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- Machine guns

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- Total of approximately 59,000 men dead, wounded or captured.
-More than 6,500 casualties were Canadian.
-More than 2,000 Canadian dead.

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-Ypres provided a defensive position to protect the French ports on the English channel.
-Germans tests new weapon (chlorine gas) on the Ypres salient.
-Canadians decides to counterattack the Germans on the second attack (direct gas attack)

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Located east of Ypres

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-French troops either suffocated or fled, their eyes and throats burning from the gas.
-Germans attack to the French caused enormous green-yellow gas cloud, few kilometers long.
-The attack had torn a huge hole, several kilometers wide, in the Allied line.

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-Occurred 22 April to 25 may 1915
-On 22 April Germans released Chlorine gas against the French 45th (Algerian) to the Canadians' left.
-Direct chlorine gas attack on the Canadians (24th April)
-Canada's allied position exposed due to the retreat of the French.
-From 22 April to 25 April, Canadians fought to defend the exposed position.

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- By the end of the battle, approximately, 600,000 soldiers from each side were killed.

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- More than 10 600 were killed and wounded.
- This battle has become a symbol as it is the first time where all four Canadian corps fought together.

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-  The soldiers were not given proper weapons to engage into the war.
- No planned tactics were effective.
- Suffered a large amount of Casualties.
- They went over the top and expected to get an easy walk over to the German lines.
-  There were  60,000 casualties on the first day of the Somme battle.

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- On April 9 1917, 1000 guns opened fire on the German positions.
- 15 000 Canadians rose from trenches towards the ridge.
- Eventually, Canadians captured the ridge; most on the 9th and the rest on the 12th.

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-The outcome of Passchendaele is seen as Britains weaker effort in the war.
-275,000 lost to Germany's 220,000 in taking the ridge.

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- The 1st Newfoundland regiment agreed to help fight in the battle.

- in total, 801 soldiers of the regiment were affected. 324 soldiers were killed, and 386 were wounded.

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- The Canadian Corps commander ordered new tactics as he learned from the Battle of Somme.
- He gave intense better training to the soldiers as it would help them make quicker decisions.
- They were expected to keep advancing even if their officers were killed or wounded.
- They had a tremendous artillery barrage.

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-The weather in Passchendaele was very wet and the battlefield was characterized by the amount of mud everywhere.
-Conditions made it difficult to bring artillery and ammunition.
-Currie demanded construction of roads, highways, gun pits and such leaving Canadian forces open to German fire.

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-It is located in France, near Arras.
- Unsuccessful attacks from the French and British led to 150 000 casualties.
- In 1917, the British High Command ordered Canadian corps to capture the Arras area.
- The Canadian attack is thought to be more spectacular than the French and British.

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- The battle of Somme lasted for 4 months. beginning on July 1st 1916 until November 18th 1916.

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-Sir Douglas Haig, commander of British forces ordered ordered Canadian assistance.
-October 26, 1917 the commander of the Canadian Corps (Sir Arthur Currie) launched an attack on Passchendaele Ridge.
-By mid November the ridge had been taken at the cost of 15,654 Canadian soldiers lives.
-Passchendaele Ridge had previously been German controlled territory.

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Long-term consequences to participating in WWI

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Long-term consequences to participating in WWI

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Short-term consequences to participating in WWI

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Short-term consequences to participating in WWI