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After the secession, many forts became foreign outposts. Lincoln sent supplies to fort sumter, but the confederates turned their navy away and spent 34 hours bombarding the fort.  This event marked the climax of the civil war, and when Abe called for volunteer troops for the Northern army, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee cut their ties with the Union, refusing to provide troops.

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Lincoln won the 1860 election by a large amount, despite not being on the ballots for many southern states. States, beginning with South Carolina, began seceding on December 20th, 1861.

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Anti-slaver John Brown attempted to raid a government arsenal in 1859, along with fellow abolitionists and liberated slaves. He planned to provide armaments to Southern slaves to start a rebellion and ensure their freedom. However, his execution was lacking as he was surrounded and captured by Robert E. Lee's forces after successfully collecting the objective, and then literally executed. He became a martyr of the abolitionist movement. The actions of Brown caused Southern militants to be more wary of future raids.

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A Virginia slave, Dred Scott, attempted to sue for his freedom in 1857. The supreme court eventually ruled that Scott was considered to be nothing but property, and he did not possess the rights of an American citizen.

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The Kansas Nebraska act of 1854  scarcely passed as Congressmen turned homicidal, uttering death threats throughout the House chambers. The result of this display caused parts of the Missouri compromise to be overturned, allowing the populous to vote on slavery's relevance . Both those for and against slavery all flocked to Kansas, hoping to use their number to shift the vote. The opposing sides clashed for five years with outbreaks of bloodshed and savagery claiming 56 lives. Voters eventually vouched for actions against slavery, but the experience and process was a black eye to the nation, left by a boxing-match with politics.

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In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a fictional novel exploring the life as a slave. The North thought it was eye-opening to see such things, while the South declared it slanderous. The book became the 2nd bestselling novel in the 19th century, which only furthered the gap between the North and South.

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The Compromise of 1850 was an act that caused slavery to be confined within its present borders , but strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act, stating that northerners must return escaped slaves to the south. It seemed to cool current tensions, but it increased the polarization in the centrist population.

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At the culmination of the Mexican-American war, a piece of legislation called the Wilmot Proviso, proposed by David Wilmot, stated that slavery would be restricted in the territory acquired as a result of the war. He fought two years to trying to get the bill passed, attaching it to other bills, introducing it into congress, and attempting to attach it to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Though all his attempts failed, this sparked the first discussions of secession.

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In August of 1831, a slave named Nathaniel "Nat" Turner assembled  an uprising that spread throughout plantations in South Virginia. His rebellion consisted of about 70 people, who collectively  killed 60 whites, was quelled by militant infantry after almost 2 days of havoc. The result of the rebellion was brutal, leading to the trial and execution of Turner and 54 fellow slaves. Action was taken as response lawmakers restricted both free and enslaved blacks had more privileges taken, limiting the African community's ability to assemble and barring many educational freedoms.
Nathaniel's rebellion has since been titled "The only effective, sustained slave rebellion in U.S. history."

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In 1820, Missouri applied for statehood as a slave territory. This sparked a National debate, as this would contribute to the questionable growth of slavery, and grant slavery the majority in congress. The Missouri compromise was proposed as an unbiased solution. The compromise formed Missouri as a slave state, and balanced the separation by establishing Maine, which had separated from Massachusetts, a free state. Additionally, It constructed a border on the 36-30 parallel, allowing slavery in the South, and prohibiting it in the North.