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Data Presentation and Ethical Considerations (Unit 10)

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Data Presentation and Ethical Considerations (Unit 10)

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Important issues to consider when presenting data in research reports. Ethical

issues such as harm, consent, privacy and deception. When presenting results

plagiarism must be kept in mind.

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the types of variables, descriptive and inferential statistics.. the estimation

procedure and techniques of uni variate, bi variate and multivariate

statistics. Stage of using inferential analysis.

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Data Processing Is the process through which data are prepared for analysis and this process consists

of Editing and coding and speaks about creating data file. The types of editing are Field Editing, Manual Editing and Computer Editing and Coding deals with code books and coding frames. Features of creating data files are Data Entry, Data Dictionary Data File, Data Cleaning and Data Modification.

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Survey Data Collection and Related Procedures (Unit 7)

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Survey Data Collection and Related Procedures (Unit 7)

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When developing a budget it is important to specify all relevant data

collection tasks, amount of time needed to carry out each task and

the number and type of personnel required for each task. The main costs

items salaries and other personnel costs, Travel costs and living expenses in the field,

Services, Equipment and Supplies and Other costs. The best possible strategies for selecting

from a pool are Application form, Personal interview, Psychologist tests, Reference. Techniques

of training Round-robin or round-the-table questioning, Interviewing in pairs, Interviewing in trios,

Interviewing pre-arranged respondent and Trial interviews. Self Administered questionnaires are

mail survey, email survey, interview (telephone and face-to-face). Guidelines for conducting interview

relaxation, purpose, write questions as read, follow order set, ask every question,  do not suggest

answers, provide transitions, record all responses as given, do not leave questions blank and pay

attention to probing and avoid biasness.

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Sampling Design for Survey Research (Unit 6)

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Sampling Design for Survey Research (Unit 6)

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Probability Sampling is the means used to attain goals and

Non Probability Sampling are those in which the probability

of selecting an element to be part of the sample is not known. The

techniques of Non Probability Sampling are accidental sampling,

quota sampling and purposive. The five probability sampling design

techniques are simple random sampling, systematic sampling,

stratified sampling, cluster sampling and mulit-stage sampling.

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The three population types are target population, frame population

and survey population. Issues in sampling are as follows representativeness of sampling,

sampling errors, sampling distribution. reasons for using a sample for enumeration

are to save money, to save time, to be able to elaborate etc and reasons for using a

population for enumeration, data needed for small areas, data are needed for small intervals

and high overhead cost. Sampling errors and Non - sampling errors can be found in survey

research. Non-sampling errors include Specification errors , Frame errors, Measurement errors,

Non-response errors and Processing errors.

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Survey Instruments are used to collect data with one of three modes

which are three types of interviews and they are structured interviews,

semi-structured interviews and unstructured interviews. The three types of

of scales used on survey research are rank-order scales, the Likert scale and

semantic differentials. When developing and evaluating questions for questionnaires

one must know the relevance of the questionnaire, issues of reliability and validity,

useof checklist, getting feedback and conducting the pilot test. Types of questions

used in the content of the questionnaire namely factual, knowledge,motivational

and attitude. Two question types found in the question are open ended questions which

are intended to generate unstructured free responses and closed ended questions yield

structured mutually exclusive responses. Dos of question writing are use of simple

or familiar words, clear questions, short items, ask questions that respondents are competent

to answer. The Don't on the either hand are double barrelled questions, double negatives,

leading questions, emotional language and bias and issues of reliability and validity. Lastly

when organizing questions the order must be taken into consideration, matrix questions

and physical layout of the questionnaire.

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From Abstract Concept to Measurement (Unit 3)

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From Abstract Concept to Measurement (Unit 3)

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The process of definition is the researchers seek to make link between

concepts and indicators. The three types of definitions Real Definitions,

Nominal Definitions and Operational Definition. Measures generated

through operation definition may take the form of observations, indicators

and indexes. The four levels of measurement nominal, ordinal, interval and

ratio. Two criteria in the process of measurement are Mutual Exclusiveness

and Exhaustiveness. The three measures used for evaluating the magnitude

of the reliability of the observations are test-retest reliability measures,

equivalence measures and measures of internal consistency. The three main

approaches for evaluating validity and they are subjective validation, criterion-related validation and construct validation.

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The Nature and Scope of Survey Research (Unit 2)

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The Nature and Scope of Survey Research (Unit 2)

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The survey method is relevant to both descriptive and explanatory

and research efforts. History of the consensus in the Caribbean and some

ofthe surveys carried out in Caribbean countries, and they are the survey of

living conditions, the Jamaica survey of leaving conditions, labour force surveys,

demographic surveys, economic surveys and market shares. Public Sector

andPrivate Sector agencies and non governmental organizations benefit

from survey research. Advantages of survey research includes are its sophistication,

strength and use of standardization. While the disadvantages include the possibility

that value orientation may exert, the inability to make adjustments and threats

to the validity.

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Research Process is a series of steps completed in a logical order

while Research Design executes a research process. Research is

undertakenbecause of interest in something, to produce

knowledge which can be articulated by the need to explore,

need to contest, modify or refine existing research. the objectives

of undertaking research Exploration, Description and Explanation.

The two types of research design are Quantitative and Qualitative

design. The method, technology and methodology in research design,

and the methods include conceptualization, hypothesis formulation,

measurement processes, data collection, the organization of data for

analytical purposes, model building and provision of explanations and

decision making. The research cycle validating of statement theory,

hypothesis formulation, measuring tools, data collection, data analysis,

generalizations and emergence of law. Elements of research design

include unit analysis, topics of research etc.