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Skin is made up of three layers.The outermost is the epidermis. Keratinocytes form several layers that constantly grow outwards as the exterior cells die and flake off. It takes roughly five weeks for newly created cells to work their way to the surface. This covering of dead skin is known as the stratum corneum, or horny layer, and its thickness varies considerably, being more than ten times thicker on the soles of the feet than around the eyes. The epidermis harbors defensive Langerhans cells, which alert the body's immune system to viruses and other infectious agents.

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How do skin cells regenerate or repair themselves after being damaged? What are the characteristics of skin cells?

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How do skin cells regenerate or repair themselves after being damaged? What are the characteristics of skin cells?

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1.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4292081/
2.https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-epidermis-definition-function-layers.html#lesson

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What is skin made of?
What different kinds of cells make up skin cells?
How does our skin protect from invaders?
What are the characteristics of skin cells?
How do skin cells regenerate or repair themselves after being damaged?

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What are the Types of Barriers? - Radhika

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What are the Types of Barriers? - Radhika

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1. physical and chemical barriers that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from infection. These include your skin, tears, mucus, cilia (Very fine hairs (cilia) lining your windpipe move mucus and trapped particles away from your lungs. Particles can be bacteria or material such as dust or smoke), stomach acid, urine flow
2.‘friendly’ bacteria and white blood cells called necrophiliacs, is our body's first line of defense.
1.https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/177-the-body-s-first-line-of-defence
2. https://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Biology-Concepts/section/13.48/

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What cells does a person need to make an effective barrier? - Radhika

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What cells does a person need to make an effective barrier? - Radhika

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1.barriers consist of cells that are tightly joined to prevent invaders from crossing through to deeper tissue
2.EX: endothelial cells that line blood vessels have very tight cell-to-cell junctions, blocking microbes from gaining access to the bloodstream
3.Cell junctions are generally composed of cell membrane proteins that may connect with the extracellular matrix or with complementary proteins from neighboring cells
Mucous Membranes:
1.lining the nose, mouth, lungs, and urinary and digestive tracts
2.consist of a layer of epithelial cells bound by tight junctions. The epithelial cells secrete a moist, sticky substance called mucus
Mechanical Defense:
1.physically remove pathogens from the body, preventing them from taking up residence
2

1.https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/physical-defenses/

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What are the characteristics of a panic worthy invader?

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What are the characteristics of a panic worthy invader?

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Ben
Obviously those having nuclear weapons, terrorists, those with guns, etc.

Microbiology Society: Less than 1% of bacteria can invade our body and make us ill. Microbes that cause illness are called pathogens.
The pathogens must be able to obtain nutrients from the host to deprive the host and multiply itself from those nutrients. They must also be able to avoid and survive an attack by the immune system.
Business Insider:
Ebola targets a compound called "Interferon" which is protection against viruses. The pathogen has to be able to help itself survive

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Q: What defense mechanisms are used to protect the body from injuries?

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Q: What defense mechanisms are used to protect the body from injuries?

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A: We live in a sea of infectious agents, and we have evolved several mechanisms for protecting ourselves against those that are potentially pathogenic.

In a general sense, we can think of our defenses as consisting of three types.

General, Non-specific (barriers and chemical defenses, such as skin and stomach acid)

Non-specific recognition of certain molecular shapes on pathogens (the innate immune system)

Highly specific (the acquired or adaptive immune system, which involves highly specific recognition of particular molecular shapes on pathogens and the ability to make highly specific antibodies to aid in the remove of specific pathogens)

The body has developed defense mechanisms to control and to cope with the constant attack of microorganisms. The body has three lines of defense physical Barriers, Defensive Cells & Proteins, Inflammation, and Fever.Natural Immunity: It is resistance to a disease possessed by an individual. Nature has given certain individuals, species and races immunity against certain diseases. For example, some individuals are more resistant to certain infections than others.
Gadge

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Q: What are the barriers protecting against? -James Ellis

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Q: What are the barriers protecting against? -James Ellis

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1. viruses
2. bacteria

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Ben
Ebola incapacitates the compound made to inhibit it; the virus or bacteria must be able to destroy something that is trying to attack them. Ebola also causes hemorrhaging by creating small clots throughout the blood vessels and causes the veins to clot.