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A group of people who are not mainstream. This may be categorised by their style, music interests, appearance, values, characteristics, language/slang, etc

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groups made up of teens that are subordinate to the dominant adult society and therefore seen as opposing and a threat.

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The groups who supposedly threaten the social order. E.g. teenagers in the London riots

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Fear of the impact of a subculture on society. The subculture is blamed for immorality and issues. Creates a fear of the group who society/ the media blames for it. Creates stereotypes.Diverts blame from dominant groups (for example the government) E.g. London riots

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Stanley Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics (1972) 

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Stanley Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics (1972) 

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But it can still be seen to apply to the representation of teenagers (and other collective groups) today.

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A moral panic occurs when 'a condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests.'

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An event might be reported about in a negative, sensational way in the news with the idea that it is destroying established moral values within society.

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Young people sub-cultures seen as oppositional 

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Young people sub-cultures seen as oppositional 

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Young people can be seen as the subordinate group in relation to the dominant, adult society.

Therefore, the groups they form are likely to be seen as oppositional.

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- The London Riots in Summer 2011.
- The group of people associated with this event: Teenagers
Then ....
- Teenagers  become associated with the decline in moral values
- A moral panic about the influence of teenagers  occurs amongst the general public
- A generalised view is formed: 'teenagers are angry, agressive, violent and have no respect for the wider society.'

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Dick Hebdige - Subculture: The The Meaning of Style (1979

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Dick Hebdige - Subculture: The The Meaning of Style (1979

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A 'subculture' is a group of people who seek to develop a minority style and often have subversive values in contrast to the majority or mainstream

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Youth sub-cultures often formed in response to 

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Youth sub-cultures often formed in response to 

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- Musical movements/ genres
- Corresponding fashions/ styles
- Geographical influences

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A subculture is a group of people whose style, characteristics and values oppose/ do not 'fit in' with the mainstream style in society.

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Are 3 terms of theories that help us to understand WHY different collective groups of teenagers are represented in a certain way, often negatively, by the Media.

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Subcultures bring together like-minded individuals who feel neglected/ or like outsiders to dominant society and belonging to one of these subcultures helps them to develop a sense of identity.

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A member of a subculture is often signified through a distinctive ad symbolic use of style, which includes:
- Fashion
- Taste in music
- Material possessions
- Mannerisms
- Use of language/slang

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Subcultures are viewed as negative within society

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Subcultures are viewed as negative within society

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And are represented unfavorably by the dominant class as they are seen to challenge dominant ideas in trying to be different.

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the labelling of different collective groups enables advertisers and the media to market different products more easily and for adults to understand the stereotyped characteristics of these different groups. This takes away any opposition and reinforces that teens are the main consumers in society

. It has been argued that since the late 80's, there are no longer youth sub-cultures but "Urban Tribes"

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Those who start the panic are known as moral entrepreneurs 

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Those who start the panic are known as moral entrepreneurs 

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These include
- the press
- politicians
- The people who are part of (or accept) the dominant ideology

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The people who supposedly threaten the social order (for example teenagers, or more specifically 'hoodies' or 'ASBO generation') have been described as folk devils.

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- They become scapegoats for social unrest or unease
- They take the focus away from government

For example, this attitude:

It is the fault of the teenagers that the riots happened because they are angry, aggressive and violent,

not because of lack of opportunities for young people, high unemployment, limited political power, etc... which are all a direct result of government policy

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That these moral panics and folk devils are common throughout history and are a way in which the dominant group (adults) can maintain the social status quo of power.