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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAUoGghJqSk

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this is about the protests for the vietname war
https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-protests

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I found a video on the war story

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this is a video about the U.S.A troops in the Vietnam war
https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history

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I found information on how the Chinese were mistreated

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Once the Chinese heard the news of the gold rush, an immense amount of them traveled to California. The majority of these Chinese immigrants were unskilled male laborers who were in search of a better life for themselves and, for many, their families at home. These Chinese laborers typically lived in groups, and were very different from the others in the area. For example, they were not Christian, they barely spoke English, they had darker skin, and they had unique eating habits and clothing. They were also extremely unobtrusive, peaceful, frugal, and hard-working. A great deal of them chose to mine for gold, although due to their hard-working attitude, they tended to mine for small pieces of gold only in areas that had been abandoned by impatient gold miners. However, many Chinese immigrants chose to find jobs rather than mine for gold. Again, they usually had hard-working attitudes, and were willing to take low-wage jobs that other groups considered "dirty," if necessary. Some became laborers for other gold miners, while others opened up their own personal service businesses, such as restaurants, stores, hotels, and laundries. When Chinese immigrants made money either through mining for gold or earning wages, they usually sent it home to their families, whose lives were then immensely improved ("Journey to America", "Chinese Immigrants and Gold Rush", Norton, "Chinese Immigration to United States", Brands 330-331).

At first, when gold was plentiful in California, Chinese immigrants were treated extremely well by others in the area. They were grateful that the Chinese were so hard-working, and were willing to take low-wage jobs. In fact, Chinese workers typically charged only twenty-six dollars per month, while most white workers charged over thirty dollars per month, pleasing wealthy businessmen. In addition, gold miners appreciated the personal service businesses the Chinese had founded. They often interacted with the Chinese by doing things such as sleeping at their hotels and eating at their restaurants. Many even believed that the Chinese's darker skin color added excitement to the country, and enjoyed having them around. Governor McDougal, the governor of California during most of the Gold Rush, even said that they were "One of the most worthy of our [California's] newly adopted citizens," illustrating how accepted the Chinese immigrants were at the beginning of the Gold Rush ("Journey to America", Norton, Brands 426-426).

A few years after the Gold Rush began, Chinese immigrants began to be treated terribly. One major reason for this was that the gold mines were starting to become exhausted. The newest gold miners were not able to find gold and become rich as easily as they had expected to, leading them to feel disappointed and angry. These difficult economic times caused the abandoned mines and the "dirty" jobs previously reserved for the Chinese to become desirable. Suddenly, the Chinese workers were seen as competition, and were accused of stealing jobs and driving down wages. Their peculiar lifestyle added to the hostility towards Chinese immigrants, as they were now viewed as exotic and inferior, rather than interesting and exciting (Norton, Brands 330-331).

Chinese immigrants were often treated violently, and the government even supported this behavior. Anti-Chinese riots and attacks on Chinese areas were very common, and in addition, Chinese miners were often violently driven from the abandoned mines they had been working. In fact, an issue of the Alta California reported that at Rich Gulch, an area in California, 200 Chinese miners had been robbed and four had been murdered. One Yankee miner also illustrated the hatred towards Chinese immigrants when he stated that "Chinamen are getting to be altogether too plentiful in this country." Many politicians, such as John Bigler, the governor of California from 1852 to 1856, suggested decreasing the amount of Chinese immigrants. As a result, the Foreign Miners Tax was passed in 1852. This was a tax that required Chinese miners to pay a fee of three dollars per month. Overall, the acceptance of Chinese Immigrants shifted to violence and hatred as the Gold Rush progressed ("Chinese Immigrants and the Gold Rush", "Chinese Immigration to United States", Brands 325-333).

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Once the Chinese heard the news of the gold rush, an immense amount of them traveled to California. The majority of these Chinese immigrants were unskilled male laborers who were in search of a better life for themselves and, for many, their families at home.

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this is a video about the Vietnamese tunnels .
https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/cu-chi-tunnels

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this website tells you more about the

Germans, Italians, Norwegians migrants

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The Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme is widely regarded as one of Australia's greatest engineering achievements.

Construction began in 1949, when the Federal Parliament passed an act ordering the construction of a network of dams, tunnels and power stations.

The ambitious project was designed to divert water from the Snowy River to help irrigate the western side of the Great Dividing Range, while also generating hydro-electric power.

Contracts were awarded to more than a dozen companies, including Australian, French and US firms.

More than 100,000 people from over 30 countries travelled to the mountains to work on the Snowy, with up to 7,000 workers on the site at any one time.

Seventy per cent of the workers were migrants from Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Britain, Norway, Poland and the Former Yugoslavia.

Many were chosen for their engineering and construction skills, or their experience working in alpine conditions. The relatively high wages in Australia provided a strong incentive to come.

The grueling construction took more than two decades.

It was tough work in a harsh, mountainous environment. Workers spent a lot of time underground, tunneling through solid granite rock in sometimes dangerous conditions.

By the time the Scheme was finished in 1974, 121 workers had been killed in industrial accidents.

Most of the migrants travelled to the Snowy site just a few days after arriving in Sydney or Melbourne. Some were experiencing post-traumatic stress as a result of the war.
SA Premier Jay Weatherill hits out at Federal Energy Minister Josh Frydenberg over green energy

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Germans, Italians, Norwegians: The migrant workers who helped build the Snowy

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The Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme is widely regarded as one of Australia's greatest engineering achievements. Construction began in 1949, when the Federal Parliament passed an act ordering the construction of a network of dams, tunnels and power stations.

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this is about how the war started and what the battles were about http://education.abc.net.au/home#!/media/2528395/australia-and-vietnam-war
some of the people that trying to leave Vietnam got arrested for trying to flee the country.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=vjshmaU5eRs this is link to a video about a Vietnamese family that fled Vietnam
this is a video on a lady theta feed Vietnam https://www.sbs.com.au/news/thefeed/story/i-was-petrified-miss-chu-and-other-refugees-speak-path-australia

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There were 100,000 people that worked on the Snowy Mountain Scheme and most of them were men.

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Australian National Maritime Museum - Waves of Migration

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After the fall of Siagon to communist forces in 1975 Vietnamese Lu family fled their country headed to Australia

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The Snowy Mountain Scheme started just after the second world war.

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This website is about the first arrival of Vietnamese in Australia

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The snowy mountains were blown up to build the damn that powers most of Australia.

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The hydro electric scheme delivers over 4000 megawatts to 3 states.

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This is a website explaining what are some contributions that Vietnamese refugees made to Australia

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How have the Vietnamese contributed to Australia?

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Answer (1 of 12): Our greengrocer is a Vietnamese migrant, formerly a refugee. He is highly qualified in another field, but couldn't get employment so he bought a fruit and veg business from another ex-Vietnamese family. He is kind, considerate and always tries to buy the best, but he won't pay e...

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I also found this btn video interesting too

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Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Scheme - Behind the News

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This is a video about  Vietnam war .
ducation.abc.net.au/home#!/media/2528395/australia-and-vietnam-war

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Snowy Mountains Scheme 1956 - 1958 Place Family Experience

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this is about snoey 2.o.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdwWV71NhGk
so is this
https://www.snowyhydro.com.au/our-scheme/snowy20/
this have a littli bit on why the sckeam was so inportent.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHyv3c8Yr2Q
tryed to help the enviermennt.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlNrsGdrOUM
this has how peopel feel about working on on the skeame
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqtnlVrzzDw
this is a look at one of the old plases where the peapel lived.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNM06lyB1aY
all about the snowy mountain scheme
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zXbYw9qDBs
j

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZ9ZKi7ibfU
This involves the basics of the snowy mountain scheme.
Snowy Mountains Scheme: Australia's Largest Hydro-scheme

The snowy mountain scheme contains 7 power stations.

The snowy mountain scheme also has 16 major dams.

Also has tunnels leading through the mountain.

50 miles of aqueducts.

The snowy mountain scheme was developed after WW2.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zXbYw9qDBs

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The scheme is recognised as one of Australia’s greatest achievements in the 20th century. the project took 25 years to complete

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZ9ZKi7ibfU

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I found a website with lots of information about the things that happened to the Chinese during the gold rush

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Trade

Until 1750s China had been a mysteriously isolated nation from the rest of the world when the Chinese Emperor first allowed foreign traders to establish warehouses in Canton.

China's tea, silk and sugar were also in high-demand in European countries, but the Chinese wanted very little of what the Europeans could offer in return - they wanted silver. The British economy was based on gold, so it meant they had to buy the silver (which was expensive) before they could trade.

This created a trade imbalance, and China had a strong upper hand. To try and reverse this imbalance the British began to increase the amount of the addictive drug opium that they sold to China because there was a local demand for it. Opium came from British controlled India, so it was easy and cheap for them to access.

The Chinese Emperor saw this as a threat to his people and tried to ban it, ordering the seizure of the goods and restricting foreign trade. This led to war with European powers (known as the Opium Wars) in which the Chinese were heavily defeated by strong and industrialised military forces.

As a result European powers forced their way into new areas of China (Hong Kong), dramatically expanding their control over trade in and out of that region.

Chinese immigration to NSW & reaction (1840-60)

By the 1840s Chinese men were trying to come to Australia because war, political instability and environmental conditions were making life hard in southern China.

Once here they did a lot of the hard, physical agricultural work that was required as the colony continued to grow - work that had previously been done by convicts. The first contracted workers arrived in 1848 and all up around 3000 had arrived by 1853.

This practice of importing cheap labour was not unique to Australia during the 19th century - for example the Transcontinental Railway in the USA was built by Chinese labourers on work contracts as was the Canadian Pacific Railway.

After gold was discovered in NSW thousands more Chinese tried to come; as their numbers continued to grow, sections of the European population resented and questioned their presence in the colony.

From the 1860s government legislation was used to try and restrict Chinese people arriving and in 1861 the NSW Gov. passed the 'Chinese Migration Act', which introduced a tariff for Chinese people only.

Anti-Chinese legislation in NSW (1861-1880s)

By the 1880s anti-Chinese sentiment in NSW was very strong. For example, the premier at the time - Henry Parkes - reflected the view held by many when he stated: "There can be no...intermarriage or social communion between the British and the Chinese." (H. Parkes - 1888)

In 1888 his government passed The Chinese Restriction and Regulation Act -'to [protect] the Colony from dangers of Chinese immigration'.

In 1889 it passed the Immigration Restriction Act, which required any prospective immigrant to write out a passage in a 'European language' chosen by the immigration officer in order to be eligible. It could be ANY European language.

Federation 1901

In 1901 the now federal government of Australia passed the Immigration Restriction Act - unified national legislation that acknowledged state/ territory's anti-Chinese stance.

The federal Act retained the clause that an immigrant must write out a passage in a European language to be allowed to enter. It also applied the term 'prohibited immigrant' to those who arrived illegally or were not able to meet the strict requirements.

The Immigration Restriction Act (1901) was the beginning of what is now known as the White Australia Policy; it was not fully repealed until the 1970s.

This Act had an enormous personal impact on the Chinese community living in Australia.

*This content has been adapted from an education program run during the Celestial City exhibition.

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By the early 1850s, news of a gold rush in Australia had reached southern China, sparking an influx in Chinese migration to Australia.It is thought that approximately 7000 Chinese people came to work at the Araluen gold fields in southern NSW.

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I found a cool website on where the Snowy Mountain Scheme was built.

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Australia’s greatest engineering feat – the National Heritage Listed Snowy Mountains Scheme

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https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Snowy_Mountains_Scheme this is a link to know about the snowy mountain scheme. the snowy mountain scheme started on the 17 October 1949 and took 25 years officially completed in 1979.

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I found this wikipedia page with a lot of information about the Vietnamese asylum seekers. Also not all of this is about the Asylum seekers.

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Vietnamese boat people awaiting rescue.

Vietnamese boat people ( Vietnamese: Thuyền nhân Việt Nam) were refugees who fled Vietnam by boat and ship following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. This migration and humanitarian crisis was at its highest in 1978 and 1979, but continued into the early 1990s. The term (Vietnamese boat people) is also often used generically to refer to the Vietnamese people who left their country in a mass exodus between 1975 and 1995 (see Indochina refugee crisis). This article uses the term "boat people" to apply only to those who fled Vietnam by sea.

The number of boat people leaving Vietnam and arriving safely in another country totaled almost 800,000 between 1975 and 1995. Many of the refugees failed to survive the passage, facing danger from pirates, over-crowded boats, and storms. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, between 200,000 and 400,000 boat people died at sea. The boat people's first destinations were Hong Kong and the Southeast Asian locations of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Tensions stemming from Vietnam's disputes with Cambodia and China in 1978 and 1979 caused an exodus of the majority of the Hoa people from Vietnam, many of whom fled by boat to China.

The combination of economic sanctions, the legacy of destruction left by the Vietnam War, policies of the Vietnamese government, and further conflicts with neighboring countries caused an international humanitarian crisis, with Southeast Asian countries increasingly unwilling to accept more boat people on their shores. After negotiations and an international conference in 1979, Vietnam agreed to limit the flow of people leaving the country. The Southeast Asian countries agreed to admit the boat people temporarily, and the rest of the world, especially more developed countries, agreed to assume most of the costs of caring for the boat people and resettle them in their countries.

From refugee camps in Southeast Asia, the great majority of boat people were resettled in more developed countries. Significant numbers resettled in the United States, Canada, Italy, Australia, France, West Germany, and the United Kingdom. Several tens of thousands were repatriated to Vietnam, either voluntarily or involuntarily. Programs and facilities to carry out resettlement included the Orderly Departure Program, the Philippine Refugee Processing Center, and the Comprehensive Plan of Action.

A family of Vietnamese refugees rescued by a US Navy ship.

Rescued Vietnamese being given water.

East Sea - crewmen of the amphibious cargo ship USS Durham (LKA-114) take Vietnamese refugees from a small craft, April 1975

The Vietnam War ended on April 30, 1975, with the fall of Saigon to the People's Army of Vietnam and the subsequent evacuation of more than 130,000 Vietnamese closely associated with the United States or the former government of South Vietnam. Most of the evacuees were resettled in the United States in Operation New Life and Operation New Arrivals. The U.S government transported refugees from Vietnam via aircraft and ships to temporarily settle down in Guam before moving them to designated homes in the contiguous United States. Within the same year, communist forces gained control of Cambodia and Laos, thus engendering a steady flow of refugees fleeing all three countries. In 1975, President Gerald Ford signed the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, budgeting roughly 415 million dollars in the effort to provide transportation, healthcare, and accommodations to the 130,000 Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Lao refugees.[citation needed ]

After the Saigon evacuation, the number of Vietnamese leaving their country remained relatively small until mid-1978. A number of factors contributed to the refugee crisis, including economic hardship and wars in Vietnam, China, and Cambodia. In addition, up to 300,000 people, especially those associated with the former government and military of South Vietnam, were sent to re-education camps, where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labor. In addition, 1 million people, mostly city dwellers, "volunteered" to live in " New Economic Zones" where they were to survive by reclaiming land and clearing jungle to grow crops.

Repression was especially severe on the Hoa people, the ethnic Chinese population in Vietnam. Due to increasing tensions between Vietnam and China, which ultimately resulted in China's 1979 invasion of Vietnam, the Hoa were seen by the Vietnamese government as a security threat. Hoa people also controlled much of the retail trade in South Vietnam, and the communist government increasingly levied them with taxes, placed restrictions on trade, and confiscated businesses. In May 1978, the Hoa began to leave Vietnam in large numbers for China, initially by land. By the end of 1979, resulting from the Sino-Vietnamese War, 250,000 Hoa had sought refuge in China and many tens of thousands more were among the Vietnamese boat people scattered all over Southeast Asia and in Hong Kong.

The Vietnamese government and its officials profited from the outflow of refugees, especially the often well-to-do Hoa. The price for obtaining exit permits, documentation, and a boat or ship, often derelict, to leave Vietnam was reported to be the equivalent of $3,000 for adults and half that for children. These payments were often made in the form of gold bars. Many poorer Vietnamese left their country secretly without documentation and in flimsy boats, and these were the most vulnerable to pirates and storms while at sea.

There were many methods employed by Vietnamese citizens to leave the country. Most were secret and done at night; some involved the bribing of top government officials. Some people bought places in large boats that hold up to several hundred passengers. Others boarded fishing boats (fishing being a common occupation in Vietnam) and left that way. One method used involved middle-class refugees from Saigon, armed with forged identity documents, traveling approximately 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) to Da Nang by road. On arrival, they would take refuge for up to two days in safe houses while waiting for fishing junks and trawlers to take small groups into international waters.[citation needed ] Planning for such a trip took many months and even years. Although these attempts often caused a depletion of resources, people often had false starts before they managed to escape.

Exodus in 1978-1979

Although a few thousand people had fled Vietnam by boat between 1975 and mid-1978, the exodus of the boat people began in September 1978. The vessel Southern Cross unloaded 1,200 Vietnamese on an uninhabited island belonging to Indonesia. The government of Indonesia was furious at the people being dumped on its shores, but was pacified by the assurances of Western countries that they would resettle the refugees. In October, another ship, the Hai Hong, attempted to land 2,500 refugees in Malaysia. The Malaysians declined to allow them to enter their territory and the ship sat offshore until the refugees were processed for resettlement in third countries. Additional ships carrying thousands of refugees soon arrived in Hong Kong and the Philippines and were also denied permission to land. Their passengers were both ethnic Vietnamese and Hoa who had paid substantial fares for the passage.

As these larger ships met resistance to landing their human cargo, many thousands of Vietnamese began to depart Vietnam in small boats, attempting to land surreptitiously on the shores of neighbouring countries. The people in these small boats faced enormous dangers at sea and many thousands of them did not survive the voyage. The countries of the region often "pushed back" the boats when they arrived near their coastline and boat people cast about at sea for weeks or months looking for a place where they could land. Despite the dangers and the resistance of the receiving countries, the number of boat people continued to grow, reaching a high of 54,000 arrivals in the month of June 1979, with a total of 350,000 in refugee camps in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. At this point, the countries of Southeast Asia united in declaring that they had "reached the limit of their endurance and decided that they would not accept any new arrivals".

The United Nations convened an international conference in Geneva, Switzerland in July 1979, stating that "a grave crisis exists in Southeast Asia for hundreds of thousands of refugees". Illustrating the prominence of the issue, Vice President Walter Mondale headed the U.S. delegation. The results of the conference were that the Southeast Asian countries agreed to provide temporary asylum to the refugees, Vietnam agreed to promote orderly departures rather than permit boat people to depart, and the Western countries agreed to accelerate resettlement. The Orderly Departure Program enabled Vietnamese, if approved, to depart Vietnam for resettlement in another country without having to become a boat person. As a result of the conference, boat people departures from Vietnam declined to a few thousand per month and resettlements increased from 9,000 per month in early 1979 to 25,000 per month, the majority of the Vietnamese going to the United States, France, Australia, and Canada. The worst of the humanitarian crisis was over, although boat people would continue to leave Vietnam for more than another decade and die at sea or be confined to lengthy stays in refugee camps.

Boat people had to face storms, diseases, starvation, and elude pirates. The boats were not intended for navigating open waters, and would typically head for busy international shipping lanes some 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the east. The lucky ones would succeed in being rescued by freighters or reach shore 1-2 weeks after departure. The unlucky ones continued their perilous journey at sea, sometimes lasting a few months long, suffering from hunger, thirst, disease, and pirates before finding safety.

A typical story of the hazards faced by the boat people was told in 1982 by a man named Le Phuoc. He left Vietnam with 17 other people in a boat 23 feet (7.0 m) long to attempt the 300-mile (480 km) passage across the Gulf of Thailand to southern Thailand or Malaysia. Their two outboard motors soon failed and they drifted without power and ran out of food and water. Thai pirates boarded their boat three times during their 17-day voyage, raped the four women on board and killed one, stole all the possessions of the refugees, and abducted one man who was never found. When their boat sank, they were rescued by a Thai fishing boat and ended up in a refugee camp on the coast of Thailand. Another of many stories tell of a boat carrying 75 refugees which were sunk by pirates with one person surviving. The survivors of another boat in which most of the 21 women aboard were abducted by pirates said that at least 50 merchant vessels passed them by and ignored their pleas for help. An Argentine freighter finally picked them up and took them to Thailand.

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) began compiling statistics on piracy in 1981. In that year, 452 boats carrying Vietnamese boat people arrived in Thailand carrying 15,479 refugees; 349 of the boats had been attacked by pirates an average of three times each, while 228 women had been abducted and 881 people were dead or missing. An international anti-piracy campaign began in June 1982 and reduced the number of pirate attacks although they continued to be frequent and often deadly until 1990.

The number of Vietnamese boat people who died at sea can only be estimated. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, between 200,000 and 400,000 boat people died at sea. Other wide-ranging estimates are that 10 to 70 percent of Vietnamese boat people died at sea.

In response to the outpouring of boat people, the neighbouring countries with international assistance set up refugee camps along their shores and on small, isolated islands. As the number of boat people grew to tens of thousands per month in early 1979, their numbers outstripped the ability of local governments, the UN, and humanitarian organizations to provide food, water, housing, and medical care to them. Two of the largest refugee camps were Bidong Island in Malaysia and Galang Refugee Camp in Indonesia.

Bidong Island was designated as the principal refugee camp in Malaysia in August 1978. The Malaysian government towed any arriving boatloads of refugees to the island. Less than one square mile (260 ha) in area, Bidong was prepared to receive 4,500 refugees, but by June 1979 Bidong had a refugee population of more than 40,000 who had arrived in 453 boats. The UNHCR and a large number of relief and aid organizations assisted the refugees. Food and drinking water had to be imported by barge. Water was rationed at one gallon per day per person. The food ration was mostly rice and canned meat and vegetables. The refugees constructed crude shelters from boat timbers, plastic sheeting, flattened tin cans, and palm fronds. Sanitation in the crowded conditions was the greatest problem. The United States and other governments had representatives on the island to interview refugees for resettlement. With the expansion of the numbers to be resettled after the July 1979 Geneva Conference, the population of Bidong slowly declined. The last refugee left in 1991.

The Galang Refugee Camp was also on an island, but with a much larger area than Bidong. More than 170,000 Indochinese, the great majority of boat people, were temporary residents at Galang while it served as a refugee camp from 1975 until 1996. After they became well-established, Galang and Bidong and other refugee camps provided education, language and cultural training to boat people who would be resettled abroad. Refugees usually had to live in camps for several months-and sometimes years-before being resettled.

In 1980, the Philippine Refugee Processing Center was established on the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines. The center housed up to 18,000 Indochinese refugees who were approved for resettlement in the United States and elsewhere and provided them English language and other cross-cultural training.

Between 1980 and 1986, the outflow of boat people from Vietnam was less than the numbers resettled in third countries. In 1987, the numbers of boat people began to grow again. The destination this time was primarily Hong Kong and Thailand. Concerning the impact on its economy, security and society, Hong Kong government began to search for solutions. In the early 1987, one of the accommodated Vietnamese refugee boats received the assistance of the Immigration Department to depart to continue sailing. It arrived in Kinmen to apply for asylum but was rejected by the ROC military, then was slaughtered on Lieyu Island on March 7, known as the Lieyu Massacre. The boat was burnt, evidence destroyed, and the ROC Ministry of National Defense repeatedly denied on the journalists' reportages and the parliament questioning. The chilling effect made the refugee boats extinct on northbound afterwards.

On June 15, 1988, after more than 18,000 Vietnamese had arrived that year, Hong Kong authorities announced that all new arrivals would be placed in detention centres and confined until they could be resettled. Boat people were held in prison-like conditions and education and other programs were eliminated. Countries in Southeast Asia were equally negative about accepting newly arriving Vietnamese boat people into their countries. Moreover, both asylum and resettlement countries were doubtful that many of the newer boat people were fleeing political repression and thus merited refugee status.

Another international refugee conference in Geneva in June 1989 produced the Comprehensive Plan of Action (CPA) which had the aim of reducing the migration of boat people by requiring that all new arrivals be screened to determine if they were genuine refugees. Those who failed to qualify as refugees would be repatriated, voluntarily or involuntarily, to Vietnam, a process that would take more than a decade. The CPA quickly served to reduce boat people migration.[citation needed ]

In 1989, about 70,000 Indochinese boat people arrived in five Southeast Asian countries and Hong Kong. By 1992, that number declined to only 41 and the era of the Vietnamese Boat People fleeing their homeland definitively ended. However, resettlement of Vietnamese continued under the Orderly Departure Program, especially of former re-education camp inmates, Amerasian children, and to reunify families.

The boat people comprised only part of the Vietnamese resettled abroad from 1975 until the end of the twentieth century. A total of more than 1.6 million Vietnamese were resettled between 1975 and 1997. Of that number more than 700,000 were boat people; the remaining 900,000 were resettled under the Orderly Departure Program or in China or Malaysia. (For complete statistics see Indochina refugee crisis).

UNHCR statistics for 1975 to 1997 indicate that 839,228 Vietnamese arrived in UNHCR camps in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. They arrived mostly by boat, although 42,918 of the total arrived by land in Thailand. 749,929 were resettled abroad. 109,322 were repatriated, either voluntarily or involuntarily. The residual caseload of Vietnamese boat people in 1997 was 2,288, of whom 2,069 were in Hong Kong. The four countries resettling most Vietnamese boat people and land arrivals were the United States with 402,382; France with 120,403; Australia with 108,808; and Canada with 100,012.

Escape boat saved by the Cap Anamur in late April 1984, placed in Troisdorf

Memorial and tribute of Vietnamese refugees in Hamburg

The Orderly Departure Program from 1979 until 1994 helped to resettle refugees in the United States and other Western countries. In this program, refugees were asked to go back to Vietnam and wait for assessment. If they were deemed to be eligible to be resettled in the United States (according to criteria that the US government had established), they would be allowed to emigrate.

Humanitarian Program for Former Political Detainees, popularly called Humanitarian Operation or HO due to the "H" subgroup designation within the ODP and trailing numbers 01-09 (e.g., H01-H09, H10, etc.), was set up to benefit former South Vietnamese who were involved in the former regime or worked for the United States. They were to be allowed to immigrate to the U.S. if they had suffered persecution by the communist regime after 1975. Half-American children in Vietnam, descendants of servicemen, were also allowed to immigrate along with their mothers or foster parents. This program sparked a wave of rich Vietnamese parents buying the immigration rights from the real mothers or foster parents. They paid money (in the black market) to transfer the half-American children into their custody, then applied for visas to emigrate to the United States.

Most of these half-American children were born of American soldiers and prostitutes. They were subject to discrimination, poverty, neglect, and abuse. On November 15, 2005, the United States and Vietnam signed an agreement allowing additional Vietnamese to immigrate who were not able to do so before the humanitarian program ended in 1994. Effectively, this new agreement was an extension and final chapter of the HO program.

Hong Kong adopted the "port of first asylum policy" in July 1979 and received over 100,000 Vietnamese at the peak of migration in the late 1980s. Many refugee camps were set up in its territories. Frequent violent clashes between the boat people and security forces caused public outcry and mounting concerns in the early 1990s since many camps were very close to high-density residential areas.

By the late 1980s, Western Europe, the United States, and Australia received fewer Vietnamese refugees[citation needed ]. It became much harder for refugees to get visas to settle in those countries.

As hundreds of thousands of people were escaping out of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia via land or boat, countries of first arrival in Southeast Asia were faced with the continuing exodus and the increasing reluctance by third countries to maintain resettlement opportunities for every exile. The countries threatened push-backs of the asylum seekers. In this crisis, the Comprehensive Plan of Action For Indochinese Refugees was adopted in June 1989. The cut-off date for refugees was March 14, 1989. Effective from this day, the Indochinese Boat people would no longer automatically be considered as prima facie refugees, but only asylum seekers and would have to be screened to qualify for refugee status. Those who were "screened-out" would be sent back to Vietnam and Laos, under an orderly and monitored repatriation program.

The refugees faced prospects of staying years in the camps and ultimate repatriation to Vietnam. They were branded, rightly or wrongly, as economic refugees. By the mid-1990s, the number of refugees fleeing from Vietnam had significantly dwindled. Many refugee camps were shut down. Most of the well educated or those with genuine refugee status had already been accepted by receiving countries[citation needed ].

There appeared to be some unwritten rules in Western countries. Officials gave preference to married couples, young families, and women over 18 years old, leaving single men and minors to suffer at the camps for years. Among these unwanted, those who worked and studied hard and involved themselves in constructive refugee community activities were eventually accepted by the West by recommendations from UNHCR workers. Hong Kong was open about its willingness to take the remnants at its camp, but only some refugees took up the offer. Many refugees would have been accepted by Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, but hardly any wanted to settle in these countries.

The market reforms of Vietnam, the imminent handover of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China by Britain scheduled for July 1997, and the financial incentives for voluntary return to Vietnam caused many boat people to return to Vietnam during the 1990s. Most remaining asylum seekers were voluntarily or forcibly repatriated to Vietnam, although a small number (about 2,500) were granted the right of abode by the Hong Kong Government in 2002. In 2008, the remaining refugees in the Philippines (around 200) were granted asylum in Canada, Norway, and the United States, marking an end to the history of the boat people from Vietnam.

Bronze plaque in the Port of Hamburg dedicated by Vietnamese refugees giving thanks to Rupert Neudeck and the rescue ship Cap Anamur

Vietnamese refugees arrive in Hamburg, summer of 1986 on the rescue ship Cap Anamur II

Bunk beds used by Vietnamese refugees inside the rescue ship Cap Anamur II

Greeting Vietnamese refugees from the rescue ship Cap Anamur II in 1986

South Vietnamese Boat People Memorial, in Brisbane, QLD, dedicated 2 December 2012, executed by Phillip Piperides

Some monuments and memorials were erected to commemorate the dangers and the people, who died on the journey to escape from Vietnam. Among them are:

1. Footscray (Jensen Park Reserve of Melbourne), Australia (June 2008).

2. Galang Island, Indonesia (demolished)

3. Bidong Island, Malaysia

4. Washington, D.C., United States.

5. Geneva, Switzerland

6. Sydney, Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia (November 2011) at Saigon Place. This is the bronze statue, weighing more than three tons by sculptor Terrence Plowright.

7. Perth, Western Australia, Australia (November 1, 2013) in Wade Street Park Reserve. 5.5 meter high monument of sculptor Coral Lowry.

8. Montreal, Quebec, Canada (November 18, 2015) by UniAction. Courage & Inspiration is the commemorative and collective artwork of 14'L x4'H highlighting the 40th anniversary of Vietnamese Boat people refugees in Canada. It has been inaugurated and displayed at the Montreal City Hall, hosted by Frantz Benjamin, City Council President and Thi Be Nguyen, Founder of UniAction, from November 18 to 28, 2015.

9. Almere, Flevoland, Netherlands (30 April 2016) by the Cộng Đồng Việt Nam Tỵ Nạn Cộng Sản Tại Hòa Lan (Associatie Van Vietnamese Vluchtelingen In Nederland). The Monument for Vietnamese boat refugees (Dutch: Monument voor Vietnamese bootvluchtelingen; Vietnamese: Tượng Đài Thuyền Nhân Việt Nam tại Hòa Lan) started construction in 2012 and was inaugurated by Franc Weerwind, the mayor of Almere, on 30 April 2016 at the Vạn Hạnh Pagoda, a local Buddhist temple.

10. Des Moines, Iowa, United States. The Robert D Ray Asian Gardens is a pagoda and garden erected along the banks of the Des Moines River. Paid for in part by the thousands of Tai Dam refugees living in Iowa, the garden memorializes Governor Ray being the first elected official in the US to advocate for their resettlement.

Postcards from Nam (published by AmazonEncore/Lake Union in 2011) is a novel by Uyen Nicole Duong describing the search of a boat person by his successful Vietnamese immigrant lawyer friend.

Boat People is a 1982 Hong Kong film based on research on Vietnamese refugees

Turtle Beach is a 1992 Australian film about raising awareness for the plight of the boat people

The Beautiful Country is a 2004 film about Vietnamese refugees and their journey to the US

Journey from the Fall is a 2005 independent film by Ham Tran, about the Vietnamese re-education camp and boat people experience following the Fall of Saigon

Ru is a 2009 novel by Kim Thúy on the life of a Vietnamese woman who leaves Saigon as a boat person and eventually immigrates to Quebec

"Plus près des étoiles" is a French song by Gold that describes the departure of the boat people from Vietnam.

Chang, Pao-min (1999). "Corruption and Crime in China: Old Problems and New Trends". The Journal of East Asian Affairs. Institute for National Security Strategy. 13 (1): 221-268. JSTOR 23257220.

Martin Tsamenyi, The Vietnamese boat people and international law, Nathan: Griffith University, 1981

Steve Roberts From Every End of This Earth: 13 Families and the New Lives They Made in America (novel, a.o. on Vietnamese family), 2009.

Georges Claude Guilbert Après Hanoï: Les mémoires brouillés d'une princesse vietnamienne (novel, on Vietnamese woman and her boat people family), 2011.

Thompson, Larry Clinton, Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus, Jefferson, NC: MacFarland Publishing Company, 2010.

Kim Thúy Ru,2009

Zhou, Min and Carl L. Bankston III Growing Up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998.ISBN 978-0-87154-995-2.

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Vietnamese boat people ( Vietnamese: Thuyền nhân Việt Nam) were refugees who fled Vietnam by boat and ship following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. This migration and humanitarian crisis was at its highest in 1978 and 1979, but continued into the early 1990s.

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I found these links to web pages that are trusted

these are about the stories of people that flead vietnam
https://museumsvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=97

http://waves.anmm.gov.au/Immigration-Stories/Stories-from-our-collection/The-Lu-family.asp

x

https://www.sbs.com.au/news/anniversary-of-first-vietnam-boat-marked

http://www.nma.gov.au/online_features/defining_moments/featured/vietnamese_refugees_boat_arrival

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQTviKM9Mx0

here is on video

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I found this youtube video interesting