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first type viewer

clam-shell opening

Buff reel - 3rd generation reel

First Tru-Vue viewer

An early 3 reel packet circa 1953

A third generation

3 reel packet circa 1954

Model E Viewer-

Scarce Black color

A 3 reel packet

using E6 process

long card 3 reel set

current 3 reel set

Specialty Set

Harry Potter

A brief look at ViewMaster HistoryFrom 1939 to 1950, View-Master reels were sold individually. In the early 1950s, Sawyer's had a sufficient catalog of titles to begin grouping existing single reels into packets according to common subjects (for example, reels 251, 252, & 253 were sold as a
Although today considered a toy, View-Master began it's commercial life in 1939 as a home-entertainment medium intended for adults.

Invented by William Gruber and marketed by Harold Graves through Edwin and Fred Mayer's photo-finishing, postcard, and greeting card company, Sawyer's, View-Master was a successor to the stereograph viewer popularized in the 19th century by Oliver Wendell Holmes. But View-Master was an improvement over the traditional stereograph; it offered seven stereo views on each reel, compared with the stereograph's one view per card, and provided them in color by using Kodak's (then-) new color transparency film, Kodachrome.
Carlsbad Caverns packet).
In 1951 Sawyer's bought out the rival Tru-Vue company, which produced stereo views on 35mm film strips. The takeover eliminated View-Master's chief competitor, but of perhaps greater significance was the acquisition of Tru-Vue's license with Walt Disney Studios. In the mid-1950s Sawyer's exploited this asset to produce reels and packets devoted not only to Disney's animated characters but to the newly-opened Disneyland theme park and the studio's growing range of television shows. The relationship between View-Master and Disney has continued uninterrupted to the present day.

By 1957, virtually all new production had been shifted to 3-reel packets and a new numbering system was established, applied to packets rather than to individual reels. The older single reels could be found in packets as late as the middle 1960s, until Sawyer's depleted their inventory. As backstock was eliminated, reels bearing the newer packet taxonomy were manufactured to replace them.

In late 1966 Sawyer's was acquired as a wholly-owned subsidiary by the General Aniline & Film ( GAF) Corporation. New packet designs reflected the change in ownership and the number of View-Master packet titles continued to expand, but the GAF era is principally remembered for two developments:

a shift in emphasis in the View-Master catalog from travelogue/scenic subjects to crossover subjects from other entertainment media (movies, television, cartoons, sports) and juvenalia;

the substitution of E6 process film stock for Kodachrome and the use of internegatives in the manufacture of View-Master reels.

In 1981 GAF sold View-Master to a group of investors headed by Arnold Thaler, and the company was reconstituted as the View-Master International Group. While this transfer of ownership ensured continuance of the View-Master line, the trend toward entertainment and juvenile titles continued as well. VMI replaced the venerable packet with a hanging blisterpack that had space for only three reels, with no booklet or other accompanying material.

VMI subsequently acquired the Ideal Toy Company in 1984 and became known as the View-Master Ideal Group; V-M Ideal in turn was purchased by Tyco Toys in 1989.

In March 1997 Tyco, including the View-Master Ideal Group, merged with Mattel Inc. V-M was placed organizationally in Mattel's pre-school division and is now marketed under the Fisher-Price imprint, who continues emphasis on juvenile content. The View-Master plant for years had been located in Portland, Oregon, but in 1999 moved its operations to Mexico.

Fisher-Price had a custom division which produced custom reels. The images were supplied and Fisher-Price made the reels. Many companies used the reels to communicate their message. In addition, this division made scenic titles which were sold as souvenirs. For instance, Biltmore Estates in North Carolina, Crazy Horse, Elvis at Graceland and Evergreen Museum all have produced 3 reel sets which were sold on location. This division was closed in December 2008 and custom reels ceased to be made. However, in late 2009, Alpha Cine announced that it would take up production of custom and scenic reels under agreement with Fisher Price.

View-Master products are a very collectible item and View-Master is part of the National Toy Hall of Fame of the United States .

Thanks to Keith Baird for contributing some of the above.

Visit the View-Master Ultimate Reel List for a comprehensive listing of products

Sponsored by 3Dstereo.com

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first type viewer clam-shell opening Buff reel - 3rd generation reel First Tru-Vue viewer An early 3 reel packet circa 1953 A third generation 3 reel packet circa 1954 Model E Viewer- Scarce Black color A 3 reel packet using E6 process long card 3 reel set current 3 reel set Specialty Set Harry Potter A brief look at ViewMaster HistoryFrom 1939 to 1950, View-Master reels were sold individually.

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Internal Combustion Engine
- Chronology of multiple inventions that ended in its development.

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Internal Combustion Engine
- Chronology of multiple inventions that ended in its development.

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Internal combustion engine - New World Encyclopedia

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The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the burning of a fuel occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. This exothermic reaction of a fuel with an oxidizer creates gases of high temperature and pressure, which are permitted to expand.

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Dynamite 1866
355 patents

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Born in Stockholm

On October 21, 1833 a baby boy was born to a family in Stockholm, Sweden who was to become a famous scientist, inventor, businessman and founder of the Nobel Prizes. His father was Immanuel Nobel and his mother was Andriette Ahlsell Nobel. They named their son Alfred.

Alfred's father was an engineer and inventor. He built bridges and buildings and experimented with different ways of blasting rocks.

The same year that Alfred was born, his father's business suffered losses and had to be closed. In 1837, Immanuel Nobel decided to try his business somewhere else and left for Finland and Russia. Alfred's mother was left in Stockholm to take care of the family. At this time, Alfred had two older brothers, Robert born in 1829, and Ludvig born in 1831.

Alfred's birth place in Stockholm, Sweden. Image provided by the Nobel Foundation.

Andriette Nobel, who came from a wealthy family, started a grocery store. The store had a modest income that helped in supporting the family.

Immanuel Nobel Andriette Nobel

The family moves to Russia

After a time, Immanuel Nobel's business in St. Petersburg, Russia started doing well. He had opened a mechanical workshop that provided equipment for the Russian army. He also made the Russian Tsar and his generals believe that sea mines could be used to stop enemy ships from entering and attacking St. Petersburg. The mines stopped the British Royal Navy from moving into firing range of St. Petersburg during the Crimean War in 1853-1856.

With his success in Russia, Immanuel was now able to move his family to St. Petersburg in 1842. By 1843, another boy was born into the family, Emil. The four Nobel brothers were given first class education with the help of private tutors. Their lessons included natural sciences, languages and literature. At the age of 17, Alfred could speak and write in Swedish, Russian, French, English and German.

Alfred travels abroad

Alfred was most interested in literature, chemistry and physics. His father wanted his sons to follow in his footsteps and was not pleased with Alfred's interest in poetry. He decided to send the young man abroad to study and become a chemical engineer.

In Paris, Alfred worked in the private laboratory of Professor T. J. Pelouze, a famous chemist. There he met a young Italian chemist, Ascanio Sobrero. Three years earlier, Sobrero had invented nitroglycerine, a highly explosive liquid. It was considered too dangerous to be of practical use.

Alfred became very interested in nitroglycerine and how it could be used in construction work. When he returned back to Russia after his studies, he worked together with his father to develop nitroglycerine as a commercially and technically useful explosive.

Moving back to Sweden

After the Crimean War ended, the business of Alfred's father went badly and he decided to move back to Sweden. Alfred's elder brothers Robert and Ludvig stayed in Russia to try and save what was left of the family business. They became successful and went on to develop the oil industry in the southern part of Russia.

After the Nobel family's return to Sweden in 1863, Alfred concentrated on developing nitroglycerine as an explosive. Sadly, these experiments resulted in accidents that killed several people, including Alfred's younger brother, Emil. The government decided to ban these experiments within the Stockholm city limits.

Barge on Lake Mälaren, Sweden where Alfred Nobel later did his experiments.

Alfred did not give up and moved his experiments to a barge or flat bottom boat on Lake Mälaren. In 1864, he was able to start mass production of nitroglycerine but he did not stop experimenting with different additives to make the production much safer.

Alfred invents "dynamite"

Alfred found, through his experiments, that mixing nitroglycerine with a fine sand called kieselguhr would turn the liquid into paste which could be shaped into rods. These rods could then be inserted into drilling holes. The invention was made in 1866. Alfred got a patent or legal right of ownership on this material the next year. He named it "dynamite." He also invented a detonator or blasting cap which could be set off by lighting a fuse.

These inventions were made at a time when the diamond drilling crown and pneumatic drill came into general use. Together, these inventions helped reduce the cost of many construction work like drilling tunnels, blasting rocks, building bridges, etc.

Factories in different places

Dynamite and detonating caps were much in demand in the construction industry. Because of this, Alfred was able to put up factories in 90 different places. He lived in Paris but often traveled to his factories in more than 20 countries. He was once described as "Europe's richest vagabond." He worked intensively in Stockholm (Sweden), Hamburg (Germany), Ardeer (Scotland), Paris and Sevran (France), Karlskoga (Sweden) and San Remo (Italy). He also experimented in making synthetic rubber and leather and artificial silk. By the time of his death in 1896 he had 355 patents.

Meets Bertha von Suttner

Alfred had no family of his own. One day, he announced in the newspapers for a secretary. An Austrian lady, Bertha Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau got the job. After working for a short time, she moved back to Austria to marry Count Arthur von Suttner.

Alfred and Bertha von Suttner remained friends and exchanged letters through the years. She later became very active in the peace movement. She wrote the famous book "Lay Down Your Arms." When Alfred Nobel later wrote his will to establish the Nobel Prizes, he included a prize for persons or organizations who promoted peace.

Bertha von Suttner. Photo from the Nobel Foundation archive.

Alfred died in San Remo, Italy on December 10, 1896. In his last will and testament, he wrote that much of his fortune was to be used to give prizes to those who have done their best for humanity in the field of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace.

Not everybody was pleased with this. His will was opposed by his relatives and questioned by authorities in various countries. It took four years for his executors to convince all parties to follow Alfred's wishes.

In 1901, the first Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine and Literature were first awarded in Stockholm, Sweden and the Peace Prize in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway.

Notes:
1. An inventor is someone who makes or produces things and objects for the first time through the use of the imagination or of ingenious thinking and experiment.

2. Crimean War (1853-1856) - War between Russia and Turkey after Russia occupied territories that were in Turkey's control in the Crimea. Britain, France, and Sardinia later joined Turkey against the Russians.

3. Pneumatic drill - a drill that works with the help of air pressure.

This document was compiled by the editors at Nobelprize.org.

See them all presented here.

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Born in Stockholm On October 21, 1833 a baby boy was born to a family in Stockholm, Sweden who was to become a famous scientist, inventor, businessman and founder of the Nobel Prizes. His father was Immanuel Nobel and his mother was Andriette Ahlsell Nobel. They named their son Alfred.

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Telettrofono, the telephone The Italian Immigrant who couldn’t Patent the Telephone - OpenMind

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The story of Antonio Meucci could well be depicted on the stage. His beginnings as a theatre technician in Florence, Italy and, later, as an engineer at the Tacón Theatre in Havana, Cuba gave no hint of the dramatic turn his life would take when he arrived in the United States.

There he developed an invention that would go down in history, the telephone, but economic problems and his difficulty in communicating in English prevented him from being recognized as its inventor, credit for which was attributed to Alexander Graham Bell who was granted a controversial patent.

Meucci died on October 18, 1889, poor and embittered, without ever having succeeded in getting the US courts to agree with him. More than a century later, the US House of Representatives finally recognized his legacy.

The happy years in Havana

At the Pergola Theatre in Florence, the young Antonio Meucci (April 13, 1808, Florence) was able to put into practice his knowledge of engineering, working as a stage technician, and it was there that he met the love of his life, the costume designer Ester Mochi.

On the Florentine stage, Meucci was already beginning to show his inventive side and devised a kind of acoustic telephone to communicate between the stage the control room, similar to those that were used in ships to speak between the different rooms.

But his participation in political movements would land him in prison for a few months and upon his release he decided to emigrate to Cuba with Ester, who was now his wife. There the couple was embraced by the Tacón Theatre in Havana, where Meucci worked as chief engineer and his wife, as costume director.

These were happy years in which the inventor gave free rein to his imagination and came up with new devices, among them a water purification system. He even explored electromedicine, using electrical impulses to treat the pain experienced by a man suffering from migraines by placing a small electrode over his mouth.

And in 1849 he designed the first prototype of a telephone, the device that would be his great obsession.

An invention for talking to his wife

After fifteen years in Havana, the couple emigrated to the United States in 1850 and settled on Staten Island (New York). With his savings from his time in Cuba, Meucci opened a candle factory, where he employed compatriots like Giuseppe Garibaldi, the hero of the Italian liberation.

At that time, Ester began to have health problems and was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic disease that confined her to her room. To communicate with her from his laboratory-located on the ground floor of the house-Meucci devised the telettrofono, a type of electromagnetic telephone, in 1856.

From there, he designed dozens of new electromagnetic models in which speech was transmitted over vibrating electric currents. To increase the resonance, the paper cones used in the earliest versions were replaced by tin cylinders, which used thin membranes fixed in copper.

To prove that his devices worked, and because of the difficulties he had in being understood in New York, he began looking for financing in Italy, but never obtained it. The candle factory ended up going bankrupt and, after several legal battles with tax collectors, the Meucci house-today the Garibaldi-Meucci Museum -was auctioned off. The new owner allowed them to remain there, but it was a hard blow to the couple.

The legal battle against Graham Bell

The worst was yet to come. In July 1871, an explosion on the ferry on which the inventor used to travel left him with serious burns. To pay for his medical expenses, Ester sold the designs and models of the telettrofono to a pawnshop, but when Meucci went to retrieve them they had already been resold.

The engineer then formed a partnership with three other Italians and created the Telettrofono Company. His partners warned him of the danger of not protecting his invention with a patent, but since he did not have the $250 needed to pay for it, Meucci could only afford something preliminary-a temporary legal notice called a patent caveat, which cost twenty dollars-which had to be renewed every year and that only gave a brief description of his telephone.

The departure from the United States of two of his partners caused the company to dissolve, and Meucci, eager to show the world the benefits of the telephone, asked the vice president of the Western Union Telegraph Company to test his invention on the company's telegraph lines, giving him a description of the prototype and a copy of the patent caveat. After two years wondering when they would test his model, the company finally responded that they had lost all his documents.

In 1874, due to a lack of money, Meucci could not renew the patent caveat protecting his invention, and two years later he learned that Alexander Graham Bell, a worker from the laboratories of Western Union, had received the patent for the telephone. The litigation brought by the Italian engineer was to no avail. All his claims were contested by the company's lawyers, who, in turn, brought him to trial for fraud.

Meucci died in 1889 without justice having been served. In 2002, the US House of Representatives published a resolution stating, "that the life and the achievements of Antonio Meucci should be recognized, and his work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged." This recognition came too late for Meucci, but in time for him to take his place in history among the great inventors.

Laura Chaparro

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Ventana al Conocimiento (Knowledge Window)

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Antonio Meucci, the Italian Immigrant who couldn't Patent the Telephone - OpenMind

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The story of Antonio Meucci could well be depicted on the stage. His beginnings as a theatre technician in Florence, Italy and, later, as an engineer at the Tacón Theatre in Havana, Cuba gave no hint of the dramatic turn his life would take when he arrived in the United States.

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Satélites Geoestacionarios          Harold Rosen

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Satélites Geoestacionarios          Harold Rosen

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March 20, 1926

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Harold Rosen (MS '48, PhD '51), the father of geostationary satellite communications, passed away on January 30, 2017. He was 90.

Modern communications technology relies on a fleet of hundreds of satellites orbiting in fixed locations above the earth's surface. These geostationary satellites, as they are known, act as communications relays, allowing for near-instantaneous signal transmission across the globe without the need for wired networks. And without Harold Rosen, they would not exist.

Harold Rosen was born on March 20, 1926, in New Orleans and graduated from high school at age 15. He showed an early fascination with science and engineering and, as a teen, was an amateur radio operator. Near the close of World War II, the 18-year-old Rosen-by then a senior at Tulane University studying electrical engineering-joined the Navy as an electronics technician. He completed his undergraduate studies when the war ended and in 1947 began graduate research at Caltech under rocket telemetering pioneer Bill Pickering (BS '32, MS '33, PhD '36).

During his graduate years, Rosen took a part-time job at Raytheon Company, where he was tasked with improving antiaircraft guided missiles and radar; he continued full time at the company after receiving his doctorate in 1951. His Caltech education, he told a Caltech publication in 2012, "gave me such a good grounding in the fundamentals" that he felt capable of attacking any technical problem in almost any field.

"Harold Rosen was an illustrious alumnus who was ahead of his time in promoting interdisciplinary thinking," says Guruswami Ravichandran, the John E. Goode, Jr., Professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering and Otis Booth Leadership Chair of the Division of Engineering and Applied Science at Caltech. "The impact of the interdisciplinary fundamental education he received at Caltech is illustrated by his transformational thinking in the field of satellite communications."

Spurred on by the launch of the Sputnik satellite in 1957, Rosen set out to one-up the Soviets. While Sputnik was only capable of transmitting beeps back to the earth, Rosen-who had been hired a year earlier by Hughes Aircraft Company-envisioned placing a full communications relay in space.

At the time, long-distance telephone calls were both expensive and difficult, since any call needed to be routed over the limited number of telephone lines that stretched between various locations.

The idea that geostationary satellites could overcome these limitations dates back to the late 1920s and was popularized by science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke in a paper written in 1945. But the proposal faced significant challenges. Engineers at the time worried that such a satellite would either be too heavy to launch or would not survive long enough in orbit to be commercially worth the expense.

Collaborating with engineers Thomas Hudspeth and Don Williams, Rosen designed a lightweight cylindrical solar-powered satellite that spun like a gyroscope and used small pulses of thrust to remain stable in orbit.

His design convinced the initially reluctant management at Hughes to greenlight the development of a 55-pound prototype. With that prototype in hand, he was able to enlist the support of Caltech alumnus John Rubel (BS '42), then deputy research director at the U.S. Department of Defense. At the time, Rubel was overseeing an attempt by the Pentagon to build its own communications satellite-but the design had a projected weight of thousands of pounds. Rubel convinced NASA to instead fund Rosen's Syncom ("synchronous communication satellite") program.

The first Syncom satellite was launched in February 1963 but failed because of a problem with one of its motors. A second attempt in July 1963-with a redesigned motor-was successful, and the satellite soon became operational. In August, President John F. Kennedy used Syncom 2 to telephone the Nigerian prime minister in what was the first live two-way call via satellite between heads of governments. In 1964, Syncom 3 was launched, allowing the transmission of live television signals from Tokyo during the Summer Olympics.

"There have been many great engineers but few with Harold's imagination and even fewer who could fulfill their dreams," says his brother, Benjamin (Ben) Rosen (BS '54), chairman emeritus of the Caltech Board of Trustees.

Rosen eventually directed the development of more than 150 communications satellites-first with Hughes, then with Boeing after it acquired Hughes-before retiring in 1993. Even in retirement, Rosen continued to consult for Boeing and gave periodic lectures to engineering students at Caltech. Along with his venture capitalist brother Ben, whose fund financed Compaq Computer Corp. and who was its first chairman and CEO, Harold started Rosen Motors, which developed a hybrid-electric automotive powertrain with a microturbine engine and a magnetically suspended very-high-speed flywheel.

Later, Rosen and his wife, Deborah Castleman (MS '86), collaborated with JB Straubel of Rosen Motors in a venture called Volacom that specialized in the design of high-altitude, hybrid-propulsion aircraft with the dream of someday providing wireless Internet access to cities via a fleet of circling drones. Castleman managed the business end of the operation while Rosen and Straubel patented a new long-endurance hybrid-propulsion system that they later licensed to Boeing.

"It was an innovative and audacious plan," Castleman remembers. "We even invested some of our own funds to work closely with Burt Rutan and his team at Scaled Composites to design this specialized high-altitude aircraft platform that used a novel hydrogen-powered electric power plant." Ultimately, however, Volacom was unable to obtain venture funding and shuttered-after which Straubel became a co-founder and chief technology officer at Tesla Motors.

In recognition of his groundbreaking work, Rosen received the National Medal of Technology in 1985, was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2003, and was the recipient of the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy from The National Space Club in 2015, the Philip J. Klass Lifetime Achievement Award from Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine in 2014, the Communications and Computing Prize from NEC in 1985, and the first L. M. Ericsson International Prize in Communications in 1976, among other honors. He was a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers and the recipient of its Alexander Graham Bell Medal in 1982; a fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and recipient of its Charles Stark Draper Prize in 1995. He was named a Distinguished Alumnus of Caltech in 1976.

Rosen is survived by his wife Deborah; sons Robert and Rocky Rosen; grandchildren Josh, Hillary, and Stephanie Rosen; and his brother Ben.

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Harold Rosen (MS '48, PhD '51), the father of geostationary satellite communications, passed away on January 30, 2017. He was 90. Modern communications technology relies on a fleet of hundreds of satellites orbiting in fixed locations above the earth's surface.

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May 15, 1960

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Cofundador y anterior CEO de Tesla Motors.

Martin Eberhard ofrece conferencias alrededor del mundo defendiendo las razones y los métodos para reducir los efectos contaminantes de los combustibles derivados del petróleo y el carbón y explica las ventajas del uso de coches eléctricos y otras tecnologías automotrices, así como anima a emprendedores y a las nuevas generaciones a despertar sus pasiones a través de la ciencia y la ingeniería.

Uno de los principales innovadores según la revista Fortune y el hombre que fundó la compañía revolucionaria del automóvil, Tesla Motors. Martin Eberhard despierta al público de negocios y defiende la idea de que la innovación es la clave del éxito y la clave para hacer algo nuevo y fresco.

Desde el Rocket eBook hasta el Tesla Roadster, el visionario Martin Eberhard está continuamente empujando sobre como cambiar nuestra forma de pensar y desarrollar productos, la empresa y el propio negocio. Martin Eberhard facilitó la venta de NuvoMedia, la compañía con la que comenzó y que inventó el Rocket eBook, a Gemstar / TV Guide en 2000.

Poco después, Martin Eberhard convenció a su socio Marc Tarpenning a unirse a él para tomar un nuevo enfoque sobre los coches eléctricos, preocupado por la tendencia al calentamiento global cada vez más innegable, avergonzado por el fracaso de Estados Unidos de acuerdo a los protocolos de Kyoto, y preocupado por las consecuencias globales de la dependencia estadounidense del petróleo.

Re-inventó el coche eléctrico, de gran atractivo, aunque no al alcance de todos. Con menos limitaciones en el precio, Martin Eberhard y Tarpenning concibieron un propulsor completamente nuevo, alimentado por baterías de iones de litio de productos básicos como los de electrónica de consumo.

La visión de Martin Eberhard ha tenido un profundo impacto en la industria automotriz y en la percepción pública de lo que un coche eléctrico puede ser. Por ejemplo, recientemente Bob Lutz, vicepresidente de General Motors, comentó públicamente que reiniciaría el programa de coches eléctricos de GM, como una respuesta directa a la Tesla Roadster.

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Cofundador y anterior CEO de Tesla Motors. Uno de los principales innovadores según la revista Fortune y el hombre que fundó la compañía revolucionaria del automóvil, Tesla Motors. Martin Eberhard despierta al público de negocios y defiende la idea de que la innovación es la clave del éxito y la clave para hacer algo nuevo y fresco.

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Dec, 20, 1975

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JB Straubel - Co-Founder and CTO @ Tesla | Crunchbase

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The story of JB Straubel's career started at a junkyard in Egg Harbor Wisconsin, where, at the age of 14, he discovered a discarded electric...

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June 1, 1964

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Marc Tarpenning - Advisor @ Berkeley SkyDeck | Crunchbase

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Marc Tarpenning is a member of the advisory board at Clearpath Robotics , a manufacturer of unmanned vehicles for industrial research and de...