# data[].attributes.body
The animals showing symptoms should’ve been isolated from the herd and observed closely to reduce the spread.The living areas should’ve been kept clean and disinfected regularly to further reduce spread.The farmer shouldn’t have given AMs to the cows without prescription as this leads to risk of AMR

# data[].attributes.body
isolate animals and consult with vet before using AM

# data[].attributes.headline
Ensure that the animals are isolated to prevent further transmission before consulting a vet. The farmer shouldn't administer antibiotics without prescription as this increases the risk of AMR.

# data[].attributes.subject
Ensure that the animals are isolated to prevent further transmission before consulting a vet. The farmer shouldn't administer antibiotics without prescription as this increases the risk of AMR.

# data[].attributes.body
1. What do you think should have been done in this case?

I think that the animals showing the symptoms should have been isolated from the herd, and the farmer in the first place shouldn’t have been giving AMs if not prescribed, as it could’ve lead to the bacteria having more resistance (against more of the drugs).

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The farmer should have consulted the vets first before giving any antimicrobials to the animals as this drives the selection for bacteria with resistant strains, leading to the rapid growth of the resistant bacteria population, decreasing chances of survival of calves. Moreover, keeping the living areas of the animals clean by sanitising/ disinfecting the area is key in controlling the spread of disease.

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the animals should be isolated and monitored closely and have vets do blood tests and other tests to figure out what exactly the calves were infected by. this way the vet can recommend the proper dosage, duration and type of antibiotics. so there wont be a situation where the farmer seems to be trying out different antibiotics. it would have helped to clear out the infection faster, giving less chance for the bacteria to develop mutations or transfer resistance genes to each other, so that the number of drugs the E.coli was resistant to would not have increased so much. plus the area should have been kept as clean as possible. this will help prevent spread and reduce risk. and there could be other treatment methods that can support the antibiotic use like making sure the calves are well hydrated and have proper nutrition so that their immune systems would work better and help clear out the infection instead of just relying on the antibiotics.

# data[].attributes.body
isolate the animals from the herd and take thorough observations of symptoms and consult a vet use probiotics to maintain a sanitary barn for the uninfected animals as well as decreasing the risk of the infected ones contracting a secondary opportunistic infection

# data[].attributes.body
and lastly consult vets

# data[].attributes.body
In this case, the emergence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in calves highlights the consequences of antimicrobial selection pressure and the importance of early intervention at the herd level. The initial isolates showed a relatively narrow resistance profile, but subsequent isolates demonstrated resistance to a broad spectrum of antimicrobials, including β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides, with AmpC β-lactamase positivity. This progression strongly suggests that the antimicrobial practices on the farm contributed to the evolution and persistence of resistant strains. Rather than continuing to escalate antimicrobial use, the priority should have been to implement strict biosecurity, hygiene, and calf management measures to reduce pathogen exposure and transmission. Diagnostic investigations, including culture and sensitivity testing, should have guided therapy, and treatment protocols should have been reviewed to minimize reliance on critically important antimicrobials.

Equally important, the farm should have adopted a herd-level control strategy focused on prevention rather than reactive treatment. This would include improving colostrum management, nutrition, housing, and stress reduction to enhance calf immunity, alongside targeted vaccination where appropriate. Antimicrobial stewardship principles dictate that oral sulphonamides, gentamicin, and later ceftiofur should not have been used empirically without evidence of efficacy, especially given the risk of selecting for AmpC-producing strains. Instead, veterinary oversight should have emphasized non-antibiotic supportive care for diarrheic calves, early isolation of sick animals, and environmental decontamination. By shifting from routine antimicrobial use to preventive herd health management, the risk of multidrug-resistant E. coli establishment and spread could have been significantly reduced.

# data[].attributes.body
Isolate the animals before introducing them to the herd and get them checked up by a vet.

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Isolation of all 11 animals until healthy, or if not improving, culling

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The animals should have been isolated to reduce the spread and given enrichment to help reduce depression. The isolation pens should have been as clean as possible, and cleaned regularly. The isolated animals should have been treated with antibiotics when necessary, and not as sporadically as in the case.

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I think that the animals should be separated and isolated, with enrichment or something to help ease the depression they were succumbing to, and be given a cleaner environment. Then they should be supported with regular checkups as well as tracking their progress as they try to maintain their health.

# data[].attributes.body
Isolate the animals and have frequent vet checkups and track their health over the period of quarantining them.

# data[].attributes.body
The new animals should have been quarantined and monitored for any signs of disease. Any subsequently ill animals must be immediately isolated. An attempt must be made to diagnose the bacterium responsible for the infection in order to select the most appropriate antibiotic, rather than using several antibiotics.

# data[].attributes.body
Evidence based treatment should have been done, proper disease diagnosis coupled with susceptibility results from the laboratory could have helped in selection of the correct antibiotic.

# data[].attributes.body
Isolate the new animals before introducing them to the herd, and ideally be checked by a vet.

# data[].attributes.body
Before introducing antibiotic therapy, samples (e.g. feces, swabs, samples from dead calves) should be taken for microbiological tests. This would allow for the implementation of targeted antibiotic therapy and avoid the development of resistance. The principles of responsible use of antibiotics should be introduced, including the use of antibiotics only after consultation with a veterinarian, limiting the use of critical antibiotics (e.g. cefitofur, fluoroquinolones), considering alternative therapies (probiotics, electrolytes, symptomatic treatment).

# data[].attributes.body
The newly added animals should first have been checked by a vet for any bacterial infections before being introduced to the herd. Furthermore, the environment should have been improved in terms of sanitation so there is no contamination and spread of bacteria.

# data[].attributes.body
You should always isolat new animals and not put them with your current herd. Having them in a clean envierment and having them checked by a vet if possible would be a good start.

# data[].attributes.body
Before mixing the new cows with the original herd, they should have been isolated to stop the spread of infection. The farm should have also improved husbandry by introducing better biosecurity measures and sanitation practices. Using multiple antibiotics likely contributed to the bacteria becoming more resistant so perhaps early testing could have helped avoid the use of some antibiotics.

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In the future the newly brought cows should of been isolated before introduing them to the original herd. The infected calves should be isolated and santiation should be introduced, reducing the risk of others getting infected via bio secturity. The owner should keep a close eye on symptoms displayed by any other cows.

# data[].attributes.body
Biosecurity measures should have been implemented through the isolation of the new animals being added to the farm

# data[].attributes.body
isolation of the animals or possibly quarantining the sick ones to prevent contact with the healthy to stop the spread, ensure cleanliness so for example the bedding, feed and water should be fresh and not contaminated as this would prevent further spread

# data[].attributes.body
The isolation of new animals from an existing herd is impressive upon first arrival to ensure the biosecurity of the farm as well as health of all animals present. Of which, if a pathogen is spread after a period of time the further isolation of sick calves as well as good biosecurity management, may have prevented the further spread of disease and therefore overall lesser use of antimicrobial treatments across the herd.

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Isolation of sick calves with good biosecurity practices being followed day to day. Quick and cheap scourcheck to ensure AM indicated prior to treating D+ with AM straight off the bat. After tx failure, send for culture + sensitivity of faeces to guide antimicrobial usage. It is noted that a CIA (gent) used as first line treatment here as standard so discussion about appropriate use of ABS and biosecurity important for future outbreaks.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Any calves presenting with symptoms for enteritis should have been isolated. The newly purchased animals should have been quarantined and tested for diseases/infections before integration into the original herd. The use of antibiotics as treatment by the farmer should have been monitored by the vet and ensured that the change in antimicrobial was prescribed rather than 'dispensed'.

# data[].attributes.body
Isolation of infected calves and treatment to stop spread, and biosecurity to make sure the herd is protected from any new species brought in by the new calves

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it needs to isolate the new calves and use the antiseptics to reduce the reasons.

# data[].attributes.body
Bio security and implementing isolation of new animals on the farm

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More bio security measures should have been in place. New animals should be isolated to ensure they are safe before introducing them to the other animals. Better hygiene should have been practiced aswell.

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The fact that something contaminated was consumed by the cow shows a lack of biosecurity. Also, I think more tests should have been done before using multiple antimicrobials at once as there may have been a more simple, safer solution.

# data[].attributes.subject
The fact that something contaminated was consumed by the cow shows a lack of biosecurity. Also, I think more tests should have been done before using multiple antimicrobials at once as there may have been a more simple, safer solution.

# data[].attributes.headline
Isolation and biosecurity measures, shouldn't have changed antimicrobials without doing a culture & sensitivity first, needs to ensure using the correct route, dosage, administration for the right length of time, in certain animals, unlikely needed to be given to the whole herd.

# data[].attributes.subject
Isolation and biosecurity measures, shouldn't have changed antimicrobials without doing a culture & sensitivity first, needs to ensure using the correct route, dosage, administration for the right length of time, in certain animals, unlikely needed to be given to the whole herd.

# data[].attributes.body
In the second year, there should have been more biosecurity measures in place, and better hygiene management.

# data[].attributes.headline
Biosecurity is very important in any farm , before introducing new animals to the herds the animal should have been vaccinated or should be isolated for two weeks to ensure the animal is safe to be introduced to others

# data[].attributes.subject
Biosecurity is very important in any farm , before introducing new animals to the herds the animal should have been vaccinated or should be isolated for two weeks to ensure the animal is safe to be introduced to others

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From second year biosecurity measures needs to be maintained strictly and all the antimicrobial use needs to stop

# data[].attributes.subject
From second year biosecurity measures needs to be maintained strictly and all the antimicrobial use needs to stop

# data[].attributes.body
After the first year, stricter quarrantining procedures should have been put into place. As well colostrum management should be evaluated on this farm, and hygene.

# data[].attributes.body
Certainly, quarantining of new stock should be mandatory on a farm, as well as attending to them only after dealing with the main herd. Paying attention to hygiene measures.

Initial outbreaks, should be assessed with culture and sensitivities performed. The appropriate antibiotic protocol can  then be implemented. This would certainly be expected before initiating treatment with a 3rd generation Cephalosporin.

# data[].attributes.body
The steps to be taken are:
1. Quarantine the new lot/ calves.
2. Symptomatic/ Diseased should be isolated and treated.
3. Close monitoring and proper vaccination should be done.
4. Before the use of antimicrobials, Antibiotic sensitivity testing should be done.

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I believe it is always better to prevent rather than treat so the new cows should have had a clinical examination and received vaccinations before being entered into the heard. I think there should of been a period of isolation to make sure no diseases were present in the news cows. Any cows showing signs of illness should of been removed from the heard and isolated. Sick cows should of undergone testing and bacteria culture to make sure the most appropriate antibiotic was administered.

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I think the new cows should have been vetted/ vaccinated before entering the original herd. Any signs of disease should have meant they would not enter the herd before purchase.

# data[].attributes.body
In this case, I think the new animals introduced to the secure herd should have been appropriately tested and vaccinated before entering the farm and should have isolated to observe for any signs of the disease before allowing them to mix with the herd. Any unwell animals should immediately be isolated away from the main herd.

# data[].attributes.body
Before new animals were introduced into the herd, they should be examined by a vet, vaccinated and quarantined.
Unwell animals should have been isolated to reduce the spread of disease and a bacterial culture should have been taken and an antibiotic sensitivity test carried out to determine the most effective antibiotic to treat this disease.

# data[].attributes.body
When new animal were to be introduced in farm , should be isolated for some days and necessary test was to be done to ensure presence of microorganisms.

# data[].attributes.body
The additional animals must be quarantined and tested for desiase before put them whith the others animals fron the farm

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Determining the serotype of E Coli would help track, and also cohort isolating infecting animals together

# data[].attributes.subject
Determining the serotype of E Coli would help track, and also cohort isolating infecting animals together

# data[].attributes.body
When buying from another farmer, the animals should be quarantined and vaccinate any unvaccinated calves. While also before purchase the buyer should look into farmers history with disease and ask about his farm. When one sick animal is found the rest should be checked and kept together if showing similar symptoms or virus. Instead of using so many antimicrobials for diarrheic calves the farmer should have consulted a vet or changed the calves diet.

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What do you think should ahve been done in this case?

# data[].attributes.subject
What do you think should ahve been done in this case?

# data[].attributes.body
-Purchase animals from farms that have vaccination programs, good husbandry, good hygiene to minimize the possibility of sick animals being introduced into your herd.
-All new animals introduced to the herd should go through a quarantine period where they are fully isolated from the other animals.
-Sick animals should be separated from healthy animals as soon as posible.
-A susceptibility test should always be performed before choosing an antibiotic to treat the calves. Otherwise the antibiotic used may not be appropriate and this could lead to the emergence and spread of resistance.
-A farmer should not be the one choosing to administer an antibiotic, this should always be decided by a veterinarian after seeing the animals and diagnosing the disease.

# data[].attributes.body
The farmer should have quarantined the new calves before introducing them into the herd. They should have done an antimicrobial suspectibility test before using antimicrobials. Sick animals should be separated from the apparent healthy animals to reduce the spread of the bacteria

# data[].attributes.body
The farmer should have been reminded not to administer antibiotics. If the farm was susceptible to an outbreak then new calves or ones seeming infected should have been isolated and monitored closely.

# data[].attributes.headline
New calves should have been under quarantine at first. Also sick cows should be isolated and routine adequate disinfection performed. 

# data[].attributes.subject
New calves should have been under quarantine at first. Also sick cows should be isolated and routine adequate disinfection performed. 

# data[].attributes.body
The animals should be regularly tested for this particular strain of E.Coli if it is know that this farm is susceptible to outbreaks, and any positive cases should be isolated and not used for any consumerism purposes. The farmer should also be reminded not to administer antibiotics, such as the ceftiofur, as a precaution, as this will only accelerate the antibiotic resistance.

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Ensuring that the status of the E.Coli is recorded so that it can be identified and individuals can be isolated to help prevent the spread.

# data[].attributes.body
The lack of animal husbandry was the main culprit of the case; once a sick animal is identified, it should be immediately separated to reduce spread to healthy animals and minimise cross contamination. Furthermore, the farmer's lack of knowledge about the use of antibiotics led him to administer them without supervision of the veterinarian - and incorrect doses or incorrect antibiotics lead to resistant bacteria.

# data[].attributes.headline
Good husbandry always should be followed. Test and isolate sick animals, sensitivity test for antimicrobial use were to be done before administering to the valve's

# data[].attributes.subject
Good husbandry always should be followed. Test and isolate sick animals, sensitivity test for antimicrobial use were to be done before administering to the valve's

# data[].attributes.body
Good hygiene and proper farm management can reduce the infections due to environmental pathogens like E-coli.

Isolation of the diseased animals from the healthy ones during the initial stage could have reduced the spread.

Proper biosecurity measures had to be followed.

The farmer shouldn't have administrated the antibiotics without the supervision of a Vet. Inadequate doses and improper dosage can lead to amr.

When the antibiotic therapy didn't seem to have a positive result, an antibiotic susceptibility testing via disc diffusion assay could have been done to select the appropriate antibiotic.

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Herd level management is the initial step that must be followed. Infected animals must be separated from apparently healthy animals and introduction of animals must be done after proper quarantine. Proper screening for the multi drug resistant E. coli should be done along with proper hygiene and sanitary measures followed in the farm.

# data[].attributes.body
isolate the animals to stop cross contamination, this will mean the risk of the pathogen spreading is lower and less financial hit to the farmer.

# data[].attributes.body
Separation of the calves to prevent transfer/ cross-contamination until treated, should be kept sanitary and hygienic to also ensure this. They should have also acquired advice from a vet for further guidance with treatment/ antibiotics

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preventative treatment should have been implemented from moment of sale- proper quarantine, bio security and hygeine management. treatment plan should not have been so varied, should have stuck to a complete course and plan. any infected calves should have been isolated asap, with good infection control in place. perhaps even vaccinating from beginning, but infected should have been completely isolated as well as any in contact

# data[].attributes.body
The treatment method shouldn't have been so varied and they should monitor the concentration of any antimicrobial used. Other members of the discussion also made the suggestion of: removing any infected individuals from the herd; following sufficient hygiene protocols; and discussing with the farmer whether they are properly caring for the welfare of their animals.

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Have previously quarantined the newly admitted animals. And do a proper saniary management.

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Concentrate more on herd health and good husbandry and avoid antibiotics for diarrhea control.

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Isolate infected individuals and, as a lot of other people have said, follow biosecurity and hygiene management - this could’ve been easily prevented. Preventative medicine is best! Vaccinations, good hygiene practice, and generally animal husbandry (any individuals purchased must be quarantined before being introduced to the herd for at least 2 weeks, more if an infection is found via testing and a treatment plan must be followed).

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I think that the farmer should know something about the 7 point plan for further education, and because that way he would learn more about antimicrobials use, such as not use them in the first place. On the other hand, E.coli vaccination, and most impotant , the cows needed to be separated until find which one were passing E.coli to the calves.

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In other words, no antibiotics.

# data[].attributes.body
Escherichia coli infection in calves should rather be treated with fluid and electrolyte therapy. Good nursing, warmth and optimum nutrition will assist in recovery. Infected calves and their pen mates should be kept isolated with good infection controls (as mentioned in the other posts) in place.

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The sick animals must be isolated first, then the principles of biosecurity must be applied

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It is a clear example of poor hygienic management, there are no marketing policies for sick animals, regulating and promoting the rational use of drugs, developing responsibility plans in the evolution of resistant strains, curbing effects on microbial biomass and possible effects on humans. We should not consume any type of meat. Let's respect and take care of animals.

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a diagnosis to be refreshed

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They should have been isolate from the start. Hygiene guidelines met and improved. Education of the farmer

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All the calves needed to be separated, and to find out which of the cows were passing E.coli to the calves. I also think that once found that the farmer needed more education on what to do and look out for and to immediately get in touch with a vetenarian who could immediately of assessed the situation, and stop the spread of e.coli.

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Education of farm operator, hygiene focus, and E. coli vaccination of cows to pass antibodies in the milk to the calves.

# data[].attributes.body
Separate the calves infected from the rest and evaluate every single animal that was introduced to the cattle. Manage the cleanance from every person that was in contact with the animals to control the infection.

# data[].attributes.body
Calves should be kept separately upon arrival and tested routinely. infected ones should be isolated and treated and the sheds should be cleaned regularly

# data[].attributes.body
All calves should have been isolated separately and tested for the disease, those who were infected should've then remained isolated, then those testing positive should be treated with the correct antibiotics, being aware of dosage and treatment plans

# data[].attributes.body
Evaluate new animals when they arrive, keep those with clinical symptoms separate, make a bacterial isolation before starting antibiotic therapy and inform the farmer about the importance of maintaining the health of his herd under veterinary supervision.

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Test all calves and separate those that are infected. Test any animals that were to be introduced to the herd before coming in contact with other animals. Separate feeds and use different treatment plans according to the bacteria present in each animal, completing these diligently. Maintain good hygiene to stop the spread of the bacteria

# data[].attributes.body
Initial isolation and testing of purchased cattle prior to introduction into the herd to prevent spread of MDR E.coli isolates would be important. Basic husbandry and hygiene practices should be reviewed to reduce the risk of animal to animal, and zoonotic transmission, and to reduce the requirement for antimicrobial usage. The farmer should be educated on the concepts of AMS and AMR and his responsibilities relating to such. Concepts relating to the conferment of AMR emergence should be highlighted with particular reference to the route of administration, dose and duration of treatment.

# data[].attributes.body
once the animals were identified as infected they should have been separated and giving a higher level of hygiene to reduce the chance of crosscontaminationa and any other illness getting to them . then they should had a full examination and tests to see what level of medication they should get to help cure them and to find out what is best for them and the farmer. also talking to the farmer ,on what antimicrobials are would help the farmer know what to do in the future to help.

# data[].attributes.body
It is evident that the calves should have been separated immediately and hygiene standards implemented to reduce the transmission of resistance. Additionally, the farmer should have been educated on the implications of inappropriately using antibiotics ie communal feeding. Monitoring should also have been implemented to ensure that the calves received the correct dose and duration on an individual basis.

# data[].attributes.body
Antimicrobial sensitivity test should have been done before therapy.

# data[].attributes.body
Testing and separating infected animals. Can the correct dose of antibiotics be ensured if in communal feed? Separate feeds per animals required dose and duration. Ensure strict hygiene protocols.

# data[].attributes.body
Separation of the herd is required.
Proper attention on various effects of the drug.
Re-education of the farmer on AMR is required.

# data[].attributes.body
Thoroughly testing the calves brought in and splitting them into further smaller groups to reduce preventative spread especially if they were purchased from an unregulated farm. Meeting hygiene guidelines reducing potential spread. Look into the frequency of the antibiotics given and educate the farmer on the damage that they have caused

# data[].attributes.body
they should've been isolated from each other and monitored round the clock to notice if there was changes and if any reacted differently to the medication they was given.