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The long line will create the illusion of being off their lead.

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First, desensitize your dog to this length of line. One way to do this is to let your dog drag it around the house for up to half an hour at a time. Your dog trainer can provide additional desensitizing methods for you as well.

1. Distance and distraction training is a basic reason to use the long line. It makes the dog feel he is free while you maintain a safety net that allows for further training.

2. Using the long line method is a great way to teach the “come” cue and “stay” cue in a large outdoor environment. It helps control your dog while teaching the cues in environments where distance is part of the training. Dog parks and woodsy areas are common environments for these cues.

3. Finally, make sure you do not use the long line as a tether or it will lose its effectiveness as a training tool.

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The long line is a 10 to 50 foot rope or sometimes a leash with one end attached to a loop handle and the other to the dog's collar. It’s typically made of nylon, but can be made from other rope material as well. In certain instances, it can be a chain. Most often, the long line is used with dogs already well trained and know general response cues. The long line will create the illusion of being off their lead.

Reference
Animal Behavior College Blog. (2011). Long Line Dog Training. [online] Available at: http://www.animalbehaviorcollege.com/blog/long-line-dog-training/ [Accessed 21 Mar. 2018].

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Physical contact
The definition of physical contact is having physical contact with something in this case animals. Physical contact can be used positively ie. stroking or patting a However physical contact can also be used negativly like hitting or kicking (illegal). The most common form of negative physical contact it flicking/ poking a dogs nose since it it the most sensitive part of the body. Touch is not usually the most powerful of training reinforcers on its own, but it can easily be combined with the other reinforcements we use, and can help the dog enjoy training and feel comfortable and relaxed while learning.

What are the health and safety considerations when physical contact is used?
There are many healthy and safety considerations to take note of when using physical contact as a training aid. Some dogs do not like being touched and could act out aggressively if attempted this could put the trainer in danger. If negative physical contact is used there is a chance the dog could lash out and bite the trainer.
What are the positives and negatives of using physical contact as a training aid?
Physical contact on its own dosnt commonly work as the animalsnrrs more motivation like food. This means it would be needed to be used in conjunction with food or verbal praise. The positives of physical contact is that it is easy and quick to carry out and most animals respond well to it.  This can be used in to reward an animal (positive reinforcement) and as a punishment such as hitting (negative punishment).

References

https://animalwellnessmagazine.com/human-touch-dog/ [awmagazine 2018] (accessed 6/3/18)

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One problem with extending leashes is that there’s always tension on the cord (unless your dog happens to be moving toward you and the cord is locked). So pulling gets your dog where she wants to go

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a head halter is actually just a special kind of collar designed for dogs who like to pull their people when they walk.

It consists of a strap that goes around your dog's nose and another strap that goes around his neck, just behind his ears. The leash fastens to the halter under the dog's chin to a ring that's also attached to the nose strap.

The head halter must be fitted properly to be effective and comfortable for your dog. The neck strap should be as high up on your dog's neck as you can get it, just behind his ears. The strap should be just tight enough for you to fit one finger between it and your dog's neck.

The nosepiece should be adjusted so that when your dog's mouth is closed, the nosepiece can slide down to where the skin begins on his nose—but not so loose that it can slide off the end of his nose. The nosepiece will sit naturally, just below your dog's eyes. Make sure that the metal ring to which the leash attaches is underneath his chin.

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The choke chain is used to prevent a dog dog from pulling on their lead while on a lead.

When the dog pulls on the lead the chain around the neck tightens, causing discomfort, the discomfort ends when the dog stops pulling, this is positive punishment and negative reinforcement, as the dog is made uncomfortable when pulling (punishment) and then feels more comfortable when it stops pulling (reinforcement).

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With a harness the owner will be required to help your dog step into it. Slip the harness over the dog’s head, for them to step through the arm holes before you clip them it

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could cause injury if not on correctly, could cause the dog stress.

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There are many purposes for a harness. These include helping in training and security for the animal or dog.

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Works great to reduce pulling. With great control of the head

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how this training aid can be used as pos/neg reinforcement

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how this training aid can be used as pos/neg reinforcement

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this training aid would be used as a negative reinforcement as if the dog was to pull on this harness it would cause pain, when the dog stops pulling the pressure will be released, removing the pain.

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As with other training tools, haltis have the potential for causing injury. In this case, the risk involves injury the dog's neck and spine when the dog lunges ahead and his head turns to the side.

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If the harness doesn’t fit the dog well and the dog pulls hard on his leash, there is some potential for a chest injury.

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The choke chain could CHOKE a dog if the dog pulls to much with the chain on.

A specific type of the chain, with metal bars bending inwards (A), can cause harm to the neck of the dog, stabbing into the flesh, a safer version of this type of choke chain places rubber guards on the ends of the bars (B).

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Pros:
- Can be a last resort if other methods do not work

Cons:
- If the dog continuously pulls on the lead then they can cause gradual damage to their throat and trachea.
- Choking hazard if left unattended.
- Can not be used on puppies.

(Tlcrescuepa.com, 2017)

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There are risks and benefits of using a harness. These risks and benefits can depend on the type of harness on the dog, the breed of the dog, the activity levels shown by the dog. Finally if your device is being used properly

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Extending leashes can endanger both your dog and you. Any experienced trainer can tell you at least one story about a client’s dog who bolted in a panic when his guardian dropped the plastic handle and it went clattering along the sidewalk behind the dog. You’re less likely to drop a cloth or leather leash, especially if you wrap it once around your hand. And if you do drop it, it won’t make a sound loud enough to startle even a skittish dog

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How this training aid can be used in positive/negative reinforcement

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How this training aid can be used in positive/negative reinforcement

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The harness would be used as a negative reinforcement. This is because it teaches the dog not to pull while out on walks. The more they pull they more it causes pain for the abdominal area. Once this is removed the pain will go away.

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Tlcrescuepa.com
(2017)
Pros and Cons of Different Types of Dog Collars – To Love a Canine Rescue
Available at: https://tlcrescuepa.com/pros-and-cons-of-different-types-of-dog-collars/
[Accessed: 06/03/18]

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https://www.petmd.com/dog/care/surprising-dog-harness-dangers-avoid
Dr. Susan C. Nelson, clinical professor at the Veterinary Health Center at Kansas State University. (health and safety consideration)

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https://pethelpful.com/dogs/Dog-Training-Pros-and-Cons-of-Using-a-Dog-Halti

http://www.humanesociety.org/animals/dogs/tips/how_to_use_head_halter.html

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how this training aid can be used as pos/neg reinforcement

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how this training aid can be used as pos/neg reinforcement

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this could be used as positive reinforcement as when the dog learns to walk correctly it can then be let further of the lead

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https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/pets/dog-behavior/extending-leashes-and-long-lines