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FGO- (fast glycotic oxidative) and FO- (fast oxidative) are the muscle fibre types a 100m sprinter would have 

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FGO- (fast glycotic oxidative) and FO- (fast oxidative) are the muscle fibre types a 100m sprinter would have 

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Q= Cardiac output which is caluculated by heart rate x stroke volume 

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Q= Cardiac output which is caluculated by heart rate x stroke volume 

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As it has no oxygen the break down of Glucose makes lactic acid as a fatiguing by product 

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As it has no oxygen the break down of Glucose makes lactic acid as a fatiguing by product 

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Lasts 3 mins plus using oxygen and the enzyme and has a 38 ATP yield 

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Lasts 3 mins plus using oxygen and the enzyme and has a 38 ATP yield 

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The alvieoli are important as there function is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the bloodstream 

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The alvieoli are important as there function is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the bloodstream 

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The energy continuum is the term used to define the variation of the energy systems for example a 100m runner would use the ATP energy system 

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The energy continuum is the term used to define the variation of the energy systems for example a 100m runner would use the ATP energy system 

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A condyloid joint and is an ovoid articular surface. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.

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A condyloid joint and is an ovoid articular surface. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.

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There are 5 different types of bones: flat (pelvis), long (femur), irregular (mandible), short (carpals), sesamoid (pisiform)

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There are 5 different types of bones: flat (pelvis), long (femur), irregular (mandible), short (carpals), sesamoid (pisiform)

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There are 3 type of planes of movements: Sagittal (Medial and lateral), Frontal (Anterior and posterior) and Transverse (superior and inferior)

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There are 3 type of planes of movements: Sagittal (Medial and lateral), Frontal (Anterior and posterior) and Transverse (superior and inferior)

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There is 2 main types of muscle contraction:          -isotonic is where the muscle changes length during a contraction (concentric or eccentric)                           -isometric is where a muscle contraction takes place BUT the muscle doesn't change length

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There is 2 main types of muscle contraction:          -isotonic is where the muscle changes length during a contraction (concentric or eccentric)                           -isometric is where a muscle contraction takes place BUT the muscle doesn't change length

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There are 3 types of muscle fibres: slow oxidative (type 1), fast oxidative glycolytic (type 2a) and fast glycolytic (type 2b)

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There are 3 types of muscle fibres: slow oxidative (type 1), fast oxidative glycolytic (type 2a) and fast glycolytic (type 2b)

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There are 2 circulations in the cardiovascular system:   -pulmonary (deoxygenated blood to lungs and oxygenated blood back to heart)                                  -systemic (oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart)

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There are 2 circulations in the cardiovascular system:   -pulmonary (deoxygenated blood to lungs and oxygenated blood back to heart)                                  -systemic (oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart)

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The respiratory control centre (RCC) receives information from the sensory neurones and sends it via motor neurones to affect respiratory muscles

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The respiratory control centre (RCC) receives information from the sensory neurones and sends it via motor neurones to affect respiratory muscles

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Energy Expenditure = BMR + TEF + energy expended during activity                           BMR - minimum energy required to maintain physical functions at rest                   TEF - energy required to eat/digest/absorb and use food 

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Energy Expenditure = BMR + TEF + energy expended during activity                           BMR - minimum energy required to maintain physical functions at rest                   TEF - energy required to eat/digest/absorb and use food 

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Anabolic Steroids are a pharmacological aid. They increase quality and quantity of training and increase rate of recovery. However, Anabolic steroids are prohibited in and out of competition and can cause aggression,paranoia, acne, liver and heart damage/failure

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Anabolic Steroids are a pharmacological aid. They increase quality and quantity of training and increase rate of recovery. However, Anabolic steroids are prohibited in and out of competition and can cause aggression,paranoia, acne, liver and heart damage/failure

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The breakdown of phosphocreatine allows for the formation of ATP - this is a coupled reaction 

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The breakdown of phosphocreatine allows for the formation of ATP - this is a coupled reaction 

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phosphofructokinase (PFK) breaks down glucose to provide energy for ATP resynthesis

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phosphofructokinase (PFK) breaks down glucose to provide energy for ATP resynthesis

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The aerobic system has no fatiguing by-products

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The aerobic system has no fatiguing by-products

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The energy continuum of a sport will depend of the position that the perform plays - E.G: a centre in netball would be in the glycolytic system whereas a goalkeeper would be in the ATP-PC system 

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The energy continuum of a sport will depend of the position that the perform plays - E.G: a centre in netball would be in the glycolytic system whereas a goalkeeper would be in the ATP-PC system 

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There are 5 different types of joints: Condyloid e.g. the wrist, hinge e.g. elbow, pivot e.g. radio-ulna, gliding e.g. the spine and ball and socket e.g. hip. 

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There are 5 different types of joints: Condyloid e.g. the wrist, hinge e.g. elbow, pivot e.g. radio-ulna, gliding e.g. the spine and ball and socket e.g. hip. 

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Slow oxidative muscle fibres are designed to store oxygen in myoglobin and process it in the mitochondria which allows them to work aerobically. 

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Slow oxidative muscle fibres are designed to store oxygen in myoglobin and process it in the mitochondria which allows them to work aerobically. 

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Flexion and extension occurs on the sagittal plane, abduction and adduction occurs on the frontal plane and horizontal extension, horizontal flexion and rotation occurs on the transverse plane 

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Flexion and extension occurs on the sagittal plane, abduction and adduction occurs on the frontal plane and horizontal extension, horizontal flexion and rotation occurs on the transverse plane 

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A skeletal muscle can only contract when stimulated by an electrical impulse sent from the central nervous system

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A skeletal muscle can only contract when stimulated by an electrical impulse sent from the central nervous system

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The left side of the heart circulates oxygenated blood from the lungs around the body to the muscles and the right side circulates deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs 

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The left side of the heart circulates oxygenated blood from the lungs around the body to the muscles and the right side circulates deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs 

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One main function of the respiratory system is gaseous exchange. One type of this is external respiration: the movement of oxygen from the lugs into the blood stream and CO2 into the lungs. Another is external respiration: oxygen moving into respiring cells and the collection of waste products 

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One main function of the respiratory system is gaseous exchange. One type of this is external respiration: the movement of oxygen from the lugs into the blood stream and CO2 into the lungs. Another is external respiration: oxygen moving into respiring cells and the collection of waste products 

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One of the essentials in our diet is carbohydrates. They account for 75% of energy requirements. One form is starch e.g. rice and potato, stored as glycogen. The second is sugars e.g. fruit, these circulate in the blood as glucose 

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One of the essentials in our diet is carbohydrates. They account for 75% of energy requirements. One form is starch e.g. rice and potato, stored as glycogen. The second is sugars e.g. fruit, these circulate in the blood as glucose 

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EPO is a hormone responsible for production of red blood cells. RhEPO is a synthetic (man-made) copy that athletes use to increase their red blood cell count, therefore increasing oxygen transport. 

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EPO is a hormone responsible for production of red blood cells. RhEPO is a synthetic (man-made) copy that athletes use to increase their red blood cell count, therefore increasing oxygen transport. 

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Creatine kinase breaks down phosphocreatine to allow resynthesis of ATP 

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Creatine kinase breaks down phosphocreatine to allow resynthesis of ATP 

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If glucose levels deplete, glycogen phosphorylase, breaks down glycogen into glucose to keep a high concentration in the blood 

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If glucose levels deplete, glycogen phosphorylase, breaks down glycogen into glucose to keep a high concentration in the blood 

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Krebs Cycle: Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid. Resynthesises 2 moles of ATP

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Krebs Cycle: Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid. Resynthesises 2 moles of ATP

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One energy system will be predominantly providing the energy for ATP resynthesis but you will dip into all energy systems in most activities

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One energy system will be predominantly providing the energy for ATP resynthesis but you will dip into all energy systems in most activities

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There are a few common features in synovial joints:          1. Joint capsule - a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane                                          2. Bursa - a closed sac containing fluid that lubricates and reduces friction were tendons rub over bones                                 3. Articular cartilage - a smooth tissues which covers the surface of articulating boneas                              

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There are a few common features in synovial joints:          1. Joint capsule - a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane                                          2. Bursa - a closed sac containing fluid that lubricates and reduces friction were tendons rub over bones                                 3. Articular cartilage - a smooth tissues which covers the surface of articulating boneas                              

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The Biceps brachii, Rectus femoris and Pectolaris major are all agonist muscles. This means that they are responsible for creating movement at a joint and are often known as the prime mover 

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The Biceps brachii, Rectus femoris and Pectolaris major are all agonist muscles. This means that they are responsible for creating movement at a joint and are often known as the prime mover 

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Sagittal plane - divides the body into left and right parts from the medial                        Frontal plane - splits the body in anterior and posterior (front and back).        Transverse plane - divides the body into superior and inferior (top and bottom) 

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Sagittal plane - divides the body into left and right parts from the medial                        Frontal plane - splits the body in anterior and posterior (front and back).        Transverse plane - divides the body into superior and inferior (top and bottom) 

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Sending a nerve impulse to the muscle fibres in an electromechanical process which relies on a nerve action potential to conduct the nerve impulse  

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Sending a nerve impulse to the muscle fibres in an electromechanical process which relies on a nerve action potential to conduct the nerve impulse  

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The heart is a cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscles are myogenic which means that they are able to produce their own electrical impulses that pass through muscular walls. These impulses force the muscle to contract. 

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The heart is a cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscles are myogenic which means that they are able to produce their own electrical impulses that pass through muscular walls. These impulses force the muscle to contract. 

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The interaction between breathing rate and tidal volume can show us the minute ventilation. Monitoring these variables can help us maximise aerobic performance. 

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The interaction between breathing rate and tidal volume can show us the minute ventilation. Monitoring these variables can help us maximise aerobic performance. 

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Energy expenditure is the sum of basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food and the energy expended in physical activity 

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Energy expenditure is the sum of basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food and the energy expended in physical activity 

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Cooling 🤬:                             -Cooling 🤬 can be used PRE EVENT to reduce core body temperature e.g. ice vests, cold towels                              -Cooling 🤬 can also be used to treat injury e.g. ice packs and cold sprays can be used during or after an event to reduce pain and or swelling

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Cooling 🤬:                             -Cooling 🤬 can be used PRE EVENT to reduce core body temperature e.g. ice vests, cold towels                              -Cooling 🤬 can also be used to treat injury e.g. ice packs and cold sprays can be used during or after an event to reduce pain and or swelling

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THIS TOPIC IS REALLY DIFFICULT... FACT. 

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THIS TOPIC IS REALLY DIFFICULT... FACT. 

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Axial skeleton = central core, 80 bones, support, protection of vital organs, creates a surface for muscle attachment.  Sternum, rib cage, vertebral column, pelvic girdle.

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Axial skeleton = central core, 80 bones, support, protection of vital organs, creates a surface for muscle attachment.  Sternum, rib cage, vertebral column, pelvic girdle.

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Appendicular skeleton = unfused for greater range of movement, support, protect vital organs, 126 bones.

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Origin = point of muscular attachment to stationary bone and insertion = point of muscular attachment to moveable bone.

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Origin = point of muscular attachment to stationary bone and insertion = point of muscular attachment to moveable bone.

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Transverse Plane:       Superior = top half of body Inferior = bottom half  Frontal Plane:           Anterior = front of body  Posterior = back of body  Sagittal Plane:            Lateral = away from middle  Medial = close to middle

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Transverse Plane:       Superior = top half of body Inferior = bottom half  Frontal Plane:           Anterior = front of body  Posterior = back of body  Sagittal Plane:            Lateral = away from middle  Medial = close to middle

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Synaptic cleft = gap at the neuromuscular junction (between end of dendrite and muscle fibre)              Motor unit = motor neurone + muscle fibres  

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Synaptic cleft = gap at the neuromuscular junction (between end of dendrite and muscle fibre)              Motor unit = motor neurone + muscle fibres  

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RIGHT SIDE                 Body, vena cava, deoxygenated blood, atrium (right), tricuspid valve, ventricle (right), pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein LEFT SIDE           Oxygenated blood, atrium, bicuspid valve, ventricle (left), aorta, body

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RIGHT SIDE                 Body, vena cava, deoxygenated blood, atrium (right), tricuspid valve, ventricle (right), pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein LEFT SIDE           Oxygenated blood, atrium, bicuspid valve, ventricle (left), aorta, body

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Haemoglobin allows oxygen to bind to it and carries it round the body in red blood cells in order to deliver O2 to muscles for respiration.

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Haemoglobin allows oxygen to bind to it and carries it round the body in red blood cells in order to deliver O2 to muscles for respiration.

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Carbohydrates:              There are simple and complex carbs.  Simple = monosaccharides (singular, glucose), disaccharides (double, starch).  Complex = polysaccharides (many, starch).  Anything with more than one glucose molecule is a starch.

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Carbohydrates:              There are simple and complex carbs.  Simple = monosaccharides (singular, glucose), disaccharides (double, starch).  Complex = polysaccharides (many, starch).  Anything with more than one glucose molecule is a starch.

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Human Growth Hormone (HGH) - replicates naturally produced growth hormone.  Natural production decreases with age.  It increases protein synthesis, recovery, repair, metabolism of fats, lean mass - you will lose weight.  HGH is prohibited in and out of competition, however, it is hard to detect as it is naturally produced in your body, therefore if you want to use it, you can claim to have naturally high levels of HGH.  There are few side effects so they are more popular than anabolic steroids.  The few side effects are: bone deformities, heart failure and cancer.

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Human Growth Hormone (HGH) - replicates naturally produced growth hormone.  Natural production decreases with age.  It increases protein synthesis, recovery, repair, metabolism of fats, lean mass - you will lose weight.  HGH is prohibited in and out of competition, however, it is hard to detect as it is naturally produced in your body, therefore if you want to use it, you can claim to have naturally high levels of HGH.  There are few side effects so they are more popular than anabolic steroids.  The few side effects are: bone deformities, heart failure and cancer.

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ATP = adenosine triphosphate.  It is broken down by ATPase into ADP + P.  ADP = adenosine DIphosphate (di because there are only two phosphate molecules now).

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ATP = adenosine triphosphate.  It is broken down by ATPase into ADP + P.  ADP = adenosine DIphosphate (di because there are only two phosphate molecules now).

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A by-product called pyruvic acid is made - when there IS oxygen present it can stay in the body and have no harm, but when there ISN'T oxygen present, it turns into lactic acid and causes fatigue.

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A by-product called pyruvic acid is made - when there IS oxygen present it can stay in the body and have no harm, but when there ISN'T oxygen present, it turns into lactic acid and causes fatigue.

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Aerobic Glycolysis:  PFK breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, which forms 2 ATP of energy.  The pyruvic acid then combines with amino acids and fatty acids to form acetyl co-enzyme A.  No lactic acid is produced from the pyruvic acid as there IS oxygen present.

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Aerobic Glycolysis:  PFK breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, which forms 2 ATP of energy.  The pyruvic acid then combines with amino acids and fatty acids to form acetyl co-enzyme A.  No lactic acid is produced from the pyruvic acid as there IS oxygen present.

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Depending on the nature of a sport, it could be in multiple positions on the energy continuum.  Mixed sports eg netball, rugby etc are most likely to be in numerous places on the continuum as the predominant energy system varies with position, intensity/level of the game etc.

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Depending on the nature of a sport, it could be in multiple positions on the energy continuum.  Mixed sports eg netball, rugby etc are most likely to be in numerous places on the continuum as the predominant energy system varies with position, intensity/level of the game etc.

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From regular exercise the heart muscle increases in size and strength, this increases cardiac output, lowers resting heart rate and allows for quicker recovery from exercise. Because there is a higher volume of RBC's flowing round the body

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Abduction and Adduction occur in the frontal plane, involves movement away or towards an imaginary centre line.
Abduction - taking body part away from the centre line.
Adduction - taking body part towards the centre line.

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The all or none law - states that there must be a minimum level of depolarisation (difference in charge between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane of a muscle fibre or a nerve) for an action to occur. Without reaching this level, no impulse will be propagated.

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Fast glycolytic fibres are white in colour due to their low levels of myoglobin and mitochondria. They produce ATP at a slow rate by aerobic metabolism and break it down very quickly. Which results in short, fast bursts of power and rapid fatigue.

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Cartilage - reduces friction, acts as a shock absorber
Synovial fluid - lubricates the joint
Synovial membrane - Produces synovial fluid
Tendon - joins muscle to bone enabling movement
Ligament - joins bone to bone, stabilising the joint

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VO2 max - measure of the peak volume of oxygen you can consume and use in one minute. It is measured in ml/kg/min, the "kg" part being the athletes bodyweight taken into account.

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Proteins are used to help us grow and repair tissues, found in animal products eg. Meat and fish. Made of amino acids.
Proteins should make up 15% of your daily diet.
Some athletes use a technique called "carbo loading" where they eat carbohydrate rich foods in the run up to an event, this ensures that their muscles and liver are full of glycogen so they have plenty of energy.

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Blood doping - the miss-use of substances to increase red blood cell count. commonly involves the removal of 2 units (almost two pints) of the athletes blood several weeks prior to an event/competition.
Mostly used for athletes in endurance events like the tour de France. It causes more RBC's to flow in the blood stream and therefore allowing extra oxygen to be transported to working muscles. Resulting in a higher level of performance.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy source for all reactions in the body.
ATPPC system is used for high intensity activities
A negative of this system is that the fuel stores are very limited.

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Process of recovery requires oxygen.
Pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen will be converted in to acetyl coenzyme A. This is then broken down through the Crebs cycle to produce more ATP. Without oxygen it is converted in to lactate and removed from muscle and taken to the liver to be converted in to glucose. This can take anywhere from 30 to 60 mins.

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By products from reactions in this process go towards the re-synthesis of the ATP. The by products, which include hydrogen, travel across the electron transport chain in the matrix/cristae to finalise the re-synthesis of the ATP.

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All three of the energy systems work at the same time. The more dominant system is determined by the intensity, duration and intensity of the exercise. Giving its place on the continuum corresponding to the sporting situation or sport.

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The ATP-PC system is used to generate energy for explosive movements such as: Weight lifting and 100m sprint

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The ATP-PC system is used to generate energy for explosive movements such as: Weight lifting and 100m sprint

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The Glycolytic system lasts between 30 seconds and 3 minutes depending on the intensity. The less intense the activity the longer it will last, because it will be producing lactic acid at a slower rate..

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The Glycolytic system lasts between 30 seconds and 3 minutes depending on the intensity. The less intense the activity the longer it will last, because it will be producing lactic acid at a slower rate..

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The aerobic system has a much higher ATP yield than the other two systems. However this system produces the ATP at a much slower rate, therefore it cannot fuel intense exercise that requires quick production of ATP.

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The aerobic system has a much higher ATP yield than the other two systems. However this system produces the ATP at a much slower rate, therefore it cannot fuel intense exercise that requires quick production of ATP.

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Some sports can cover the entire energy continuum. This  is because during different stages of a sport requires different energy systems and types of exercise. This is common in invasion sports such as netball or rugby.  

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Some sports can cover the entire energy continuum. This  is because during different stages of a sport requires different energy systems and types of exercise. This is common in invasion sports such as netball or rugby.  

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Supports the body
protects vitatal organs
stores minerals and produces red blood cells
provide atachments for the muscular system
Acts as levers and pivot points = movement

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Agonist Prime mover - Responsible for creating the movement. (contracts)
Antagonist - muscles that oppose the agonist. (relaxes)
Fixator - muscles that stabilize one part of the body while the other moves.

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Superficial- towards the surface e.g. the skin is superficial to the muscles.
Deep - below the surface e.g. muscles are deep compared to skin.
Proximal - body point closer to the point of attachment then another
Distal - body point further away from the point of attachment than another

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1) Sinoatrial Node - Right atrial wall- generates electrical impulse and contraction of atria. Known as the pacemaker - determines HR
2) Atrioventricular Node - Collects impulses and delays for 0.1 seconds to allow atrial contraction to finish release it to the Bundle of His.
3) Bundle of His - Located in the septum. Splits impulse into 2 to be sent to both ventricles,
4) Bundle of Branches- Carry impulse to the base of each ventical
5) Purkyne Fibres - Distribute impulse through ventricle walls causing contraction

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Bursas are fluid filled sacs in a joint that reduce friction between tendons and bones. Bursitis is a condition that causes the bursas to become inflamed and is a result of overuse or overload of the joint

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Remembering the different planes:
Frontal = F = cuts you Front to back
Sagittal = S = splits you into Sides
Transverse = T = Top to bottom

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An example of an antagonistic pair:
The movement of the leg forward to kick a football is created by the rectus femoris and the biceps femoris. The rectus femoris (prime mover) contracts as the biceps femoris (antagonist) relaxes, so the leg moves forward. The fixator in this example would be the gluteus Maximus.

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Acetylcholine is secreted out of a synaptic vesicle, it then diffuses through the cell membrane of the motor neurone into the synaptic cleft. ACH is a neurotransmitter which carries the action potential across the synaptic cleft into the muscle fibre.

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Heart rate regulation is divided into:
Neural control- chemoreceptors (chemical changes in blood), proprioceptors (movement/ muscles, tendons, motor activity at joints), baroreceptors (blood vessel walls/blood pressure)
Intrinsic control: thermoreceptors (temperature) & venous return
Hormonal control: adrenaline & noradrenaline

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Partial pressure is “the pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture of gases”, meaning it’s the percentage of an individual gas within a mixture of gases. Diffusion relies on partial pressure to create a concentration gradient (difference in pressure). For example, there is a higher partial pressure of oxygen in oxygenated blood than in the respiring muscle cells, so oxygen diffuses from the blood into the muscle cells.

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Fats are used for energy and to supply vitamins A, D, E, K.
They are used for protection ad to insulate nerves. There are 2 types of fats:
Animal- saturated (bad) - converted to cholesterol- inc. risk of atherosclerosis, but still need some for cells & hormones
Vegetable (good)- NOT converted to cholesterol & are healthier than animal

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Bicarb:
Used in high intensity anaerobic exercise
pH= 8.4, so acts as a buffer for lactic acid (neutralises the acid)
Necessary because lactic acid lowers the pH of muscles which reduces energy production & causes fatigue

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Practical examples of when the ATP-PC system would be used include sprints, throws, jumps, vault.

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1 mole of glucose creates 2 moles of ATP

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Aerobic glycolysis and the krebs cycle happen in the sarcoplasm (lining of the muscle fibre), whereas the electron transport chain happens on the cristae of mitochondria

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At rest the body uses the aerobic system, at the start of exercise the immediate demand for ATP increases and the oxygen availability may decrease. This can cause a change in energy system.

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Ligaments - Bone to bone
Tendons - Muscle to bone
Origin - Point of muscular attachment to stationery bone
Insertion - Point of muscular attachment to moveable bone

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Type I fibre are also known as slow twitch fibre.They are red in colour due to the presence of large volumes of myoglobin and so oxygen and high numbers of Mitochondria. Because of this they are very resistant to fatigue and are capable of producing repeated low-level contractions by producing large amounts of ATP through an aerobic metabolic cycle.

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Type I fibre are also known as slow twitch fibre.They are red in colour due to the presence of large volumes of myoglobin and so oxygen and high numbers of Mitochondria. Because of this they are very resistant to fatigue and are capable of producing repeated low-level contractions by producing large amounts of ATP through an aerobic metabolic cycle.

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Rotation movements are in the transverse plane and include any twisting motion. 

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Rotation movements are in the transverse plane and include any twisting motion. 

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A motor unit is described as a single motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres it innervates. A motor unit can contain anywhere between 10 and thousands of muscle fibres. Muscles which produce large powerful movements contain motor units with large numbers of fibres, and those for small intricate movements contain only a few fibres per motor unit.

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A motor unit is described as a single motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres it innervates. A motor unit can contain anywhere between 10 and thousands of muscle fibres. Muscles which produce large powerful movements contain motor units with large numbers of fibres, and those for small intricate movements contain only a few fibres per motor unit.

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The heart has four chambers. The two atria collect the blood. The two ventricles pump the blood out of the heart.Valves prevent the blood from flowing backwards.The septum separates the two sides of the heart.

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The heart has four chambers. The two atria collect the blood. The two ventricles pump the blood out of the heart.Valves prevent the blood from flowing backwards.The septum separates the two sides of the heart.

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Air is warmed, moistened and filtered as it travels through the mouth and nasal passages.It then passes through the trachea and one of the two bronchi into one of the lungs.After passing into the many bronchioles, it finally arrives into some the tiny sacs called alveoli.This is where gas exchange takes place - oxygen passes out of the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood into the air in the alveoli.

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Air is warmed, moistened and filtered as it travels through the mouth and nasal passages.It then passes through the trachea and one of the two bronchi into one of the lungs.After passing into the many bronchioles, it finally arrives into some the tiny sacs called alveoli.This is where gas exchange takes place - oxygen passes out of the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood into the air in the alveoli.

# data[].attributes.headline
When you inhale:the intercostal muscles contract, expanding the ribcagethe diaphragm contracts, pulling downwards to increase the volume of the chestpressure inside the chest is lowered and air is sucked into the lungs

# data[].attributes.subject
When you inhale:the intercostal muscles contract, expanding the ribcagethe diaphragm contracts, pulling downwards to increase the volume of the chestpressure inside the chest is lowered and air is sucked into the lungs

# data[].attributes.headline
When you exhale:the intercostal muscles relax, the ribcage drops inwards and downwardsthe diaphragm relaxes, moving back upwards, decreasing the volume of the chestpressure inside the chest increases and air is forced out

# data[].attributes.subject
When you exhale:the intercostal muscles relax, the ribcage drops inwards and downwardsthe diaphragm relaxes, moving back upwards, decreasing the volume of the chestpressure inside the chest increases and air is forced out

# data[].attributes.headline
Mineras  EgCalcium - to strengthen bones Iodine - for energy production  Iron - prevents fatigue

# data[].attributes.subject
Mineras  EgCalcium - to strengthen bones Iodine - for energy production  Iron - prevents fatigue

# data[].attributes.body
Helps release energy from food. Helps decision making
We need it in sport When training is hard
We find it in Fruit, vegetables and fish

# data[].attributes.body
It stimulates the central nervous system.
Acts as a weak stimulant which increases alertness and concentration and reaction time.
Increases energy levels and lowers perception of effort.
Acts as diuretic - increasing urine production and decreases dehydration.

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It is an exothermic reaction and so provides energy required to resynthesise ATP at a fast rate.

# data[].attributes.subject
It is an exothermic reaction and so provides energy required to resynthesise ATP at a fast rate.

# data[].attributes.body
There is a huge amount of glycogen stored in the muscles and liver which can be made available for energy.

It is more efficient - resynthesises two molecules of ATP as opposed to just one that the ATP-PC manages.

Fewer reactions than the aerobic energy system are needed to produce energy so it is faster (but not as fast as the PC system).

Provides more sustained high intensity energy for between 10 and 180 seconds.

Can work both anaerobically (without oxygen) and aerobically (with oxygen).