# data[].attributes.body
Me

American/Argentine Natural Citizen
Later Naturalized Italian Citizenship
Native English/Spanish - Bilingual

Parents

Ellen (Mother)
American Citizen
Native English Speaker, Second Language Spanish Speaker - Bilingual
Alex (Father)
Argentine/Italian Citizen
Native Spanish Speaker, Second Language English Speaker - Bilingual

Grandparents

Lyle (Maternal Grandfather)
American Citizen
Native English Speaker - Monoligunal
Golda (Maternal Grandmother)
American Citizen
Native English Speaker - Monoligunal
Marta (Paternal Grandmother)
Argentine Citizen
Native English/Spanish Speaker - Bilingual

# data[].attributes.body
Vídeo que aborda diferentes maneiras de se apresentar e simples cumprimentos. Mais importante ainda, repassa as diferenças entre cumprimentos formais e informais.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Portuguese (european) Formal vs Informal - Part 1: Greetings

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
We went to the streets of Lisbon and asked some folks how they would normally greet someone they did not know well and then someone they felt comfortable with, perhaps a friend. Check out the results.

# data[].attributes.body
Este é um artigo interessante que aborda gírias comuns faladas no Brasil. O meu favorito era "pisa na bola", que significa estragar ou decepcionar alguém. Achei isso bem engraçado porque penso em quando jogava futebol quando era pequeno e lembro que as pessoas pisavam acidentalmente na bola de futebol durante um jogo no intervalo e elas caíam instantaneamente.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Visiting Brazil can mean a lot of things.
It can mean experiencing the iconic carnival parade in Rio de Janeiro.

Or it can mean sampling street food while embracing the urban hustle and bustle of São Paulo.

But however you plan to enjoy Brazil, there's one thing it means without a doubt: You'll need to interact with the locals.

Because of that, you'll also be exposed to a lot of Brazilian slang words and colloquialisms that sound completely nonsensical to the untrained ear.

That's just part of daily life in any country. Just as ESL students might struggle to understand some colloquial English terms, you'll likely become befuddled by some of the local Brazilian Portuguese lingo if you don't take the time to learn it.

Don't fret: We're here to show you the ropes and guide you toward slang proficiency!

Before we do that, let's take a closer look at how slang fits into the language-learning experience.

Why Is Learning Local Slang So Important?

Simply put, slang is an essential part of vocabulary-building.

Yes, your formal phrases, grammar rules and sentence construction are all vitally important-but language-learning needs to go beyond the textbook essentials to see how everything actually comes together in everyday interactions.

Because at the end of the day, you'll only become fluent in Brazilian Portuguese if you make your studies relevant and authentic.

Programs like FluentU offer some great ways to do this, even from the comfort of your own home. The more you incorporate native content like FluentU's Brazilian music videos, movie clips, authentic conversations and much more into your learning, the sooner you'll be able to communicate with Brazilians on their home turf.

A Portuguese FluentU program is currently in development, so check back soon for authentic, immersive learning.

This is also the reason why watching local Brazilian movies, listening to local music and reading literature are methods often recommended as supplementary study tools. Every bit of native language that you're exposed to will go the distance.

Slang is just one of the many facets of Brazilian Portuguese that you'll need to learn in order to achieve true fluency.

How to Learn Brazilian Slang

To learn some authentic slang, you'll need to find it, first. The 16 terms in this post will get you started!

But to go beyond this starter pack, you can research and study some common phrases and terms on your own.

Google and YouTube are both great resources for this: Simply look for authentic Brazilian content. Intermediate to advanced speakers can also consult the Dicinário inFormal to get new leads on colloquialisms-just keep in mind that all definitions provided are in Portuguese.

Once you've compiled a list of slang terms, enter each new term into your preferred dictionary app to check its meaning and click the audio button to hear how it's meant to sound. That's your cue to repeat the words to yourself a few times so you can get the pronunciation right.

As you gain more confidence with your newly acquired lingo, you'll want to start incorporating it into real-life exchanges. You don't have to go all the way to Brazil to do this: Finding someone to talk to can be as easy as going to Brazilian Portuguese language exchange Meetups in your area or signing up for an online language partner service like Tandem.

Now that we've covered all the basics, let's learn some slang!

If you want to speak like a true Brazilian, you'll definitely want to add these words and phrases to your vocabulary list.

E aí? is quite a colloquial way of saying "hi." It's pretty much like saying "what's up?" in English.
For example:
E aí pessoal? - What's up guys?

The word bacana means "good" or "awesome." You might hear someone exclaim Que bacana! ("That's awesome!") when they hear about your latest Brazilian travel plans.

It's generally used by Brazilians to describe something cool they've encountered recently.
For example:
Esse projeto é muito bacana. - This is a really cool project.

A loose translation for tá bom? is "all good?" It's a way of asking if someone agrees or is okay with a proposition.

We've used the exclamation form here, but tá bom can also be used as an affirmation-to express that you agree with something.

It's also quite common to leave the word bom (good) out completely and just use tá.
For example:
Amanhã a gente conversa sobre isso, tá bom? - We'll talk about it tomorrow, okay?
- All right.

In a literal sense, beleza means "beauty" but in colloquial parlance it's commonly used to show agreement.

Occasionally, you might hear someone sarcastically utter Que beleza ("Wonderful") to express disdain about something they've seen or experienced-but for the most part, beleza is a positive term.
For example:
Vamos ao cinema amanhã? - Do you want to go the cinema tomorrow?
Beleza, te encontro as 5h. - Okay, I'll meet you at 5 p.m.

Another way of showing agreement. The literal translation for joia is "jewel" but Brazilians use it to express that they're on board with something (the same as with beleza) or to tell someone that they're well.
For example:
Tudo bem? - How are you? Tudo joia! - I'm great!

Cara is colloquially used to mean "face" but it's also slang used to talk about a guy or a man.

We'll provide a few examples that showcase both senses.
For example:
Esse cara é louco. - This guy's crazy.

Ela me deu um tapa na cara. - She slapped me in the face.

Cara, a prova foi muito difícil. - Man, that test was really hard.

For the unprepared, hearing someone described as a "cat" (gato) might sound a little weird. But in Brazil, that's how people describe someone who's "hot" or good looking.
For example:
O ator principal dessa novela é um gato. - The leading man in this TV soap is very attractive.

(Cultural tip: Brazilian soaps/TV dramas are very popular both locally and abroad. You should definitely take a look at few if you want to learn about what makes the society tick and to hear some of the colloquial language we've mentioned thus far being put into good use).

In English, someone might say "My bad!" when they've made an obvious blunder. The Brazilian Portuguese alternative is foi mal.
For example:
Ops, foi mal! Não era pra fazer isso! - Oops, my bad! I wasn't meant to do this!

Falou comes from the past tense of the verb falar (to talk or to say).

As a slang word, falou is used in a similar manner to tá bom -it's a way of saying "okay," in both an interrogative manner and as an affirmation.

Again, we'll provide a few examples for this one.
For example:
Amanhã eu te passo os detalhes, falou? - I'll send you the details tomorrow, all right?

Te vejo no sábado as 10h. - I'll see you 10 a.m. on Saturday.- Okay, see you then.

Valeu comes from the past tense of the verb valer (to be worth something). Colloquially, it's used to say thanks.
For example:
11. Cabeça-dura

Literally a "hard-head," cabeça-dura is a phrase that describes someone who's very stubborn or stuck in their ways.
For example:
João é um cabeça-dura, ele nunca vai mudar. - João is very stubborn, he'll never change.

12. Mandar-se

A colloquial verb that's best translated as "to get out."

It can be used in an imperative manner (as in, to command someone to leave) or in a descriptive sense to talk about your own pursuits of leaving a place where you don't want to be.
For example:
Se manda daqui! - Get out of here!

Vou me mandar para as ilhas do Caribe nesse inverno. - I'm setting off for the Caribbean islands this winter.

Esse lugar é muito perigoso, vou me mandar daqui. - This is a really dangerous place, I'm getting out of here.

You might be able to guess the literal meaning of this one: rolar is the infinitive of the verb "to roll." But it's not used in the same way as the English-language "let's roll." Rather, Brazilians use rolar to talk about an event-in the past, present or future.
For example:
Vai rolar uma festa na casa do Lucas amanhã. - There's going to be a party at Lucas' place tomorrow

Rola um churrasco esse fim de semana? - Shall we have a barbecue over the weekend?

This is quite a straightforward one to learn: topar is a colloquial verb that means "to agree" or "to accept" to do something.
For example:
Ele topou me ajudar com o meu dever de casa. - He agreed to help me with my homework.

15. Pisar na bola

Literally translated as "stepping on the ball," pisar na bola describes a situation when someone messes up or lets someone down.
For example:
Sua irmã pisou na bola feio comigo. - Your sister really let me down.

Se você pisar na bola de novo, está fora do time. - If you mess up once again, you're off the team.

In Brazilian Portuguese someone who's a "hard-bread" (pão-duro) is a miserly scrooge-in other words, a very frugal and stingy person.
For example:
Esse cara é um pão-duro. - This guy's a scrooge.

As you might have noticed in the last example, some slang terms can actually go quite well together.

That's the beauty of slang: The more vocabulary words you learn, colloquial or otherwise, the easier it'll be to form patterns and sentences like a native Brazilian speaker.

So go forth, keep practicing and don't forget to put all these great phrases to good use with your other study materials.

If you liked this post, something tells me that you'll love FluentU, the best way to learn a language with real-world videos.
Experience language immersion online
Portuguese Coming Soon!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Local Lingo: 16 Brazilian Slang Words to Speak Like a Native

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Visiting Brazil can mean a lot of things. It can mean experiencing the iconic carnival parade in Rio de Janeiro. Or it can mean sampling street food while embracing the urban hustle and bustle of São Paulo.

# data[].attributes.body
Vídeo divertido sobre falantes de inglês tentando adivinhar diferentes sotaques portugueses.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Gringos tentam adivinhar sotaques brasileiros (com o Gavin)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mais um vídeo crossover com o Gavin e a Michelle! Boa semana para todo mundo! Canal do Gavin: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCskEPRzGlsYHs_a5SJyCXag Canal da Michelle: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCob6KG-Z3yte-WtO2ApBEYg

# data[].attributes.body
Este vídeo do youtube aborda a Regência verbal e como isso afeta as mensagens e por que você diz: "Eu vou ao cinema", em vez de, "Eu vou no cinema".

# data[].attributes.body
Nesta página da Wikipedia, ele aborda a origem do idioma tupi e seu uso no idioma português do Brasil. Algumas das palavras mais reconhecíveis não apenas incorporadas ao português do Brasil, mas também outras línguas, são como abacaxi para "pineapple", jacaré que significa "cayman" e também piranha.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Old Tupi or classical Tupi is an extinct Tupian language which was spoken by the native Tupi people of Brazil, mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil. It belongs to the Tupi-Guarani language family, and has a written history spanning the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries. In the early colonial period, Tupi was used as a lingua franca throughout Brazil by Europeans and Amerindians, and had literary usage, but it was later suppressed almost to extinction, leaving only one modern descendant with an appreciable number of speakers, Nheengatu.

The names Old Tupi or classical Tupi are used for the language in English and by modern scholars (it is referred to as tupi antigo in Portuguese), but native speakers called it variously ñeengatú "the good language", ñeendyba "common language", abáñeenga "human language", in Old Tupi, or língua geral "general language", língua geral amazônica "Amazonian general language", língua brasílica "Brazilian language", in Portuguese.

Old Tupi was first spoken by the Tupinambá people, who lived under cultural and social conditions very unlike those found in Europe. It is quite different from Indo-European languages in phonology[citation needed ], morphology, and grammar, but it was adopted by many Luso-Brazilians born in Brazil as a lingua franca known as Língua Geral.

It belonged to the Tupi-Guarani language family, which stood out among other South American languages for the vast territory it covered. Until the 16th century, these languages were found throughout nearly the entirety of the Brazilian coast, from Pará to Santa Catarina, and the River Plate basin. Today, Tupi languages are still heard in Brazil (states of Maranhão, Pará, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, and Espírito Santo), as well as in French Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina.

It is a common mistake to speak of the "Tupi-Guarani language": Tupi, Guarani and a number of other minor or major languages all belong to the Tupian language family, in the same sense that English, Romanian, and Sanskrit belong to the Indo-European language family. One of the main differences between the two languages was the replacement of Tupi /s/ by the glottal fricative /h/ in Guarani.

The first accounts of the Old Tupi language date back from the early 16th century, but the first written documents containing actual information about it were produced from 1575 onwards - when Jesuits André Thévet and José de Anchieta began to translate Catholic prayers and biblical stories into the language. Another foreigner, Jean de Lery, wrote the first (and possibly only) Tupi "phrasebook", in which he transcribed entire dialogues. Lery's work is the best available record of how Tupi was actually spoken.

In the first two or three centuries of Brazilian history, nearly all colonists coming to Brazil would learn the tupinambá variant of Tupi, as a means of communication with both the Indians and with other early colonists who had adopted the language.

The Jesuits, however, not only learned to speak tupinambá, but also encouraged the Indians to keep it. As a part of their missionary work, they translated some literature into it and also produced some original work written directly in Tupi. José de Anchieta reportedly wrote more than 4,000 lines of poetry in tupinambá (which he called lingua Brasilica) and the first Tupi grammar. Luís Figueira was another important figure of this time, who wrote the second Tupi grammar, published in 1621. In the second half of the 18th century, the works of Anchieta and Figueira were republished and Father Bettendorf wrote a new and more complete catechism. By that time, the language had made its way into the clergy and was the de facto national language of Brazil - though it was probably seldom written, as the Roman Catholic Church held a near monopoly of literacy.

When the Portuguese Prime Minister Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits from Brazil in 1759, the language started to wane fast, as few Brazilians were literate in it. Besides, a new rush of Portuguese immigration had been taking place since the early 18th century, due to the discovery of gold, diamonds, and gems in the interior of Brazil; these new colonists spoke only their mother tongue. Old Tupi survived as a spoken language (used by Europeans and Indian populations alike) only in isolated inland areas, far from the major urban centres. Its use by a few non-Indian speakers in those isolated areas would last for over a century still.

When the Portuguese first arrived on the shores of modern-day Brazil, most of the tribes they encountered spoke very closely related dialects. The Portuguese (and particularly the Jesuit priests who accompanied them) set out to proselytise the natives. To do so most effectively, doing so in the natives' own languages was convenient, so the first Europeans to study Tupi were those priests.

The priests modeled their analysis of the new language after the one with which they had already experience: Latin, which they had studied in the seminary. In fact, the first grammar of Tupi - written by the Jesuit priest José de Anchieta in 1595 - is structured much like a contemporary Latin grammar. While this structure is not optimal, it certainly served its purpose of allowing its intended readership (Catholic priests familiar with Latin grammars) to get enough of a basic grasp of the language to be able to communicate with and evangelise the natives. Also, the grammar sometimes regularised or glossed over some regional differences in the expectation that the student, once "in the field", would learn these finer points of the particular dialect through use with his flock.

Significant works were a Jesuit catechism of 1618, with a second edition of 1686; another grammar written in 1687 by another Jesuit priest, Luís Figueira; an anonymous dictionary of 1795 (again published by the Jesuits); a dictionary published by Antônio Gonçalves Dias, a well-known 19th century Brazilian poet and scholar, in 1858; and a chrestomathy published by Dr Ernesto Ferreira França in 1859.

Considering the breadth of its use both in time and space, this language is particularly poorly documented in writing, particularly the dialect of São Paulo spoken in the South.

The phonology of tupinambá has some interesting and unusual features. For instance, it does not have the lateral approximant /l/ or the multiple vibrant rhotic consonant /r/. It also has a rather small inventory of consonants and a large number of pure vowels (12).

This led to a Portuguese pun about this language, that Brazilians não têm fé, nem lei, nem rei (have neither faith, nor law, nor king) as the words fé (faith), lei (law) and rei (king) could not be pronounced by a native Tupi speaker (they would say pé, re'i and re'i).

The nasal vowels are fully vocalic, without any trace of a trailing [m] or [n]. They are pronounced with the mouth open and the palate relaxed, not blocking the air from resounding through the nostrils. These approximations, however, must be taken with caution, as no actual recording exists, and Tupi had at least seven known dialects.

^ The glottal stop is found only between a sequence of two consecutive vowels and at the beginning of vowel-initial words (aba, y, ara, etc.). When it is indicated in writing, it is generally written as an apostrophe.

† Some authors remark that the actual pronunciation of /s/ was retroflex /ʂ/ [citation needed ]. Also, most sources describe some dialects having /s/ and /h/ in free variation.

‡ The actual pronunciation of ŷ is the corresponding semivowel for /ɨ/. It may not have existed in all dialects.

According to Nataniel Santos Gomes,[citation needed ] however, the phonetic inventory of Tupi was simpler:

This scheme does not regard Ŷ as a separate semivowel, does not consider the existence of G (/ɣ/), and does not differentiate between the two types of NG (/ŋ/ and /ⁿɡ/), probably because it does not regard MB (/ⁿb/), ND (/ⁿd/) and NG (/ⁿɡ/) as independent phonemes, but mere combinations of P, T, and K with nasalization.

Santos Gomes also remarks that the stop consonants shifted easily to nasal stops, which is attested by the fitful spelling of words like umbu ( umu, ubu, umbu, upu, umpu) in the works of the early missionaries and by the surviving dialects.

According to most sources, Tupi semivowels were more consonantal than their IPA counterparts. The Î, for instance, was rather fricative, thus resembling a very slight [ʑ], and Û had a distinct similarity with the voiced stop [ɡʷ] (possibly via [ɣʷ], which would likewise be a fricative counterpart of the labiovelar semivowel), thus being sometimes written gu. As a consequence of that character, Tupi loanwords in Brazilian Portuguese often have j for Î and gu for Û.

It would have been almost impossible to reconstruct the phonology of Tupi if it did not have a wide geographic distribution. The surviving Amazonian Nhengatu and the close Guarani correlates ( Mbyá, Nhandéva, Kaiowá and Paraguayan Guarani) provide material that linguistic research can still use for an approximate reconstruction of the language.

Scientific reconstruction of Tupi suggests that Anchieta either simplified or overlooked the phonetics of the actual language when he was devising his grammar and his dictionary.

The writing system employed by Anchieta is still the basis for most modern scholars. It is easily typed with regular Portuguese or French typewriters and computer keyboards (but not with character sets such as ISO-8859-1, which cannot produce ẽ, ĩ, ũ, ŷ and ỹ).

Its key features are:

The circumflex accent indicating a semivowel: i → î.

The acute accent indicating the stressed syllable: abá.

The use of the letter x for the voiceless palatal fricative /ʃ/, a spelling convention common in the languages of the Iberian Peninsula but unusual elsewhere.

The use of the digraphs yg (for Ŷ), gu (for /w/), ss (to make intervocalic S unvoiced), and of j to represent the semivowel /j/.

Hyphens are not used to separate the components of compounds except in the dictionary or for didactical purposes.

Most Tupi words are roots with one or two syllables, usually with double or triple meanings that are explored extensively for metaphorical purposes:

a = round / head / seed

kaa = forest / bush / plant

oby = green / blue; considered a single colour in many languages.

y = water / liquid / spring / lake, puddle / river, brook

The most common words tend to be monosyllables:

Disyllabic words belong to two major groups, depending on which syllable is stressed:

If the stress falls on the penult, the last syllable ends with an unstressed vowel (traditionally written with the letter a). Such words usually drop the last vowel (or sometimes even the entire last syllable) to form compounds or drop the vowel and undergo a consonant mutation (nasalisation): ñeenga (speech) + katú (good) = ñeen-ngatú (the good language).

If the stress falls on the last syllable, the syllable is unchanged: itá (rock, stone) + úna (black) = itaúna.

Polysyllabic (non-compound) words are less common but are still frequent and follow the same scheme:

Nasal mutation of the initial consonant is always present, regardless of stress. Polysyllabic words are never stressed on the first syllable.

Compound nouns are formed in three ways:

Simple agglutination:

arasy = ara + sy (day + mother) = mother of day: the sun

yîara = y + îara (water + lord/lady) = lady of the lake (a mythological figure).

Blending with either apocope or aphesis:

Pindorama = pindoba + rama (palm tree + future aspect) = where there will be palm trees (this was the name by which some of the coast tribes called their homeland).

Takûarusu = takûara + ûasú (bamboo + big) = big bamboo tree. Portuguese: Taquaruçu (a variant of bamboo).

Complex blending, with both apocope and aphesis:

Taubaté = taba + ybaté (village + high) = the name of a Brazilian town, Taubaté, which was originally the name of a village on the top of a mountain.

Itákûakesétyba = takûara + kesé + tyba (bamboo + knife + collective mark): where knives are made out of bamboo wood (the name of a Brazilian town: Itaquaquecetuba).

Later, after colonisation, the process was used to name things that the Indians originally did not have:

Some writers have even extended it further, creating Tupi neologisms for the modern life, in the same vein as New Latin. Mário de Andrade, for instance, coined sagüim-açu ( saûĩ + [ g] ûasú) for "elevator", from sagüim, the name of a small tree-climbing monkey.

Tupi was an agglutinative language with moderate degree of fusional features (nasal mutation of stop consonants in compounding, the use of some prefixes and suffixes), although Tupi is not a polysynthetic language.

Tupi parts of speech did not follow the same conventions of Indo-European languages:

Verbs are "conjugated" for person (by means of prepositioning subject or object pronouns) but not for tense or mood (the very notion of mood is absent). All verbs are in the present tense.

Nouns are "declined" for tense (by means of suffixing the aspect marker) but not for gender or number.

There is a distinction of nouns in two classes: "higher" (for things related to human beings or spirits) and "lower" (for things related to animals or inanimate beings). The usual manifestation of the distinction was the use of the prefixes t- for high-class nouns and s- for low-class ones, so that tesá meant "human eye", and sesá meant "the eye of an animal". Some authors argue that it is a type of gender inflection.

Adjectives cannot be used in the place of nouns, neither as the subject nor as the object nucleus (in fact, they cannot be used alone).

Tupi had a split-intransitive grammatical alignment. Verbs were preceded by pronouns, which could be subject or object forms. Subject pronouns like a- "I" expressed the person was in control, while object pronouns like xe- "me" signified the person was not. The two types could be used alone or combined in transitive clauses, and they then functioned like subject and object in English:

A-bebé = I-fly, "I can fly", "I flew".

Xe pysyka = me catch, "Someone has caught me" or "I'm caught".

A-î-pysyk = I-him-catch, "I have caught him".

Although Tupi verbs were not inflected, a number of pronominal variations existed to form a rather complex set of aspects regarding who did what to whom. That, together with the temporal inflection of the noun and the presence of tense markers like koára "today," made up a fully functional verbal system.

Word order played a key role in the formation of meaning:

taba abá-im (village + man + tiny) = tiny man from the village

taba-im abá = man from the small village

Tupi had no means to inflect words for gender, so used adjectives instead. Some of these were:

The notion of gender was expressed, once again, together with the notion of age and that of "humanity" or "animality".

The notion of plural was also expressed by adjectives or numerals:

Unlike Indo-European languages, nouns were not implicitly masculine except for those provided with natural gender: abá "man" and kuñã[ tã] "woman/girl"; for instance.

Without proper verbal inflection, all Tupi sentences were in the present or in the past. When needed, tense is indicated by adverbs like ko ara, "this day".

Adjectives and nouns, however, had temporal inflection:

abáûera "he who was once a man"

abárama "he who shall be a man someday"

That was often used as a semantic derivation process:

With respect to syntax, Tupi was mostly SOV, but word order tended to be free, as the presence of pronouns made it easy to tell the subject from the object. Nevertheless, native Tupi sentences tended to be quite short, as the Indians were not used to complex rhetorical[citation needed ] or literary uses.

Most of the available data about Old Tupi are based on the tupinambá dialect, spoken in what is now the Brazilian state of São Paulo, but there were other dialects as well.

According to Edward Sapir's categories, Old Tupi could be characterized as follows:

1. With respect to the concepts expressed: complex, of pure relation, that is, it expresses material and relational content by means of affixes and word order, respectively.

2. With respect to the manner in which such concepts are expressed: a) fusional-agglutinative, b) symbolic or of internal inflection (using reduplication of syllables, functionally differentiated).

3. With respect to the degree of cohesion of the semantic elements of the sentence: synthetic.

abá = man (as opposed to woman), Indian or Native-American (as opposed to European), human being (as opposed to the animal world)

aîuba = Frenchman (literally "yellow heads")

maíra = Frenchman (the name of a mythological figure that the Indians associated with the Frenchmen)

karaíba = foreigner, white man (literally means "spirit of a dead person"). Means also prophet.

kunhã = woman

kuñãtã'ĩ = girl

kuñãmuku = young woman

kunumĩ = boy

kunumĩgûasu = young man

morubixaba = chief

peró = Portuguese (neologism, from "Pero", old variant of "Pedro" = "Peter", a very common Portuguese name)

sy = mother

tapy'yîa = slave (also the term for non-Tupi speaking Indians)

This is the Lord's Prayer in Tupi, according to Anchieta:

Oré r-ub, ybak-y-pe t-ekó-ar, I moeté-pyr-amo nde r-era t'o-îkó. T'o-ur nde Reino! Tó-ñe-moñang nde r-emi-motara yby-pe. Ybak-y-pe i ñe-moñanga îabé! Oré r-emi-'u, 'ara-îabi'õ-nduara, e-î-me'eng kori orébe. Nde ñyrõ oré angaîpaba r-esé orébe, oré r-erekó-memûã-sara supé oré ñyrõ îabé. Oré mo'ar-ukar umen îepe tentação pupé, oré pysyrõ-te îepé mba'e-a'iba suí.

Notice that two Portuguese words, Reino (Kingdom) and tentação (temptation) have been borrowed, as such concepts would be rather difficult to express with pure Tupi words.

As the basis for the língua geral, spoken throughout the country by white and Indian settlers alike until the early 18th century, and still heard in isolated pockets until the early 20th century, Tupi left a strong mark on the Portuguese language of Brazil, being by far its most distinctive source of modification.[dubious ][citation needed ]

Tupi has given Brazilian Portuguese:

A few thousand words (some of them hybrids or corrupted) for animals, plants, fruit and cultural entities.

Multiple names of locations, including states (e.g. Paraná, Pará, Paraíba)

Some municipalities which have Tupi names:

Iguaçu ('y ûasú): great river

Ipanema ('y panema): bad, fishless water

Itanhangá (itá + añãgá): devil's rock

Itaquaquecetuba (takûakesétyba, from itá + takûara + kesé + tyba): where bamboo knives are made

Itaúna ("itá + una"): black rock

Jaguariúna (îagûara + 'í + una): small black jaguar

Pacaembu (paka + embu): valley of the pacas.

Paraíba (pará + aíba): bad to navigation or "bad river"

Paranaíba (paranãíba, from paranã + aíba): dangerous sea

Paraná-mirim (paranã + mirĩ): salty lagoon (literally: "small sea")

Pindorama (from pindó, "palm tree", and (r)etama, country): palm country (this was the name that the tupiniquins gave to the place where they lived).

Piracaia ("pirá" + "caia"): fried fish

Umuarama (ũbuarama, from ũbu + arama): where the cacti will grow

Among the many Tupi loanwords in Portuguese, the following are noteworthy for their widespread use:

abacaxi (pineapple, literally: "fruit with thorns")

jacaré (caiman)

mirim (small or juvenile) as in "escoteiro-mirim" ("Boy Scout")

perereca (a type of small frog, also slang for vulva), literally: "hopper"

peteca (a type of badminton game played with bare hands) literally: "slap"

piranha (a carnivorous fish, also slang for immoral women) literally: "toothed fish"

pipoca (popcorn) literally "explosion of skin"

piroca (originally meaning "bald", now a slang term for penis)

pororoca (a tidal phenomenon in the Amazon firth) literally: "confusion"

siri (crab)

sucuri (anaconda)

urubu (the Brazilian vulture)

urutu (a kind of poisonous snake)

uruçu (the common name for Melipona scutellaris)

It is interesting, however, that two of the most distinctive Brazilian animals, the jaguar and the tapir, are best known in Brazilian Portuguese by non-Tupi names, onça and anta, despite being named in English with Tupi loanwords.

A significant number of Brazilians have Tupi names as well:

Araci (female): ara sy, "mother of the day"

Bartira, Potira (female): Ybotyra, "flower"

Iara (female): 'y îara, lady of the lake

Jaci (both): îasy, the moon

Janaína (female): îandá una, a type of black bird

Ubirajara (male): ybyrá îara, "lord of the trees/lance"

Ubiratã (male): ybyrá-atã, "hard wood"

Some names of distinct Indian ancestry have obscure etymology because the tupinambá, like the Europeans, cherished traditional names which sometimes had become archaic. Some of such names are Moacir (reportedly meaning "son of pain") and Moema.

Old Tupi literature was composed mainly of religious and grammatical texts developed by Jesuit missionaries working among the colonial Brazilian people. The greatest poet to express in written Tupi language, and its first grammarian was José de Anchieta, who wrote over eighty poems and plays, compiled at his Lírica Portuguesa e Tupi. Later Brazilian authors, writing in Portuguese, employed Tupi in the speech of some of their characters.

Tupi is also remembered as distinctive trait of nationalism in Brazil. In the 1930s, Brazilian Integralism used it as the source of most of its catchphrases (like Anaûé (meaning "you are my brother", the old Tupi salutation which was adopted as the Brazilian version of the German Sieg Heil, or the Roman "Ave") and terminology.

ALVES Jr., Ozias. Uma breve história da língua tupi, a língua do tempo que o brasil era canibal.

ANCHIETA, José de. Arte da gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1933.

DI MAURO, Joubert J. Curso de Tupi Antigo.

GOMES, Nataniel dos Santos. Síntese da Gramática Tupinambá.

Perfil da língua tupi

EDELWEISS, Frederico G. Tupis e Guaranis, Estudos de Etnonímia e Lingüística. Salvador: Museu do Estado da Bahia, 1947. 220 p.

EDELWEISS, Frederico G. O caráter da segunda conjugação tupi. Bahia: Livraria Progresso Editora, 1958. 157 p.

EDELWEISS, Frederico G. Estudos tupi e tupi-guaranis: confrontos e revisões. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Brasiliana, 1969. 304 p.

GOMES, Nataniel dos Santos. Observações sobre o Tupinambá. Monografia final do Curso de Especialização em Línguas Indígenas Brasileiras. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional / UFRJ, 1999.

LEMOS BARBOSA, A. Pequeno Vocabulário Tupi-Português. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1951.

LEMOS BARBOSA, A. Juká, o paradigma da conjugação tupí: estudo etimológico-gramatical in Revista Filológica, ano II, n. 12, Rio de Janeiro, 1941.

LEMOS BARBOSA, A. Nova categoria gramatical tupi: a visibilidade e a invisibilidade nos demonstrativos in Verbum, tomo IV, fasc. 2, Rio de Janeiro, 1947.

LEMOS BARBOSA, A. Pequeno vocabulário Tupi-Português. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1955. (3ª ed.: Livraria São José, Rio de Janeiro, 1967)

LEMOS BARBOSA, A. Curso de Tupi antigo. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1956.

LEMOS BARBOSA, A. Pequeno vocabulário Português-Tupi. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1970.

MICHAELE, Faris Antônio S. Tupi e Grego: Comparações Morfológicas em Geral. Ponta Grossa: UEPG, 1973. 126 p.

RODRIGUES, Aryon Dall'Igna. Análise morfológica de um texto tupi. Separata da Revista "Logos", ano VII, N. 5. Curitiba: Tip. João Haupi, 1953.

RODRIGUES, Aryon Dall'Igna. Morfologia do Verbo Tupi. Separata de "Letras". Curitiba, 1953.

RODRIGUES, Aryon Dall'Igna. Descripción del tupinambá en el período colonial: el arte de José de Anchieta. Colóquio sobre a descrição das línguas ameríndias no período colonial. Ibero-amerikanisches Institut, Berlim.

SAMPAIO, Teodoro. O Tupi na Geografia Nacional. São Paulo: Editora Nacional, 1987. 360 p.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Old Tupi or classical Tupi is an extinct Tupian language which was spoken by the native Tupi people of Brazil, mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil. It belongs to the Tupi-Guarani language family, and has a written history spanning the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries.

# data[].attributes.body
Este é um vídeo que mostra o estilo da música caipira. O que notei no estilo musical caipira é o amplo uso do violão espanhol com cordas de metal, em vez das cordas de nylon comumente usadas. Assim como as roupas que usavam, que geralmente incluíam chapéus de abas largas.

# data[].attributes.body
Paludismo é uma doença causada por uma parasita transmitida aos seres humanos por meio da picada da fêmea mosquito Anófeles. O sintomas de Paludismo inclu(d)em febre, calafrios, dor abdominal, dor de cabeça, fadiga e cansaço. Se alguém tiver algum desses sintomas, deve ir rapidamente para o centro de saúde mais próximo. Paludismo pode causar complicações de saúde graves, particularmente em latentes e crianças. Para prevenir o Paludismo é importante para evitar ser picado por mosquitos. O mosquito, vetor do Paludismo, pica geralmente à noite até o sol nascer. Ou seja, desde anoitecer até amanhecer. Dentro da casa, você pode proteger a sua família usando mosqueteiros colocados em torno das camas ou áreas de dormir...

# data[].attributes.headline
Palavras em japonês de origem portuguesa

# data[].attributes.subject
Palavras em japonês de origem portuguesa

# data[].attributes.body
Página wikipedia muito interessante que mostra quais palavras em japonês têm origem em português. Essas palavras foram introduzidas quando os padres jesuítas japoneses apresentaram ao Japão idéias cristãs, tecnologia ocidental e novos produtos. Fiquei realmente surpreso que eles também usassem a palavra pan, para pão como o pão português. No entanto, mais interessante é que a palavra Arigato, que significa obrigado em japonês, vem diretamente de uma versão corrompida do Obrigado.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Many Japanese words of Portuguese origin entered the Japanese language when Portuguese Jesuit priests introduced Christian ideas, Western science, technology and new products to the Japanese during the Muromachi period (15th and 16th centuries).

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach Japan and the first to establish direct trade between Japan and Europe, in 1543. During the 16th and 17th century, Portuguese Jesuits had undertaken a great work of Catechism, that ended only with religious persecution in the early Edo period (Tokugawa Shogunate). The Portuguese were the first to translate Japanese to a Western language, in the Nippo Jisho (日葡辞書, literally the "Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary") or Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam compiled by Portuguese Jesuit João Rodrigues, and published in Nagasaki in 1603, who also wrote a grammar Arte da Lingoa de Iapam (日本大文典, nihon daibunten). The dictionary of Japanese-Portuguese explained 32,000 Japanese words translated into Portuguese. Most of these words refer to the products and customs that first came to Japan via the Portuguese traders.

Many of the first words which were introduced and entered the Japanese language from Portuguese and Dutch are written in or rather than , which is the more common way to write loanwords in Japanese in modern times. Kanji versions of the words are , characters that are "fitted" or "applied" to the words by the Japanese, based on either the pronunciation or the meaning of the word.

The † indicates the word is archaic and no longer in use.

It is often suggested that the Japanese word arigatō derives from the Portuguese obrigado, both of which mean "Thank you", but evidence clearly indicates a purely Japanese origin. The Japanese phrase arigatō gozaimasu is a polite form of arigatō. This is a form of an adjective, arigatai, for which written records exist dating back to the compiled circa 759 AD, well before Japanese contact with Portugal.

The full derivation is arigatō, the "u" sound change of arigataku < arigataku, the attributive form of arigatai, < arigatai < arigatashi < ari + katashi. Ari is a verb meaning "to be" and katashi is an adjective meaning "difficult". The original meaning of "arigatashi" was "difficult to be", i.e. that the listener's generosity or behavior is "rare" and thus "special".

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Glossary of Japanese words of Portuguese origin

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Many Japanese words of Portuguese origin entered the Japanese language when Portuguese Jesuit priests introduced Christian ideas, Western science, technology and new products to the Japanese during the Muromachi period (15th and 16th centuries). The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach Japan and the first to establish direct trade between Japan and Europe, in 1543.

# data[].attributes.body
Esta é uma gravação de áudio do crioulo que permite ouvir novamente como é o idioma falado. Essas gravações de áudio são projetadas para ensinar às crianças o evangelismo e os ensinamentos bíblicos.

# data[].attributes.body
Este artigo é sobre Mayra Andrade e um pouco de fundo em sua música.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Cape Verde is currently at the spotlight of the world music scene and Mayra Andrade is one of the new great crioulo voices.

She is now on tour with a very personal record and says she's "super happy" with it.

"The idea was neither to make traditional Cape Verdean music nor afrobeat but to find something in the middle that could be my own sound. I think we did it. I'm super happy," says Andrade.

"It's called 'Manga' because mango is a sunny, tropical fruit. It's my favourite and it represents a very sensual femininity."

Born in Cuba, Cape Verdean by heart and family, Mayra Andrade has been a globe trotter since she was six years old.

Now in Lisbon, she lived for more than a decade in Paris after some time in Angola, Senegal and Germany. Mayra knows the feeling of being a migrant and sings about it.

"I have lived in Cape Verde at different times in my life. In childhood, adolescence and youth. Then I lived in several countries. I was privileged because my family followed a diplomatic career," she says.

"When I was 17 years old, I went to Paris alone and realized the feeling in so many of Cape Verde's traditional songs of departure, distance, nostalgia, separations and the hope of one day seeing the return."

Andrade moved to Paris following a dream. The first album came out in 2006 and three years later she shared the stage with Cape Verdean singer-songwriter, Cesária Évora.

They are frequently compared to each other.

"There was this big tendency to compare or say that I was the heiress to Cesaria Evora when she was still alive and singing."

"Although I always took that as a compliment, it bothered me because she was still a woman who was defending her music and her name around the world."

"What I hope to be able to do, if not as much as she did, is the best I can for Cape Verdean culture, African culture and world culture in music. Not only do I want to, but I will take my country's name to other universes."

By the end of last year the traditional Cape Verdean song, Morna, was inscribed by UNESCO on its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

And now Madonna is singing in crioulo in her new MadameX tour.

Invited by a common friend, Mayra watched one of Madonna's Lisbon shows and says she felt proud:

"Madonna has always been a big fan of Cesária Évora and Dino d'Santiago gave Madonna a great opportunity to dive into Cape Verdean music through the Cape Verdean community of Lisbon."

"That presence of the 'batukadeiras' - Cape Verdean female drummers - in Madonna's show, to me, is the most beautiful part of it."

Mayra Andrade will be playing live in France, Germany, Poland, the UK, Portugal, Belgium and Luxembourg in the following months.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mayra Andrade puts the spotlight on Cape Verdean music

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Cape Verde is currently at the spotlight of the world music scene and Mayra Andrade is one of the new great crioulo voices. She is now on tour with a very personal record and says she's "super happy" with it.

# data[].attributes.body
Árvore de idiomas que mostra como cada idioma deu origem a outro e criou a maioria dos idiomas modernos que falamos hoje.

# data[].attributes.body
Vídeo interessante sobre como o latim soava, ou pelo menos como acreditamos que soava. Fiquei interessado em saber como ele soa depois de assistir ao primeiro vídeo sobre a história do português e de outras línguas modernas do romance e como elas se originaram do latim. Eles parecem semelhantes? não

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What Latin Sounded Like - and how we know

# data[].attributes.body
Esta é uma lista de antigas palavras em português que não são mais usadas e mostra como as palavras podem entrar em uso e fora de uso muito rapidamente. Os idiomas estão em constante evolução e é interessante ver quais dessas palavras não são mais usadas no discurso diário.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A língua portuguesa está em constante evolução e não é apenas por causa do novo acordo ortográfico que isso acontece. Além disso, a Língua é uma parte muito importante da cultura portuguesa e, quando o idioma evolui, significa que a cultura também evoluiu. A evolução tecnológica ajuda a criar novas palavras e a fazer desaparecer outras. E além disso, a evolução social faz cair em desuso expressões ou palavras que se utilizavam antigamente e que agora deixaram de fazer sentido. Apesar disso, não é motivo para preocupações porque a evolução da língua portuguesa é salutar e sempre aconteceu. Ao longo dos séculos, foram várias as palavras novas adicionadas (especialmente provenientes de outras línguas europeias ou de línguas dos povos das antigas colónias) e outras desapareceram. Palavras bonitas, palavras que você poderá não conhecer.

Algumas palavras caem em desuso e outras novas surgem. Conheça palavras antigas da língua portuguesa que já quase ninguém utiliza.

Absolto: sinónimo de absolvido.

Acartado: indicava um profissional diplomado.

Aguça: sinónimo de pressa.

Anóveas: indicava um valor nove vezes superior.

Asinha: sinónimo de depressa.

Assento: sinónimo de habitação.

Assunar: sinónimo de amotinar.

Botica: sinónimo de farmácia.

Brunir: Passar ou dar ao ferro.

Cagalhota: Mulher de baixa estatura e pescoço curto.

Carisma: sinónimo de epilepsia.

Coitar: sinónimo de machucar.

Comprir: sinónimo de cumprir.

Dada: sinónimo de doação.

Depós: sinónimo de após.

Embora: sinónimo de em boa hora.

Escala: sinónimo de escada.

Franquia: sinónimo de sinceridade.

Garçom: sinónimo de jovem.

Graveza: sinónimo de gravidade.

Jondra: Sostra. Rapariga pouco limpa e asseada.

Jorna: Dia de trabalho, "trabalhar à jorna".

Ladroa: sinónimo de ladra.

Lambisgoia: Pessoa intrometida quem se intromete em assuntos que não lhe dizem respeito ou vive a faer mexericos.

Lanfranhudo: Carrancudo, homem feio e mal humorado.

Malota: Corcunda

Patego: parolo, lorpa.

Pera: sinónimo de para.

Pertinência: sinónimo de pertença.

Polo: sinónimo de pelo.

Remelado: Com sintomas de conjuntivite bacteriana ou disfunção lacrimal.

Safanão: é o ato de puxar o braço de uma pessoa para dar um raspanete.

Seba: Porca gorda.

Sendo: indicava uma herdade cultivada.

Sirigaita: Sirigaita é uma das piores ofensas que uma moça do século passado poderia ouvir. Ao chamar uma mulher de sirigaita, uma pessoa queria dizer que ela era mal-educada e tinha atitudes constrangedoras.

Sisa: indicava um tributo pago ao estado.

Soer: sinónimo de costumar.

Soldo: indicava uma obrigação no arrendamento de terra.

Suso: sinónimo de acima.

Tença: sinónimo de posse.

Trepa: Coça, tareia, treino.

Vosmecê: sinónimo de você.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Língua Portuguesa: 42 palavras antigas que já ninguém utiliza | VortexMag

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A língua portuguesa está em constante evolução e não é apenas por causa do novo acordo ortográfico que isso acontece. Além disso, a Língua é uma parte muito importante da cultura portuguesa e, quando o idioma evolui, significa que a cultura também evoluiu. A evolução tecnológica ajuda a criar novas palavras e a fazer desaparecer outras.

# data[].attributes.body
É ótimo assistir este vídeo antes de ler o capítulo, pois fornece uma rápida visão geral da história da língua portuguesa e de como foi derivada do latim. Ele também fala sobre as diferenças entre as línguas de romance e por que muitas das línguas de romance da Europa Ocidental são diferentes de uma língua de romance oriental como o romeno. Parece que a maioria de nossas línguas modernas de romance se originou da forma mais "padrão" do latim usada em contextos mais formais.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Origins of Portuguese & Linguistic Evolution

# data[].attributes.body
Esta postagem aborda a ordem das palavras das frases e frases. Enquanto a ordem das palavras em português segue a mesma ordem em inglês com Subjeito> Verbo> Objeto, existem algumas pequenas diferenças. Este artigo aborda todas as coisas que você precisa fazer para garantir que você está formando suas frases com as palavras na ordem correta.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Ordem das palavras em Português

Olá, gente! Hey, guys!

Like in English, the word order in Portuguese follows the organization: Sujeito > Verbo > Objeto | Subject > Verb > Object. But, of course, there are some slight differences. Not to worry, though! Today we'll cover how the word order works in Portuguese. That way, you'll learn how to put words together and build sentences in order to express yourself and communicate better. Below you can find some tips as to how the elements are disposed and take a look at some examples to compare and contrast with the English language.
1. Afirmação - Statement
You are simply expressing a fact or declaring something, so the order is very similar to English in this case. Look:
My neighbor is French

Eu gosto de tomar uma cerveja depois do trabalho
I like to have a beer after work

Nós comemos muito macarrão no restaurante
We ate a lot of pasta at the restaurant She went to Paris in the summer 2. Pergunta - Question
When we ask a question in Portuguese, there is no inversion of the word order like in English (also, there is not need for an auxiliary verb), so a question is structured exactly like a statement (Você perdeu - Você perdeu? | You lost - Did you lose? ). In order to indicate that you are asking a question in spoken language, all you have to do is inflect the final word so it will sound like a question. Take a look:
3. Frases negativas - Negative sentences
The negative word (like não | or nunca | ) is always placed before the verb in Portuguese. So all you have to do is insert the word before the verb appears (again, there is no need for auxiliary verbs). Look below:
4. Frases com adjetivos - Sentences with adjectives
The noun comes before the adjective in Portuguese, therefore the opposite from English. If there is an intensifier like muito | , we add it between the noun and the adjective. See the examples:

Tenham uma boa semana! Have a good week!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ordem das palavras em Português Olá, gente! Hey, guys! Like in English, the word order in Portuguese follows the organization: Sujeito > Verbo > Objeto | Subject > Verb > Object. But, of course, there are some slight differences. Not to worry, though! Today we'll cover how the word order works in Portuguese.

# data[].attributes.body
Este artigo discute em profundidade o infinitivo pessoal português. Ele fala sobre a forma pessoal ortográfica, bem como a inflexão ortográfica com infinitivos. A parte realmente agradável do infinitivo pessoal é que não há irregularidades e você só precisa aprender os finais -mos e -em.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Connect with language learners all over the world to exhange tips and post your questions.

# data[].attributes.body
Este artigo descreve como "que" é usado em português como pronome real. É significativo para a leitura, porque adiciona à seção 4.11 e também facilita a compreensão, além de aprofundar um pouco mais.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Hello and welcome to our Portuguese Basic Tips about Portuguese relative pronouns!

Well I decided to create a new series to this podcast. For the next episodes, I will speak about Portuguese relative pronouns. It won't be difficult to understand, but I could say that it is something that all Portuguese learners should know about.
Click on the link to listen to our podcast about how to compare things using adjectives
So that, I'll split this subject during the next weeks in order to make things easier to understand.

Portuguese relative pronouns - Definition

Relative pronouns are usually used to replace a previous sentence term, this way we can avoid the repetition of the same word and we can establish kind of a connection between the two phrases

Today we are going to learn about the relative pronoun "que" in Portuguese.

Listen to those separate phrases:

Este anel é bonito (This ring is beautiful)

Eu ganhei este anel (I won this ring)

Now, look at this magic! We are going mix those phrases.

Este anel que ganhei é bonito (This ring that I won is beautiful)

Have you noticed that the word "anel" (ring) was replaced for the relative pronoun "que"? So in this case, we could say that the word "que" has the same "value" of "that" in English. IN THIS CASE (with capital letters).

Universal pronoun

The relative pronoun "que" is also called "universal relative" because we can use it in many ways to replace people and things - in the singular or plural way.

For instance:

Eu conheço esta garota que está jogando (I know this girl that is playing)

Eu conheço estas garotas que estão jogando (I know these girls that are playing)

Last thing about it - Verbal Regency

Listen to it:

Eu gosto daquela música. (I like that song)

Eu aprendi aquela música. (I learned that song)

Eu aprendi aquela música de que gosto (I learned that song I like)

There are some Portuguese verbs we need to use accompanied by a preposition.

For instance, in Portuguese we say " Eu gosto de você". In a literal sense I could translate that as "I like of you". I know, it's wrong in English, but in Portuguese it isn't.

So, if you are using a relative pronoun, you should also use a preposition in front of it, in those cases, as I did.

Eu aprendi aquela música de que gosto.

This is something that in Portuguese we call "regência verbal" ( verbal regency) - just in case you want to study about it.

The good news is that in daily conversation people in Brazil barely use it in a formal way. So, if you say, for example "Eu aprendi aquela música que gosto", we will understand what you mean. In fact, if you want to be boring, you can correct us.

Become a Premium Member to download our transcripts

If you want to increase your Portuguese vocabulary, click on the link to study the days of the week and the months of the year in Portuguese
Click on the link to study about relative pronouns in Portuguese (only in Portuguese)
That's enough for today!

I hope it will be useful for you

See you next time!

Thanks

Marcos Sales

Podcast (portuguesebasictips): Play in new window | Download

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Portuguese relative pronouns - Using "que" pronoun in Portuguese

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Well I decided to create a new series to this podcast. For the next episodes, I will speak about Portuguese relative pronouns. It won't be difficult to understand, but I could say that it is something that all Portuguese learners should know about.

# data[].attributes.body
A introdução é muita engraçado.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Formação de Palavras por Composição [Prof Noslen]

# data[].attributes.body
Neste vídeo do youtube, trata-se da formação de palavras em português. Este é um vídeo útil, porque é uma maneira rápida de entender bem o que o livro está tentando ensinar no início do capítulo 3. No entanto, é muito mais atraente e fácil de entender neste formato de vídeo. Este vídeo acompanha o vídeo de composição que será postado abaixo.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Formação de Palavras por Derivação [Prof Noslen]

# data[].attributes.body
Conversas sobre a recente mudança ortográfica implementada em janeiro de 2009 em Portugal. Foi planejado para entrar em vigor em janeiro de 2013, mas o governo brasileiro decidiu estender o período de implentação. Assim, em 2016 as novas mudanças foram feitas, no entanto, alguns brasileiros ainda não as seguem ou simplesmente não as entendem. Este artigo fala especificamente sobre o uso do hífen e seu uso com prefixos e em linguagem escrita.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Márcia Lígia Guidin, Especial para a Página 3 Pedagogia & Comunicação
Atualizado em 02/02/2016, às 16h
COM PREFIXOS OU FALSOS PREFIXOS

Márcia Lígia Guidin, Especial para a Página 3 Pedagogia & Comunicação é doutora em Letras pela USP, ensaísta e editora.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
REFORMA ORTOGRÁFICA: Hífen - prefixação: O caso dos prefixos e falsos prefixos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Márcia Lígia Guidin, Especial para a Página 3 Pedagogia & Comunicação Atualizado em 02/02/2016, às 16h COM PREFIXOS OU FALSOS PREFIXOS Márcia Lígia Guidin, Especial para a Página 3 Pedagogia & Comunicação é doutora em Letras pela USP, ensaísta e editora.

# data[].attributes.headline
Prefixos no Português de origem Grego e Latin

# data[].attributes.subject
Prefixos no Português de origem Grego e Latin

# data[].attributes.body
Este artigo aborda os muitos prefixos que vêm do grego antigo e do latim. Isso está muito bem ligado ao capítulo, pois expande a versão 3.8.1, que fala sobre prefixos e sufixos em português. Menciona alguns exemplos de palavras que têm sufixos, mas essa lista é mais aprofundada em outras mais interessantes. Também entra nas diferenças entre alguns prefixos grego e latino que significam a mesma coisa ou quase a mesma coisa.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Os prefixos são morfemas que se colocam antes dos radicais, basicamente a fim de modificar-lhes o sentido; raramente esses morfemas produzem mudança de classe gramatical.

Os prefixos ocorrentes em palavras portuguesas se originam do latim e do grego, línguas em que funcionavam como preposições ou advérbios, logo, como vocábulos autônomos.

Alguns prefixos foram pouco ou nada produtivos em português. Outros, por sua vez, tiveram grande utilidade na formação de novas palavras. Veja os exemplos:

a- , contra- , des- , em- (ou en-) , es- , entre- re- , sub- , super- , anti-

a-, an-: Afastamento, privação, negação, insuficiência, carência. Exemplos: anônimo, amoral, ateu, afônico

ana-: Inversão, mudança, repetição. Exemplos: analogia, análise, anagrama, anacrônico

anfi-: Em redor, em torno, de um e outro lado, duplicidade. anfiteatro, anfíbio, anfibologia

anti-: Oposição, ação contrária. antídoto, antipatia, antagonista, antítese

apo-: Afastamento, separação. apoteose, apóstolo, apocalipse, apologia

arqui-, arce-: Superioridade hierárquica, primazia, excesso. Exemplos: arquiduque, arquétipo, arcebispo, arquimilionário

cata-: Movimento de cima para baixo. cataplasma, catálogo, catarata

di-: Duplicidade. dissílabo, ditongo, dilema

dia- : Movimento através de, afastamento. diálogo, diagonal, diafragma, diagrama

dis-: Dificuldade, privação. dispneia, disenteria, dispepsia, disfasia

ec-, ex-, exo-, ecto-: Movimento para fora. Exemplos: eclipse, êxodo, ectoderma, exorcismo

en-, em-, e-: Posição interior, movimento para dentro. encéfalo, embrião, elipse, entusiasmo

endo-: Movimento para dentro. endovenoso, endocarpo, endosmose

epi-: Posição superior, movimento para. epiderme, epílogo, epidemia, epitáfio

eu-: Excelência, perfeição, bondade. eufemismo, euforia, eucaristia, eufonia

hemi-: Metade, meio. hemisfério, hemistíquio, hemiplégico

hiper-: Posição superior, excesso. hipertensão, hipérbole, hipertrofia

hipo-: Posição inferior, escassez. hipocrisia, hipótese, hipodérmico

meta-: Mudança, sucessão. metamorfose, metáfora, metacarpo

para-: Proximidade, semelhança, intensidade. Exemplos: paralelo, parasita, paradoxo, paradigma

peri- : Movimento ou posição em torno de. periferia, peripécia, período, periscópio

pro-: Posição em frente, anterioridade. prólogo, prognóstico, profeta, programa

pros-: Adjunção, em adição a. prosélito, prosódia

proto-: Início, começo, anterioridade. proto-história, protótipo, protomártir

poli-: Multiplicidade. polissílabo, polissíndeto, politeísmo

sin-, sim-: Simultaneidade, companhia. Exemplos: síntese, sinfonia, simpatia, sinopse

tele-: Distância, afastamento. televisão, telepatia, telégrafo

Prefixos de origem latina

a-, ab-, ab s- : Afastamento, separação. Exemplos: aversão, abuso, abstinência, abstração

a-, ad-: Aproximação, movimento para junto. Exemplos: adjunto,advogado, advir, aposto

ante-: Anterioridade, procedência. Exemplos: antebraço, antessala, anteontem, antever

ambi-: Duplicidade. ambidestro, ambiente, ambiguidade, ambivalente

ben(e)-, bem- : Bem, excelência de fato ou ação. Exemplos: benefício, bendito

bis-, bi-: Repetição, duas vezes. Exemplos: bisneto, bimestral, bisavô, biscoito

circu(m)-: Movimento em torno. circunferência, circunscrito, circulação

cis-: Posição aquém. Exemplos: cisalpino, cisplatino, cisandino

co-, con-, com-: Companhia, concomitância. Exemplos: colégio, cooperativa, condutor

contra-: Oposição. Exemplos: contrapeso, contrapor, contradizer

de-: Movimento de cima para baixo, separação, negação. Exemplos: decapitar, decair, depor

de(s)-, di(s)-: Negação, ação contrária, separação. Exemplos: desventura, discórdia, discussão

e-, es-, ex-: Movimento para fora. Exemplos: excêntrico, evasão, exportação, expelir

en-, em-, in-: Movimento para dentro, passagem para um estado ou forma, revestimento. imergir, enterrar, embeber, injetar, importar

extra-: Posição exterior, excesso. Exemplos: extradição, extraordinário, extraviar

i-, in-, im-: Sentido contrário, privação, negação. Exemplos: ilegal, impossível, improdutivo

inter-, entre-: Posição intermediária. Exemplos: internacional, interplanetário

intra-: Posição interior. intramuscular, intravenoso, intraverbal

intro-: Movimento para dentro. introduzir, introvertido, introspectivo

justa-: Posição ao lado. justapor, justalinear

ob-, o-: Posição em frente, oposição. Exemplos: obstruir, ofuscar, ocupar, obstáculo

per-: Movimento através. percorrer, perplexo, perfurar, perverter

pos-: Posterioridade. pospor, posterior, pós-graduado

pre-: Anterioridade . prefácio, prever, prefixo, preliminar

pro-: Movimento para frente. progresso, promover, prosseguir, projeção

re-: Repetição, reciprocidade. rever, reduzir, rebater, reatar

retro-: Movimento para trás. retrospectiva, retrocesso, retroagir, retrógrado

so-, sob-, sub-, su-: Movimento de baixo para cima, inferioridade. soterrar, sobpor, subestimar

super-, supra-, sobre-: Posição superior, excesso. Exemplos: supercílio, supérfluo

soto-, sota- : Posição inferior. Exemplos: soto-mestre, sota-voga, soto-pôr

trans-, tras-, tres-, tra-: Movimento para além, movimento através. Exemplos: transatlântico, tresnoitar, tradição

ultra-: Posição além do limite, excesso. Exemplos: ultrapassar, ultrarromantismo, ultrassom, ultraleve, ultravioleta

vice-, vis-: Em lugar de. Exemplos: vice-presidente, visconde, vice-almirante

Correspondência entre Prefixos Gregos e Latinos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Os prefixos são morfemas que se colocam antes dos radicais, basicamente a fim de modificar-lhes o sentido; raramente esses morfemas produzem mudança de classe gramatical. Os prefixos ocorrentes em palavras portuguesas se originam do latim e do grego, línguas em que funcionavam como preposições ou advérbios, logo, como vocábulos autônomos.

# data[].attributes.body
Uma lista de pronúncias de muitas consoantes e planadores em português. Foi útil ouvir o deslize do / j / e / w / em palavras como Beja e Montijo. Ouvir muitas consoantes e palavras estressadas e não estressadas realmente ajuda ao tentar entender a leitura. Embora o livro possa me dar uma imagem, é muito mais fácil entender a diferença de sons pela reprodução de áudio.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Portuguese alphabet, like in other Romance languages has a natural evolution from Latin and so it is not strictly phonetic and has some features inherited from its history. Although, compared to English or even French it is easy to read and not so hard to write.

The sounds are better explained in the next chapters.

Glossary:

Coda: the sounds in a syllable after the vowel, for example t in spit;

Onset: the sounds in a syllable before the vowel, for example sp in spit;

Nucleus: the vowel of a syllable;

Glide: the sounds /j/ and /w/;

Stressed: (of a syllable) which is pronounced more emphatically, for example compounding.

Note: the letter q is always followed by a u.

Digraphs is a pair of letters used to sign one sound.

In Portuguese, a letter with or without Diacritics is considered the same.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Portuguese alphabet, like in other Romance languages has a natural evolution from Latin and so it is not strictly phonetic and has some features inherited from its history. Although, compared to English or even French it is easy to read and not so hard to write.

# data[].attributes.body
Este vídeo me ajudou a entender melhor a diferença entre sons sonoros e sonoros como as consoantes c e z. Em português, são comumente vistos para telefones nasais em m, n e nh ou por um til sobre o a ou o. Os telefones podem ser classificados como três tipos diferentes de articulações, como vogais, planadores e consoantes.

# data[].attributes.body
Este site cobre a diferença de sotaque não apenas entre os países de língua espanhola e o Brasil e a maneira como essas palavras são pronunciadas. Mas também como a mesma palavra pode ser pronunciada de maneira diferente em diferentes estados do Brasil. Um exemplo é que, no Rio, a maneira como pronunciam os s em algumas palavras soa mais como um x e pode ser rastreada até como eles pronunciam certas palavras no português europeu em Lisboa.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
O sotaque é intrínseco a qualquer idioma. É o que caracteriza e diferencia a língua de uma região para outra. Mas é interessante analisar como o tamanho de um país pode influenciar na existência de diferentes sotaques.

O sotaque em espanhol, por exemplo, sofre diversas variações entre os países da América Latina. Considera-se que existam três correntes diferentes do espanhol na América Latina: do Uruguai, da Argentina e de uma parte do Chile; do México e da América Central; e dos demais países da América do Sul.Porém, dentre os estados e cidades de cada um dos países, a variação do idioma é praticamente inexistente.

Veja alguns exemplos abaixo de palavras e pronúncias que são diferentes entre os países:

Algumas palavras que sofrem variação em espanhol

Feijão: porotos (Argentina), frijoles (outros países da América Latina);

Papai Noel: Papá Noel (Colômbia), Santa Claus (México e América Central), Viejito Pascuero (Chile);

Pipoca: pipoca (Bolívia), pó (Uruguai), cabritas (Chile), pochoclo (Argentina), palomitas (México);

Algumas diferenças entre as pronúncias do espanhol de acordo com cada país

A palavra "paella" é pronunciada como "paeja" na Argentina e "paedja" nos demais países de língua espanhola da América Latina;

Dependendo do país, a letra "y" pode ser pronunciada como "i", "j", "dj". Na região rio-platense, a pronúncia ouvida é equivalente ao som de "ch";

A palavra "calle" (tradução = rua) é pronunciada como "cadje" no México e em alguns países da América Central. Já na Argentina e no Uruguai, a pronúncia que se ouve é "caje" ou "cache". Em outros países da América Latina, fala-se "cáie".

Além da diferença no som das letras, a entonação do espanhol também varia de país para país, deixando a maneira de falar ainda mais característica de cada região.

Sotaque nas diversas regiões do Brasil

E no Brasil? Somos o único país da América Latina que fala a língua portuguesa. Se o idioma fosse falado em outros países, provavelmente conseguiríamos perceber as mesmas variações do espanhol.

Mas como o nosso país é tão grande, essas variações podem ser facilmente notadas sem precisarmos ir para muito longe; afinal, são mais de 200 milhões de pessoas falando o português brasileiro. Podemos identificar, por exemplo, sotaques e expressões características em diferentes cidades de um mesmo estado. E quando falamos de outro estado, as variações são ainda mais acentuadas.

Compartilhamos, a seguir, algumas peculiaridades da língua portuguesa em diversas regiões do Brasil:

O sotaque da Bahia costuma suprimir a letra "r". Assim, a palavra "Salvador" transforma-se em "Salvadô". Ou verbos no infinitivo, como "dizer", são pronunciados como "dizê";

Uma das principais características encontradas no sotaque mineiro é a chamada monotongação de ditongos, quando a semivogal do ditongo é apagada. Um exemplo é a palavra "roupa", pronunciada como "rôpa", ou "peixe", pronunciada como "pêxe";

No Rio Grande do Sul não se usa o pronome "você", uma vez que este é substituído por "tu", "ti", "teu" e "contigo". No geral, a conjugação do verbo segue a norma culta, mas em algumas regiões do estado o verbo é conjugado na terceira pessoa;

O Rio de Janeiro é conhecido por puxar a letra "s", pronunciando-a com som de x. Essa característica é herança do português de Lisboa, já que a corte portuguesa veio para o RJ em 1808, fazendo com que, na região, a pronúncia do "s" fosse relacionada à realeza, disseminando e dando prestígio a esse sotaque;

Já ouviu aquela piada que diz que o paulistano pede "um chopps e dois pastel"? É porque a maneira como se utiliza o plural é uma das mais fortes características do sotaque de São Paulo. Dizem que essa é uma herança da Itália, já que em italiano o plural não utiliza a letra "s". (São Paulo foi o estado que mais recebeu imigrantes italianos entre os séculos XIX e XX). A (falta de) pronúncia da letra "r" também é outra característica do sotaque paulista, sendo comum que, no final dos verbos, essa letra seja omitida, como por exemplo, "dormí" ao invés de "dormir".

Existe certo e errado quando o assunto é sotaque?

Vale ressaltar que não existe certo ou errado quando o assunto é sotaque: todas as línguas possuem essa variação de uma região para outra, fazendo com que a maneira como as palavras são pronunciadas tenha relação direta com a história e cultura daquele local.

Também vale dizer que não existem traduções do português para o português, do espanhol para o espanhol ou do inglês para o inglês, já que quando o assunto é sotaque, ele está presente apenas na pronúncia, e não na forma de escrever.

Mas se falarmos das expressões de cada região ou de palavras iguais com significados diferentes entre os estados ou países, pode-se fazer a revisão e adaptação do texto. Para esse tipo de serviço, assim como demandas por traduções livres, traduções técnicas ou traduções juramentadas, conte com os tradutores profissionais da Korn Traduções: a sua empresa de tradução!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sotaque: mesmo idioma, pronúncias diferentes - Por Korn Traduções

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
O sotaque é intrínseco a qualquer idioma. É o que caracteriza e diferencia a língua de uma região para outra. Mas é interessante analisar como o tamanho de um país pode influenciar na existência de diferentes sotaques. O sotaque em espanhol, por exemplo, sofre diversas variações entre os países da América Latina.

# data[].attributes.body
O Castelo de Mouros durou mais de 300 anos sob controle do ancoradouro antes de ser tomado pelos portugueses. Foi no ponto mais alto de Sintra, destinado a proteger a cidade do cerco. A arquitetura dos mouros é muito básica, já que a maioria dos castelos tinha cerca de 875. Esta fonte e castelo têm a ver com o capítulo, porque mostra como os mouros ganharam o controle da região de Portugal moderno e, posteriormente, o perderam para as forças potuguesas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In 1147, the Moorish forces in southwestern Iberia surrendered a key piece of defensive real estate to the Christian forces led by Afonso Henriques: Castelo dos Mouros, or Castle of the Moors.

Long considered siege-proof and undefeatable, the peaceful conquest of the defensive outpost by Henriques was one of the main turning points in the European's efforts to remove the ruling North African Moors from the continent, and set Portugal on the road to its own independent history throughout the next near millennia.

Built some 300 years prior, the Castle of the Moors stood on one of the highest points in the area, safeguarding the important trade town of Sintra, and the largely agricultural region around it, from attack. After its capture by Portuguese forces, the fort remained a seat of power in the region for several hundred years before being partially abandoned and reinhabited by the local Jewish population. They were eventually forced out of the structure and it was completely abandoned by the early 16th century where it gradually fell into disrepair and decay through fire, earthquake, and general neglect.

In 1840, King Ferdinand II began repairs on the ancient fortress, as to add to the expanding palatial gardens of nearby Pena Palace. Walls and towers were restored and the surrounding hills were planted with trees, vines, and shrubs while paths and gardens were additionally incorporated into the renaissance styled romantic landscape that the King envisioned. Further restoration work continued into the mid-20th century and archeological digs began excavating ruins from the time of the mountain's original owners, from 5,000 BC to today.

Today, the fortress is once again majestic in its stately splendor, impossible to miss from every angle in the magical and venerable town of Sintra. It is open nearly every day of the year for a small fee to visitors willing to explore the stabilized ruins and take in the jaw-dropping (and stomach-dropping) views of the region below. Cobblestone paths through enchanting mountain mist lined with moss covered boulders guide the way as plaques and guide posts inform tourists of the excavation work, original purposes of the remaining buildings, and insight into life within the castle walls.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Castelo dos Mouros (Castle of the Moors)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In 1147, the Moorish forces in southwestern Iberia surrendered a key piece of defensive real estate to the Christian forces led by Afonso Henriques: Castelo dos Mouros, or Castle of the Moors.

# data[].attributes.body
Este post é sobre como o hef em espanhol era intercambiável e sua influência do f em latim e galego-português. É interessante ver a evolução do f se tornando o h em espanhol, e você também pode ver como o f ficou em português. Como hacer em vez de fazer. No antigo século espanhol do século XVI ao século XVII, muitas vezes hef eram intercambiáveis.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
science-of-noise:

allthingslinguistic:

Spanish Skullduggery has some interesting posts on Latin "f" becoming "h" in Spanish in words like harina~farina, Hernandes~Fernandes, and hacer~facer, which I'm going to link to rather than reblog because they're long and I want to comment on several of them.

Introduction:

In Spanish, the word for home is el hogar, though you might be surprised to learn where that comes from. In older Spanish (until about the 16th or 17th century), the letters H and F were sometimes used interchangeably - more so in Aragon and Catalonia.

It's an odd thing that only really happened in Spain (Castile) and the southwest of France (Gascony) going into the region of Catalonia but it did spread to Catalan, Basque and Portuguese in some cases.

For this reason, certain words in Spanish use an H while the Latin roots would use an F. Later, for many words H won out to F in the words that derived from the Latin in many cases and the Spanish began to omit the sound. [...]

For that reason the verb "to speak", hablar, is actually connected to the English word "fable" and hecho means "fact".

The word el hogar should actually be read as el fogar and in old Spanish, this would be "to light a fire". So el hogar is connected to el fuego.

The process of a systematic sound change towards /h/ or /ʔ/ is known as debuccalization, and it's found in quite a few languages. The same (f -> h -> null) change is also found, for example, in Irish and Scottish Gaelic.

On hacer and satisfacer:

It may seem like hacer is just some random word that you'd never dream would have any impact on English until you realize that it was really written as facer once upon a time. More than that, Italian's version of haceris known as fare.

That should look familiar. Most modern English doesn't use "fare" except in cases of money to get from one place to another like "bus fare" etc. or in cases of "farewell" literally "do well", but the impact of hacer shows up in English words with suffixes "-ify", "-ficient" etc. [...]

Now, let's move on to satisfacer. Presumably, this word never changed to "satishacer" because that sounds strange. Literally the word is "satisfy" or "to make sated". Because it's technically hacer, it's conjugated like hacer taking on its irregular qualities.

However, debuccalization of /f/ in Spanish only happened at the beginning of a word before a vowel (or possibly between vowels, but definitely not before or after a consonant), which explains the difference between hacer and satisfacer or between hogar and fuego /fwego/, and also why the "f" in words like fiesta /fjesta/ and fresa hasn't changed to "h". More on Wikipedia: History of Spanish.

On some occasions, Spanish /h/ actually derives from Latin /g/ before a front vowel, as in hielo, "ice", from Latin gelū/ gelus, "cold." This is actually related to the English word "cold" and the originally Latin derived "gelatin." A general test for this G -> H mutation is to look at the Italian cognate for the Spanish word. We see Italian gelato for Spanish helado, and Italian gelo for Spanish hielo, pointing to an original Latin /g/.

Oh, that's nifty, I hadn't thought of it before but of course! The g~h test should work for any other Romance language: at least I'm aware of French glace, gelé which should be cognate with gelo, gelado.

For more on f~h, theprimeofmissvemm pointed out that Portuguese is another language where you can see the original /f/, as in falar for Spanish hablar, and indie-sci-fi said "Another example from Japanese: ha, hi, fu, he, ho (は, ひ, ふ, へ, ほ)."

Don't miss out on any interesting linguistics! Get my monthly newsletter in your inbox.

Notes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
science-of-noise: allthingslinguistic: Spanish Skullduggery has some interesting posts on Latin "f" becoming "h" in Spanish in words like harina~farina, Hernandes~Fernandes, and hacer~facer, which I'm going to link to rather than reblog because they're long and I want to comment on several of them.

# data[].attributes.body
Esta é uma das únicas fontes que encontrei em Luso, ou Lusus, filho / companheiro de Baco, deus da produção de vinho. Diz-se que Luso foi a pessoa que criou a Lusitânia, a província romana que mais tarde se tornou Portugal. No entanto, o nome do deus e a mitologia por trás dele parecem vir de uma tradução incorreta de Gaius Plinius Secundus "Naturalis Historia". O termo "Luso" foi utilizado em outros usos em português como lusofono e lusofonia.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Lusus is the supposed son or companion of Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and divine madness, to whom Portuguese national mythology attributed the foundation of ancient Lusitania and the fatherhood of its inhabitants, the Lusitanians, seen as the ancestors of the modern Portuguese people. Lusus thus has functioned in Portuguese culture as a founding myth.

Luís Vaz de Camões, The Lusiads, strophes 2 to 4 from Canto VIII, translated by William Julius Mickle, 1776 (adapted).

With the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (between 219 and 17 BC), the Roman province of Lusitania was established, broadly in what is today Portugal south of the Douro river together with Extremadura in Spain. There are no historic records of the eponyms Luso or Lusus amongst the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula (in this specific areas, Celts or pre-Celts).

The etymology of Lusitania, like the origin of the name Lusitani who gave its name, is unclear. The name may be of Celtic origin ( Lus and Tanus, "tribe of Lus"), or derive from Lucis or Lusis, an ancient people mentioned in Avienus's Ora Maritima (4th century AD, but drawing on the Massaliote Periplus of the 6th century BC), and Tan, from Celtic Tan (Stan), or Tain, meaning a region or implying a country of waters, a root word that formerly meant a prince or sovereign governor of a region.[better source needed ]

Presently it is thought that the mythological character Lusus derives from a mistranslation of the expression lusum enin Liberi patris ("from lusus father Liber derives"), in Pliny's Naturalis Historia. The mistake would have been in the interpretation of the word lusum or lusus as a proper name, instead of a simple common name that means game.

In a translation of Pliny: " M. Varro informs us, that... the name "Lusitania " is derived from the games ( lusus) of Father Bacchus, or the fury ( lyssa) of his frantic attendants, and that Pan was the governor of the whole of it. But the traditions respecting Hercules and Pyrene, as well as Saturn, I conceive to be fabulous in the highest degree.'"

This would have been read by André de Resende as " the name "Lusitania" derives from Lusus of Father (master or father) Bacchus", and therefore was interpreted that Lusus would be a companion or son of the furious god. It is this interpretation that is seen in the strophe 22 of Canto III of The Lusiads of Luís Vaz de Camões.

"This was the Lusitania, which was derived

From Lusus, or Lisa, from Bacchus ancient

Children where it looks, or then companions,

And in it by then the first inhabitants."

Camões, Os Lusíadas, strophe 22, Canto III

The mistranslation became a real and plausible myth because according to Roman mythology, Bacchus would have been the conqueror of the region. Plutarch, according to the 12th Book of the Iberica of Spanish author Sóstenes, says that (notice that this theory is today completely descredited):

"After Bacchus conquered Iberia, left Pan to rule in his place, and it was him that gave his own name to the country, calling it Pania, that by corruption turned into Hispania."

The Greek expression lyssa may mean "frenetic fury" or "madness", typical of Bacchus/ Dionysus. Though, these etymologies seem little trustworthy.

In The Lusiads by Camões (1572), Lusus was the progenitor of the tribe of the Lusitanians and the founder of Lusitania. For the Portuguese of the 16th century it was important to look at the past prior to the Moorish domination to find the origins of the nationality.

These interpretations would strongly be propagated by the authoritarian right-wing regime of the Estado Novo during the 20th century.

1. ^ An Universal History From the Earliest Account of Time, 1747, p. 22.; Charles Vallancey, Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis, Vvol. 6, pt.1, 1786, p.279.

2. ^ Edward Lhuyd and John O'Brien, Focalóir gaoidhilge-sax-bhéarla, or An Irish-English dictionary, 1768, p. 464.

3. ^ Lorenzo Hervás, Catálogo de las lenguas de las naciones conocidas, vol. IV, part II, 1804, p. 106

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lusus is the supposed son or companion of Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and divine madness, to whom Portuguese national mythology attributed the foundation of ancient Lusitania and the fatherhood of its inhabitants, the Lusitanians, seen as the ancestors of the modern Portuguese people.