloon aerial photography to monitor disturbance dynamics, restoration, and invasive species in Akanuma marsh in Kushiro wetland.

Planer‐Friedrich et al. (2007) used balloon aerial photography to map the rapidly changing environments of two hydrothermal areas in Yellowstone National Park.

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Balloons are a simple UAV, consisting of a tethered balloon carrying a data collection instrument, such as a camera (Everaerts, 2008). Balloon mapping is a low-cost technique that requires only a few simple materials to build (Planer‐Friedrich et al., 2008). This technique is commonly used to monitor changes in habits and landscapes over time (Miyamoto et al., 2005).

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Inexpensive (Everaerts, 2008).

Works without any noise (Planer‐Friedrich et al., 2008).

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Makes it possible to collect information from dangerous and inaccessible environments (Pirotta et al., 2017).

Improves the safety and efficiency of sample collection (Pirotta et al., 2017).

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High sensitivity towards wind and little control over accurate positioning (Planer‐Friedrich et al., 2008).

Obstacles are potentially hazardous (Planer‐Friedrich et al., 2008).

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are an emerging controllable platform used for remote data collection (Everaerts, 2008). The use of UAVs in conservation science allows data collection in dangerous and inaccessible areas, expanding into research questions that once seemed impossible to answer (Pirotta et al., 2017). UAVs allow data collection in the form of images, videos, specimen collection, and many other data forms (Koh & Wich, 2012; Torres et al., 2018; Everaerts, 2008). Two types of commonly used platforms in conservation science are drones and balloons.

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Drones are unpiloted aircrafts that are remotely controlled from the ground by the instrument operator (Everaerts, 2008). Drones are commonly equipped with cameras that allow aerial surveys and data collection using different attachments, such as a petri dish (Pirotta et al., 2017). Some drone applications include mapping of local land cover, monitoring of illegal forest activities, and surveying large animals (Koh & Wich, 2012).

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Pirotta et al. (2017) used drones equipped with petri dishes to collect whale blow samples to assess whale health.

Torres et al. (2018) used drones to obtain footage of gray whales foraging in the coastal waters of Oregon to describe unique behaviors observed.

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Some drones require a high level of skill and effort (Pirotta et al., 2017).

Limited by battery life (Torres et al., 2018).

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Everaerts, J. (2008). The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Remote Sensing and Mapping. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37(B1), 1187-1191.

Ivošević, B., Han, Y., Cho, Y., Kwon, O. (2015). The use of conservation drones in ecology and wildlife research. Journal of ecology and environment, 38(1), 113-118.

Koh, L. P., Wich, S. A. (2012). Dawn of Drone Ecology: Low-Cost Autonomous Aerial Vehicles for Conservation. Tropical Conservation Science, 5(2), 121-132.

Miyamoto, M., Yoshino, K., Kushida, K. & Nagano, T. (2005). Use of Balloon Aerial Photography and Airborne Color near Infrared (CNIR) Video Image for Mapping Vegetation in Kushiro Wetland, Northeast Japan. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 1(2), 3-19.

Pirotta, V., Smith, A., Ostrowski, M., Russell, D., Jonsen, I., Grech, A., Harcourt, R. (2017). An Economical Custom-Built Drone for Assessing Whale Health. Frontiers in Marine Science. 4, 1-12. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00425.

Planer‐Friedrich, B., Becker, J., Brimer, B. & Merkel, B.J. (2008). Low‐cost aerial photography for high‐resolution mapping of hydrothermal areas in Yellowstone National Park. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29(6), 1781-1794. DOI: 10.1080/01431160701395237

Torres, L. G., Nieukirk, S. L., Lemos, L., Chandler, T. E. (2018). Drone Up! Quantifying Whale behavior from a new perspective improves observational capacity. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00319

Warembourg, C., Berger-González, M., Alvarez, D., Maximiano Sousa, F., López Hernández, A., Roquel, P., Eyermann, J., Benner, M., Dürr, S. (2019). Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for free-roaming dog population size estimation. DOI: 10.1101/823419

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Example of a Conservation Issue of Interest to Me

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Example of a Conservation Issue of Interest to Me

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Warembourg et al. (2019) used UAVs to obtain a free-roaming dog population size estimation in the Petén Department of Guatemala. These researchers used drones to gain the population estimation for several reasons including disease surveillance and control.

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Drones prove to be a powerful ally in wildlife conservation

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Ecologists working together to see how the entire planet is changing and what can be expected of it in the future (Ivošević, 2015).

The use of near infra-red, infra-red and ultra-violet cameras on conservation drones (Koh & Wich, 2012).